ABA Positive Reinforcement

Unconditioned reinforcer

A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcement even though the learner has had no particular learning history. A.k.a. primary reinforcers and unlearning reinforcer

Automatic reinforcement

Some behaviors independent of mediation of others. Relation that occurs without the presentation of consequences by other people Example:scratching an insect bite relieve the itch

Positive reinforcement - two - term contingency/fundamental building block for the selection of all operant behavior

1. Aresponse followed by closely in time by the presentation of the stimulus 2. The effect on future responding that define positive reinforcement

Classification of reinforcers by formal properties

1. Edible 2. Sensory 3. Tangible 4. Activity 5. Social

Conditioned reinforcer

A.k.a. secondary reinforcer or learned reinforcer is previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus - stimulus pairing with one or more unconditionally reinforcer or conditioned reinforcer's

Premack principle

Belief that Behaviors themselves could be used as reinforcers and that the relative frequency of behavior was an important factor in determining how effective a given behavior might be as a reinforcer if the opportunity to engage in the behavior is contingent on another behavior

Positive reinforcement

Has occurred when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of the stimulus and, as a result, similar responses occur more frequently in the future

Generalize conditioned reinforcer

Is a conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcer's does not depend on a current EO for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness Example: social attention (proximity, Eye contact, praise)

Reinforcer

It is important to remember that a reinforcer does not (and cannot) affect the response that it follows. Reinforcement only increases the frequency with which similar responses are emitted in the future

Abolishing operation (AO)

MO that decreases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer

Establishing operation (EO)

MO that increases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer

Stimulus preference assessment

Refers to a variety of procedures used to determine (A) the stimuli that the person prefers, (B) the relative preferences values of those stimuli (high reference versus low preference), and (C) the conditions under which those preference values change when task demands, deprivation states, or schedules of reinforcement or modified

Response - deprivation hypothesis

Restricting access to a behavior presumably ask as a form of deprivation that serves as an EO, thus making the opportunity to engage in the restricted behavior and effective form of reinforcement page 271

Premack principle

States that making the opportunity to engage in the behavior that occurs at a relatively high free operant (or baseline) rate contingent on the occurrence of low frequency behaviors will function as reinforcement for the low frequency behavior Example: (grandma's law) when you have finished your homework you can watch TV)

Unconditioned reinforcer

The father of the evolutionary history of the species (phylogeny), all biologically intact members of a species are more or less susceptible to reinforcement are the same and in unconditioned reinforcers Example: food, water, oxygen, warmth, sexual stimulation

Motivating operations

The momentary effectiveness of any stimulus change as reinforcement depends on an existing level of motivation with respect to the stimulus change in question. They have two effects on behavior; 1. They alter the operant reinforcing effectiveness of some specific stimuli, objects, or events (The value - altering effect); 2. They alter the momentary frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by though stimuli, objects, or events (the behavior - altering effects)

Positive reinforcer

The stimulus presented as a consequence and responsible for the subsequent increase in responding

Response - deprivation hypothesis

Timberlake and Allison 1974: a model for predicting weather access to one behavior (the contingent behavior) will function as reinforcement for another behavior (the instrumental response) Based on the relative baseline rate at which each behavior occurs and whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction compared to the baseline level of engagement