Abdomen Mock sono topics ch 1-14

How is sonography utilized to analyze the bowel

Compressible bowel is considered normal, non-compressible bowel abnormal.

Which of the following is a lung mass primarily found in pediatric patients

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

Which adrenal disorder presents with hypernatremia, hypertension, excessive thirst, and excessive urination

Conn syndrome

Which of the following patient populations is at greater risk of complications from a thoracentesis

Elderly

What is the most common acute vascular complication associated with pancreatic transplants

Elevated resistive index

A patient presents with jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, an elevated serum bilirubin and a fever. Sonogram demonstrates a common hepatic duct measuring 12 mm. What is the most likely diagnosis

Mirizzi syndrome

A 3-week-old infant presented with projectile vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, and insatiable appetite. Sonography demonstrated a cervix sign in the long axis. What is the most likely diagnosis

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

What is the normal sonographic appearance of a muscle

Hypoechoic tissue with linear echogenic strands

A sonogram revealed a heterogeneous mass within the scrotum that demonstrates peristalsis. What pathology does this describe

Inguinal hernia

A 2-year-old male presents with a palpable abdominal mass with abdominal and back pain. A 10-cm heterogeneous ill-defined mass with calcifications is identified in the RT abdomen. Mets were identified in the liver. What is the most likely diagnosis

Neuroblastoma

A patient presents with hypercalcemia. Sonography demonstrated a hypoechoic mass adjacent to the thyroid gland. What is the most likely diagnosis

Parathyroid adenoma

What feature below is consistent with a malignant adrenal tumor originating from the adrenal cortex

Invasion of adrenal vein and IVC

What is a common complication of Wilms tumor, renal transitional cell carcinoma, and Budd-Chiari syndrome

Invasion of the IVC

Which hormone is produced in the greatest abundance by the thyroid gland

Thyroxine

A patient presents with a history of medically treated migraines, back/flank pain, weight loss, and vomiting. What retroperitoneal pathology should the sonographer consider

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Which of the following artifacts can be helpful in identifying air in the biliary tree

Ring down

When assessing the sonographic appearance of an adult kidney, what echogenicity comparisons are typically used

The cortex should be hypoechoic or isoechoic to the liver or spleen.

Which statement below is true with respect to the liver ligaments

The ligamentum venosum divides the left lobe from the caudate lobe.

Which of the following clinical symptoms is a common feature of colitis

Watery and/or bloody diarrhea

What is a complication of hepatic hematoma

Arteriovenous fistula

A 3-day-old patient presented with jaundice, an acute drop in hematocrit, and a broken clavicle. What is the most likely diagnosis for a triangular shaped mass in the area of the adrenal gland

Adrenal hemorrhage

Which of the following falsely describes an accessory spleen

Polysplenia

What is the most common cause of splenomegaly

Portal hypertension

A patient presents with a history of diverticulitis. On ultrasound, small bright reflectors are noted within the portal vein producing ring-down artifact. What condition is most likely

Portal venous gas

What acute disorder is best described sonographically as a hypoechoic wedge-shaped mass within the spleen

Splenic infarct

A patient presents with a palpable enlarged thyroid gland, dysphagia, and intermittent coughing. Sonogram demonstrated an enlarged heterogeneous gland with multiple focal nodules. What is the most likely diagnosis

Adenomatous goiter

What does the term cholangitis refer to

Inflammation of the bile ducts

A patient presents with intense chest and abdominal pain radiating to the lower back. A mildly dilated area of the aorta is identified with demonstration of an intimal flap with color Doppler. What is the most likely diagnosis

Aortic dissection

Which sonographic feature is not consistent with gallbladder carcinoma

Avascular mass within gallbladder lumen <1cm

When scanning a patient's pelvis, a cystic structure is demonstrated adjacent to the urinary bladder with a small connection to the bladder identified. What is this abnormality consistent with

Bladder diverticulum

A breast sonogram on a lactating female demonstrated a focal fluid collection with internal echoes and enlarged lymph nodes. What is the most likely diagnosis

Breast abscess

Where is the gastroesophageal junction demonstrated on a sonogram

Bull's eye structure between the left lobe of the liver and the proximal aorta in a sagittal plane.

What gallbladder pathology is described as a projection of tissue from the gallbladder wall caused by an accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides

Cholesterolosis

Which tendon pathology is described as an anechoic or heterogeneous area within a tendon with refractive shadowing

Complete tendon rupture

What term describes a lesion with cystic and solid components

Complex

How is pelvocaliectasis diagnosed with sonography

Dilation of the calices and renal pelvis

What is the typical sonographic appearance of an intestinal obstruction

Distended fluid-filled loops of bowel

What is the recommended preparation for a bile duct scan

Fasting for a minimum of 4 hours

What is Charcot triad

Fever, right upper quadrant pain, and jaundice

Which of the following disorders presents with congenital muscular torticollis and a palpable mass in the sternocleidomastoid muscle that contains calcifications

Fibromatosis colli

Which of the following exams would require the sonographer to practice surgical asepsis

Fine needle aspiration of liver nodule

What symptoms are typically associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Gross hematuria and passing blood clots

Which of the following presents as a tender, palpable retroareolar mass in a male patient

Gynecomastia

Which splenic pathology is often associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Hamartoma

A decreased hematocrit indicates which of the following

Internal bleeding

Which of the following renal cystic diseases presents sonographically as a smooth thick-walled cyst with internal debris

Infected renal cyst

What are the sonographic findings associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis

Large, hypoechoic mass surrounding the abdominal aorta

What area of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Medulla

What hepatic pathology demonstrates the sonographic findings of multiple target lesions within the liver parenchyma

Metastatic disease from lung or colon cancer

Which gastrointestinal tract abnormality presents with nonbilious vomiting and transposition of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

Midgut malrotation with volvulus

Which of the following renal disorders presents sonographically with echogenic renal pyramids due to accumulation of calcium in dilated collecting ducts

Medullary sponge kidney

How is arterial blood supplied to the thyroid gland

Superior thyroid artery and inferior thyroid artery

What is the typical sonographic pattern demonstrating an intussusception

Target shaped mass in the transverse plane and pseudokidney sign in the longitudinal plane

What is a possible role of sonography in the evaluation of lung masses

Ultrasound-guided biopsy

A 50-year-old patient presents with an acute episode of choledocholithiasis and thickening of the bile duct walls. If the patient is presented with Charcot triad clinically, what is the most likely diagnosis

Acute bacterial cholangitis

Which of the following is not consistent with testicular torsion

Acute testicular pain localized to the superior pole of the testis is the main clinical finding for testicular torsion.

A patient presents with hypotension, weakness, hyperkalemia, and hyperpigmentation. Which adrenal disorder is most likely

Addison disease

What disorder of the scrotum presents with increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with a history of adrenal hyperplasia

Adrenal rests

Which of the following are often associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing syndrome

Adrenal rests

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis

Alcohol abuse

What is the purpose of having a patient fast for 8 hours prior to an abdominal ultrasound

Allows for maximal distension of the gallbladder

What organs should be closely interrogated if the common bile duct is dilated

Complete biliary tree, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

What is the cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst

Encapsulation of digestive enzymes that leak out of the pancreas to form a cystic structure

What is the function of the white pulp in the spleen

Production of lymphocytes

What is the endocrine function of the testis

Production of testosterone

Which of the following can cause the appearance of false hydronephrosis

Prominent renal vein

What is the most common cause of IVC enlargement

Right heart failure

Which of the following abdominal arteries have high-resistance flow when a fasting preparation is followed

Superior mesenteric artery

How is blood supplied to the adrenal glands

Suprarenal branches of aorta, suprarenal branches of inferior phrenic arteries, and suprarenal branches of main renal artery

Why should the gallbladder be imaged in multiple patient positions

To provide proof of pathology mobility/nonmobility

A patient presents with epilepsy and skin lesions. The sonogram demonstrated bilateral renal cysts and angiomyolipoma. What is the most likely diagnosis

Tuberous sclerosis

What is a pyramidal lobe

A superior extension of the thyroid isthmus

In what part of the gastrointestinal tract is the vermiform appendix connected

Cecum

What is the least common cause of bile duct obstruction

Cholelithiasis

Which of the following is most likely a malignant tumor

Choriocarcinoma

Which of the following correctly orders the normal organs from least echogenic to most echogenic

Gallbladder, renal cortex, pancreas

What is the most common mass found in the spleen

Hemangioma

What is the cause of gallbladder sludge

Stasis of bile in the gallbladder

How is an arteriovenous fistula best demonstrated sonographically

Color Doppler imaging

In which planes should the infant hip be imaged to determine if developmental dislocation of the hip is present

Coronal and transverse of the hip in both the resting and flexed positions with and without applied stress.

A patient presents with RUQ pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. What is the most likely diagnosis in the presence of an asymmetrically thickened gallbladder wall

Gallbladder carcinoma

A patient presents with pulmonary edema. On sonography, an area of lung has the same echotexture as the liver but with areas of linear pattern echogenicities. What is the most likely diagnosis

Lung consolidation

What is the term used to describe the inner layer of the aorta wall

Tunica intima

How does the patient population differ for acalculous cholecystitis

Typically occurs in children or immunocompromised patients

Which of the following disorders is caused by abdominal trauma

Rectus sheath hematoma

Which of the following artifacts causes a laterally displaced duplication of the real structure

Refraction

What are the criteria of a simple cyst

Smooth borders, anechoic, through transmission, and round shape

How is splenomegaly diagnosed from ultrasound

Spleen extends beyond inferior pole of left kidney and measures >13 cm length or >6 cm thickness.

Which of the following best describes the adult kidney

Retroperitoneal location with cortex responsible for blood filtration and medulla responsible for absorption

What is the most common renal mass demonstrated on sonography

Simple renal cyst

A complex cystic mass is demonstrated in the spleen with posterior dirty shadow in a febrile patient. What is the most likely diagnosis

Splenic abscess

What is the most common complication of a wandering spleen

Splenic torsion

What is the term used to describe an enlarged spleen

Splenomegaly

How is testicular echotexture described

The testicles are isoechoic to each other and similar to that of the thyroid gland.

If colitis is suspected, what sonographic finding is most consistent

Thickened hypoechoic colon wall with hyperemia

Which of the following best describes sonographic appearance of an abnormal lymph node

Enlarged, hypoechoic mass with absence of echogenic hilum and irregular wall contour

What finding can right-sided enlargement of the heart cause on an abdominal sonogram

Enlargement of the IVC

What is the main role of sonography post abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair

Evaluate for graft patency and leakage at attachment sites.

Which of the following is false with respect to the pancreas

Exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the islets of Langerhans.

Which of the following should the sonographer carefully examine in the urinary bladder of a patient who has undergone a pancreatic transplant

Formation of an urinoma secondary to a bladder anastomosis.

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Graves disease

What thyroid disorder presents with bulging eyes, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss

Graves disease

Which of the following is a false statement about sonography of the penis

Peyronie disease can be diagnosed when thickening of the tunica albuginea is filled with anechoic fluid.

What is the term used to describe a salivary gland that presents sonographically with an echogenic foci within a dilated duct producing shadowing

Sialolithiasis

What is the measurement used to determine if pyloric stenosis is present

Single-walled muscle thickness of 3 mm or greater and 17 mm or greater length

What term is used to describe dilation of the ureter as it enters the bladder

Ureterocele

What is the most common cause of ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Urolithiasis

What renal disorder presents with decreased renal function in the 3rd to 4th decades of life, and bilaterally enlarged kidneys containing multiple cortical cysts

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

What measurement describes an enlarged lymph node

> 10 mm

Which patient population is most prone to developing hepatic candidiasis

Immunocompromised patients

Which of the following statements is false with respect to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Marfan syndrome is considered the most common cause of AAA.

What is the function of the parathyroid glands

Regulation of calcium levels

Which of the following correctly identifies the path sperm take from origin to the seminal vesicles

Seminiferous tubules > straight tubule > efferent duct > epididymis > ductus deferens > seminal vesicle

What is the most common cancer found in a patient with cryptorchidism

Seminoma

Which solid pediatric malignancy occurs in the kidney

Wilms tumor

What are the normal measurements for a fasting gallbladder

8 to 10 cm length, ≤5 cm diameter, ≤3 mm wall thickness

What is the Graf technique

A technique used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum to determine if developmental hip dysplasia is present.

What are the complications associated with choledochal cyst

Cholangitis, portal hypertension, pancreatitis, and liver failure

Which abdominal muscle is demonstrated posterior and slightly medial to the kidney on a transverse image

Psoas muscle

What lung pathology is described as a separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply

Pulmonary sequestration

Which renal tumor has an asymptomatic presentation in its early stages but over time patients complain of gross hematuria, weight loss, and palpable flank mass

Renal cell carcinoma

A hemophiliac patient presents with low hematocrit and RT back pain. A complex mass is demonstrated in the muscle between the kidney and the spine. What is the most likely diagnosis

Retroperitoneal hematoma

How does chronic cholecystitis differ from acute cholecystitis

Chronic cholecystitis presents with a WES sign but no Murphy's sign.

Arterial blood supply to the pancreas is supplied by which of the following arteries

Gastroduodenal artery, splenic artery, and superior mesenteric artery

What patient position typically allows for best visualization of the spleen

Right lateral decubitus with deep inspiration

If the patient history includes inflammatory bowel disease, fibrotic thickening of the bile ducts, and cholangiocarcinoma, what is the most likely diagnosis

Sclerosing cholangitis

What is the classic sonographic appearance of a pancreas demonstrating chronic pancreatitis

Small, hyperechoic, heterogeneous, atrophic gland with ill-defined borders

What sonographic feature is consistent with a benign mass

Smooth borders

Why is a 2- to 5-MHz transducer generally utilized for imaging the liver

The lower frequencies allow for better penetration because the liver is a large organ.

A 90-year-old patient presents with painless bilateral scrotal swelling over a period of 2 years. What findings should the sonographer anticipate

Thickened scrotal wall with bilateral hydrocele

A patient presents with elevated liver function tests and the sonogram reveals diffuse increase in echogenicity, hepatomegaly, and a poorly visualized diaphragm. Which of the following conditions is most likely

Hepatic steatosis

Which of the following best describes the location of the spleen

Intraperitoneally located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)

What benign renal mass is described sonographically as a hypervascular, hyperechoic mass with internal echoes producing acoustic shadowing

Renal adenoma

What term is used to describe enlargement of the abdominal lymph nodes located within the abdomen

Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

If a breast mass is annotated as LT 4:00 1 C, what does this tell you about its location

Left breast, lower outer quadrant, midway from nipple deep to the pectoral muscle

A 3-year-old patient presents with nausea, LUQ pain, and abdominal distension. On sonographic exam, multicystic masses with hypoechoic locules and hyperechoic septations are demonstrated. What is the most likely diagnosis

Lymphangioma

Which of the following best describes malignant disease of the spleen

Lymphoma is the most common malignancy of the spleen presenting as multiple hypoechoic masses throughout the spleen.

What is a possible complication of a thoracentesis

Pneumothorax

Which of the following best describes a chronic condition that results in fibrotic replacement and atrophy of the spleen

Sickle cell anemia

Which of the following best describes a pyogenic hepatic abscess

A complex cyst with thick walls and internal debris producing dirty shadow is noted in the dome of the liver.

Which statement below is false with respect to the normal gallbladder

When a patient fasts, the duodenum secretes cholecystokinin which causes contraction of the gallbladder.

How is a subluxed hip demonstrated on a sonogram

Femoral head rests laterally in the acetabulum.

What other disorder should be investigated for if pancreatic cysts are noted on a sonogram

Hippel-Lindau disease

Which of the following disorders presents clinically with the "olive sign"

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

What layer of the breast tissue contains the ducts and glandular tissue

Mammary layer

Which statement is false with respect to the difference between the wall of an artery and a vein

Artery walls have a thicker tunica adventitia layer with greater elasticity.

What pathology is diagnosed by the sonographic demonstration of worms in the bile ducts

Ascariasis

What is the most inferior structure in the male pelvis

Bladder

Nuclear medicine demonstrated a hot nodule, what is likely to be demonstrated on thyroid sonography

Colloid cyst

What procedure is used to remove fluid from around the lung in order to determine if it has a malignant origin

Diagnostic thoracentesis

Which vessel in the liver normally demonstrates a pulsatile low-resistant waveform

Hepatic artery

What benign pediatric tumor presents clinically with hepatomegaly and skin hemangiomas

Infantile hemangioendothelioma

What is the path of venous drainage of the LT adrenal gland

LT suprarenal vein drains into the LT renal vein

What are the sonographic features of a pheochromocytoma

Large hyperechoic mass adjacent to the superior pole of the kidney

Which of the following best describes a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

Multilocular cystic mass with mural nodules and internal echoes with dilation of the duct of Wirsung

How does blood drain from the testicles

The pampiniform plexus empties into the RT and LT testicular veins; then the RT testicular vein drains into the IVC and the LT drains into the LT renal vein.

What is the origin of the splenic artery

Branch of celiac axis

Which of the following bowel disorders presents with a bowel wall thickness greater than 5 mm and hyperemic bowel wall

Crohn disease

A patient presents with obesity, hirsutism, and a buffalo hump. Sonography identified a mass in the RT adrenal gland. What is the most likely diagnosis

Cushing syndrome

A motor vehicle patient from the emergency room presents with LUQ pain and decreased hematocrit. What should the sonographer look for on the abdominal scan

A complex or hypoechoic mass in the spleen with posterior enhancement and an echogenic line within the spleen demonstrating the laceration

What is a ganglion cyst

A fluid-filled mass arising from the tendon found most often on the dorsal aspect of the hand or wrist.

What is the classic sonographic presentation of adenomyomatosis

Tiny comet tail artifacts projecting from the gallbladder wall into the gallbladder lumen

What is the purpose of standard precautions

To decrease the spread of infection

Which of the following typically presents in a patient whose history includes chronic bladder UTI and sonographic appearance of diffusely thickened bladder wall with septations and internal debris

Bladder diverticulum

What feature allows the sonographer to distinguish porcelain gallbladder from WES sign

Identification of the calcified back wall of the gallbladder

Why is it important to demonstrate blood flow in the thyroid lobes

Inflammatory disorders of the thyroid demonstrate increased vascularity.

What is exudate ascites in the subhepatic space

Malignant form of ascites found between the liver and the kidney

What is the proper method for measuring the common bile duct

Measure the segment on the extrahepatic side of the cystic duct with an inner-to-inner measurement.

What is the function of the bile ducts

Provide a conduit for bile to get from the liver to the digestive system

A patient presents with weight loss, jaundice, and epigastric pain. The sonogram demonstrates a hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic head and a dilated CBD. What is the most likely diagnosis

Adenocarcinoma

What is the most common primary pancreatic malignancy

Adenocarcinoma

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are a mitigating factor in the development of which gallbladder pathology

Adenomyomatosis

On a transverse sonogram of the mid abdominal aorta, what vessels make up the seagull sign

Common hepatic artery makes up left wing, splenic artery makes up right wing, and celiac axis makes up body.

What is the term used to describe a fluid collection around the lung

Pleural effusion

What technique can be used to help define an abdominal wall hernia

Valsalva maneuver

What is the easiest method for distinguishing the esophagus from a mass

Have patient swallow, saliva can be visualized passing through the esophagus.

If a patient's lab results indicate increased amylase, increased lipase, and increased bilirubin, which of the following organs is likely diseased

Gallbladder

What is a complication of acute cholecystitis if it is not treated

Gangrenous cholecystitis

Which disorder of the testicle demonstrates tiny echogenic foci throughout the testicular tissue and is often associated with Klinefelter syndrome

Microlithiasis

Which of the following best describes a splenic granuloma

Multiple small echogenic masses with acoustic shadowing

Which of the following correctly describes acute cholecystitis

Nausea and vomiting, positive sonographic Murphy's sign, symmetric gallbladder wall thickening, and gallstones

Which patient population is most likely to demonstrate an adrenal hemorrhage

Neonates

A female hair stylist presented with pain, erythema, and edema in the gluteal cleft. Sonography revealed a complex subcutaneous mass with hyperemia and a hypoechoic tract to the skin surface. What pathology does this represent

Pilonidal cyst

Where is the most common location for a retroperitoneal hematoma to occur

Psoas muscle

Which of the following best describes the location of the left adrenal gland

Retroperitoneal, located medial to the superior pole of the LT kidney

Which of the following is a false statement about the renal arteries

The LT renal artery is longer than the RT.

In what image is the crus of the diaphragm typically demonstrated on sonography

Transverse image of the kidney

Which type of islet cell tumor causes patients to develop peptic ulcers

Gastrinoma

Which of the following best describes a superficial hypoechoic mass that demonstrates blood flow when interrogated

Hemangioma

A 1-year-old patient presented with a palpable abdominal mass, jaundice, and fever. A cystic mass is noted in the area of the porta hepatis with sonography. What is the most likely diagnosis

Choledochal cyst

If the gallbladder wall is demonstrated as symmetrically thickened, what is the most likely pathologic cause

Chronic cholecystitis

What is the most common complication associated with annular pancreas

Duodenal obstruction

What is the sonographic appearance of Addison disease in the acute stage

Enlarged, hypoechoic adrenal glands bilaterally

What branches make up the celiac axis

Hepatic artery, LT gastric artery, and splenic artery

Sonographic features of gallbladder sludge include which of the following

Hepatization of the gallbladder

Sonographic examination demonstrated multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes. The patient indicated having had fever for over a week. What is the most likely cause for the lymphadenopathy

Infection

Which artery arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta just inferior to the gonadal arteries

Inferior mesenteric artery

In a transverse image of the right lobe of the thyroid gland, what is the most lateral structure typically demonstrated

Internal jugular vein

Which of the following statements is false with respect to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedures

It is considered an abnormal finding post stent placement for the flow to reverse within the right and left portal veins.

What is the normal Doppler waveform appearance of the distal aorta

Triphasic, high-resistant pattern with flow reversal in early diastole

What posterior landmark can the sonographer use to aid in delineation of the pancreas

Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

What is the innermost layer of the bowel identifiable by sonography

Superficial mucosa

Which of the following is an indication for completing a bowel sonogram

Suspected intussusception

Why are radial and anti-radial planes preferred for breast imaging

The lactiferous ducts are arranged in a radial pattern, so will be better demonstrated if scanned along the same planes.

Which of the following best describes the flow of bile

Liver - RT or LT hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct (CHD) - cystic duct - gallbladder - common bile duct (CBD) - ampulla of Vater - sphincter of Oddi - duodenum

An elevation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase would lead the sonographer to investigate which of the following conditions

Cirrhosis

Why is it important for the sonographer to be able to identify imaging artifacts

Tissue composition is often confirmed by the presence of an artifact.

What pathology is best described as a small hyperechoic mass usually found in the right lobe of the liver with through transmission with female predominance

Cavernous hemangioma

Where is the abdominal aorta located

Inferior to the diaphragm, just anterior to the spine, and slightly to the left of the midline

Which of the following best describes a simple splenic cyst

Asymptomatic, round, smooth-walled mass with posterior enhancement

What is the cause of Conn syndrome

Overproduction of aldosterone by a functional adrenal tumor

A patient presents with a painless scrotal mass and elevated hCG levels. On sonographic examination, a solid, hypoechoic mass is demonstrated within the testicle. What is the most likely diagnosis

Seminoma

A 45-year-old female patient with a history of chronic dieting presents with acute abdominal pain after fatty meals that radiates to her shoulders. Which of the following sonographic presentations do you expect to find

Multiple mobile echogenic masses that produce acoustic shadowing

If a patient presents with elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and elevated creatinine, what disease process is most likely

Renal failure

Which of the following would be the least likely sonographic finding of hepatitis

Enlarged coronary vein

What is the most common scrotal mass

Spermatocele

Which of the following describes the sonographic appearance of a normal parotid gland

Hyperechoic homogenous tissue that is elliptical in long and round in transverse, anechoic duct may be visualized.

What are the symptoms of a nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma

Hypertension

What part of the testicle produces sperm

Seminiferous tubules

When urolithiasis is suspected with sonography but difficult to visualize, what can the sonographer do to better define it

Turn on color Doppler

What is the Thompson test used to help diagnose

Achilles tendon rupture

What disorder is characterized by neonatal jaundice, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and the triangular cord sign

Biliary atresia

Which of the following is most accurate when describing Klatskin tumors

Tumors are generally located at the junction of the RT and LT hepatic ducts.

Which of the following is an example of an endocrine organ

Adrenal gland

What signals the adrenal gland to release hormones

Release of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the anterior pituitary gland

Which portion of the pancreas lies in the C-loop of the duodenum

Pancreatic head

What is a subluxated hip

Partial dislocation of the hip

What is the most common benign solid tumor of the adrenal gland

Adrenal adenoma

What is the normal diameter of the proximal abdominal aorta

2.5 cm or less

What is the most significant lab result indicating acute pancreatitis

Elevated lipase

What is a common cause of pneumobilia

Emphysematous cholecystitis

A 2-year-old male patient presents with intermittent RLQ pain, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and red currant jelly stool. What gastrointestinal disorder is most likely

Intussusception

How is an aortic rupture diagnosed

Presence of an AAA with adjacent hematoma.

How does acute renal failure differ from chronic renal failure

The most common cause of chronic renal failure is diabetes mellitus and it presents as small kidneys with cortical thinning on sonography whereas acute renal failure is most commonly caused by acute tubular necrosis and presents as normal appearing kidneys.

How do you measure the true lumen of an AAA

Outer to outer including wall thrombus

Which sonographic sign is associated with Caroli disease

Central dot sign

What is the most common cause of acute testicular pain in adults

Epididymitis

Which organs should be interrogated if the patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome

Liver and IVC

Which lab results will be elevated when gallbladder disease is present

ALT, ALP, GGT, and white blood cells

What is the upper limit of normal for a measurement of the common bile duct in an 80-year-old female who has had a cholecystectomy

10 mm

A male athlete presented with pain between the heel and the calf. The area was warm to the touch. Sonogram demonstrated a focal thickened hypoechoic area within the tendon with hyperemic flow. What is the most likely diagnosis

Achilles tendonitis

A patient presented with abdominal pain, weight loss, and vomiting. Sonography revealed a 10-cm hypoechoic irregular shaped mass in the LLQ. What is the most likely diagnosis

Adenocarcinoma

What releases thyroid-stimulating hormone into the bloodstream

Anterior pituitary

An infant patient presents with a history of a breech birth, asymmetric skinfolds on the legs, and a difference in length between both lower limbs. What tests should be conducted as an initial assessment of developmental dislocation of the hip

Barlow and Ortolani test

When imaging the liver, in which image are you likely to note fluid around the lung

Dome of liver

Which patient population is most susceptible to emphysematous cholecystitis

Diabetic patients

Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for porcelain gallbladder

Emphysematous cholecystitis

Which of the following complications of chronic pyelonephritis demonstrates gas or air within the renal parenchyma with dirty shadowing

Emphysematous pyelonephritis

Which statement below is true with respect to the normal liver

Intraperitoneal organ located in right upper quadrant (RUQ) responsible for bile synthesis

A male patient presents with history of acute scrotal trauma. Bloodwork revealed a decreased hematocrit. What should the sonographer expect to find on the scan

Ill-defined margins of the testicle with a complex fluid collection in the scrotum

How does the function of the spleen differ in infants/children and adults

In infants/children, its primary function is defense against infection, whereas in adults, it is production of lymphocytes and monocytes.

Which of the following findings are consistent with a diagnosis of hydatid liver cyst

Leukocytosis, obstructive jaundice, and anechoic liver mass described as mother cyst with daughter cyst

A patient presents with fever, leukocytosis, and rebound tenderness. What should the sonographer expect to find on the sonogram

Noncompressible blind-ended tubular structure in the RLQ measuring >6 mm.

What congenital anomaly of the pancreas causes a functional obstruction leading to pancreatitis

Pancreatic divisum

Which of the following is a vascular complication associated with acute pancreatitis

Pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery

Which of the following statements is false with respect to developmental dysplasia of the infant hip (DDH)

The cause of DDH is thought to be degeneration of the acetabulum caused by maternal hormones.

Which of the following is false with respect to how sonography can be used to demonstrate a foreign body

The vibration of the sound waves will help to dislodge the foreign body.

What normal structure most often demonstrated with sonography in pediatric patients appears as an echogenic solid mass with linear and punctate echogenicities

Thymus

Which of the following terms describes an anechoic, smooth-walled cyst located inferior to the hyoid bone but superior to the thyroid isthmus

Thyroglossal duct cyst

What flow pattern is expected in an endovascular aortic stent graft repair

Triphasic

What sonographic feature gives an adrenal cyst concern for malignancy

Calcified cyst wall

Which of the following is not a sonographic finding for acute pancreatitis

Atrophic hypoechoic pancreas

What is a tumor marker

Substances produced by cancer cells or organs when cancer is present

What does the sonographic "sandwich sign" describe

Enlarged abdominal nodes surrounding the aorta and the IVC

A patient presents with a history of chronic alcohol abuse and hyperparathyroidism. The sonogram demonstrates a small pancreas with a complex cystic mass demonstrated along the border of the pancreatic tail. What is the most likely diagnosis

Chronic pancreatitis

A patient presents with diarrhea, fever, nausea, and vomiting with crampy LLQ pain. Sonogram demonstrated a segment of thickened bowel with an inflamed outpouching of the intestine. What is the most likely diagnosis

Diverticulitis

A 65-year-old male patient presents with nocturia, increased urinary frequency, constant feeling of bladder fullness, and elevated PSA. What is most likely demonstrated on ultrasound

Enlarged diffusely heterogeneous gland with calcifications and cystic changes

Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of an enlarged lymph node that is likely benign

Enlarged oval node with decreased echogenicity

A 30-year-old female presented with puffy eyes, slight weight gain, increased cold sensitivity, elevated cholesterol, and decreased thyroxine levels. Her sonogram demonstrated a coarse textured thyroid gland with increased vascularity. What is the most likely diagnosis

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A 3-year-old patient presents with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, a palpable right-sided abdominal mass, and elevated alpha-fetoprotein. What it the most likely diagnosis

Hepatoblastoma

A male patient presents with a history of chronic hepatitis and Wilson disease. Sonography reveals a heterogeneous mass in the right lobe that appears to invade the IVC and the hepatic veins appear to be narrowed. What is the most likely diagnosis

Hepatoma with Budd-Chiari syndrome

A 60-year-old male patient presents with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), macroscopic hematuria, and a decrease in the amount of ejaculated fluid. Sonogram demonstrates a hypervascular enlarged prostate gland. What is the most likely diagnosis

Prostate cancer

A diagnosis of chronic cirrhosis is consistent with which of the following sonographic findings

Shrunken echogenic right lobe, nodular contour, hepatofugal flow in the portal veins, and ascites

A 6-year-old female patient presents with low-grade fever, mild leukocytosis, complains of right hip pain, and a reluctance to walk. Sonography demonstrated a hypoechoic fluid collection in the right hip joint that measured 7 mm in width. What is the most likely diagnosis

Transient synovitis

A 35-year-old male patient presents with infertility and a palpable extratesticular mass on the LT side. Sonogram demonstrates multiple anechoic tubular structures in the LT adjacent to the testicle. What can the sonographer suggest to help solidify the diagnosis

Valsalva maneuver will cause the veins to fill with blood and become more dilated with increased blood flow.

Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of the IVC

Variable diameter that changes with respiration, pulsatile waveform close to the heart with a phasic waveform at its origin.