Abdomen Mock sono topics ch 1-14
How is sonography utilized to analyze the bowel
Compressible bowel is considered normal, non-compressible bowel abnormal.
Which of the following is a lung mass primarily found in pediatric patients
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
Which adrenal disorder presents with hypernatremia, hypertension, excessive thirst, and excessive urination
Conn syndrome
Which of the following patient populations is at greater risk of complications from a thoracentesis
Elderly
What is the most common acute vascular complication associated with pancreatic transplants
Elevated resistive index
A patient presents with jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, an elevated serum bilirubin and a fever. Sonogram demonstrates a common hepatic duct measuring 12 mm. What is the most likely diagnosis
Mirizzi syndrome
A 3-week-old infant presented with projectile vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, and insatiable appetite. Sonography demonstrated a cervix sign in the long axis. What is the most likely diagnosis
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
What is the normal sonographic appearance of a muscle
Hypoechoic tissue with linear echogenic strands
A sonogram revealed a heterogeneous mass within the scrotum that demonstrates peristalsis. What pathology does this describe
Inguinal hernia
A 2-year-old male presents with a palpable abdominal mass with abdominal and back pain. A 10-cm heterogeneous ill-defined mass with calcifications is identified in the RT abdomen. Mets were identified in the liver. What is the most likely diagnosis
Neuroblastoma
A patient presents with hypercalcemia. Sonography demonstrated a hypoechoic mass adjacent to the thyroid gland. What is the most likely diagnosis
Parathyroid adenoma
What feature below is consistent with a malignant adrenal tumor originating from the adrenal cortex
Invasion of adrenal vein and IVC
What is a common complication of Wilms tumor, renal transitional cell carcinoma, and Budd-Chiari syndrome
Invasion of the IVC
Which hormone is produced in the greatest abundance by the thyroid gland
Thyroxine
A patient presents with a history of medically treated migraines, back/flank pain, weight loss, and vomiting. What retroperitoneal pathology should the sonographer consider
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Which of the following artifacts can be helpful in identifying air in the biliary tree
Ring down
When assessing the sonographic appearance of an adult kidney, what echogenicity comparisons are typically used
The cortex should be hypoechoic or isoechoic to the liver or spleen.
Which statement below is true with respect to the liver ligaments
The ligamentum venosum divides the left lobe from the caudate lobe.
Which of the following clinical symptoms is a common feature of colitis
Watery and/or bloody diarrhea
What is a complication of hepatic hematoma
Arteriovenous fistula
A 3-day-old patient presented with jaundice, an acute drop in hematocrit, and a broken clavicle. What is the most likely diagnosis for a triangular shaped mass in the area of the adrenal gland
Adrenal hemorrhage
Which of the following falsely describes an accessory spleen
Polysplenia
What is the most common cause of splenomegaly
Portal hypertension
A patient presents with a history of diverticulitis. On ultrasound, small bright reflectors are noted within the portal vein producing ring-down artifact. What condition is most likely
Portal venous gas
What acute disorder is best described sonographically as a hypoechoic wedge-shaped mass within the spleen
Splenic infarct
A patient presents with a palpable enlarged thyroid gland, dysphagia, and intermittent coughing. Sonogram demonstrated an enlarged heterogeneous gland with multiple focal nodules. What is the most likely diagnosis
Adenomatous goiter
What does the term cholangitis refer to
Inflammation of the bile ducts
A patient presents with intense chest and abdominal pain radiating to the lower back. A mildly dilated area of the aorta is identified with demonstration of an intimal flap with color Doppler. What is the most likely diagnosis
Aortic dissection
Which sonographic feature is not consistent with gallbladder carcinoma
Avascular mass within gallbladder lumen <1cm
When scanning a patient's pelvis, a cystic structure is demonstrated adjacent to the urinary bladder with a small connection to the bladder identified. What is this abnormality consistent with
Bladder diverticulum
A breast sonogram on a lactating female demonstrated a focal fluid collection with internal echoes and enlarged lymph nodes. What is the most likely diagnosis
Breast abscess
Where is the gastroesophageal junction demonstrated on a sonogram
Bull's eye structure between the left lobe of the liver and the proximal aorta in a sagittal plane.
What gallbladder pathology is described as a projection of tissue from the gallbladder wall caused by an accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides
Cholesterolosis
Which tendon pathology is described as an anechoic or heterogeneous area within a tendon with refractive shadowing
Complete tendon rupture
What term describes a lesion with cystic and solid components
Complex
How is pelvocaliectasis diagnosed with sonography
Dilation of the calices and renal pelvis
What is the typical sonographic appearance of an intestinal obstruction
Distended fluid-filled loops of bowel
What is the recommended preparation for a bile duct scan
Fasting for a minimum of 4 hours
What is Charcot triad
Fever, right upper quadrant pain, and jaundice
Which of the following disorders presents with congenital muscular torticollis and a palpable mass in the sternocleidomastoid muscle that contains calcifications
Fibromatosis colli
Which of the following exams would require the sonographer to practice surgical asepsis
Fine needle aspiration of liver nodule
What symptoms are typically associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Gross hematuria and passing blood clots
Which of the following presents as a tender, palpable retroareolar mass in a male patient
Gynecomastia
Which splenic pathology is often associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Hamartoma
A decreased hematocrit indicates which of the following
Internal bleeding
Which of the following renal cystic diseases presents sonographically as a smooth thick-walled cyst with internal debris
Infected renal cyst
What are the sonographic findings associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis
Large, hypoechoic mass surrounding the abdominal aorta
What area of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
Medulla
What hepatic pathology demonstrates the sonographic findings of multiple target lesions within the liver parenchyma
Metastatic disease from lung or colon cancer
Which gastrointestinal tract abnormality presents with nonbilious vomiting and transposition of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
Midgut malrotation with volvulus
Which of the following renal disorders presents sonographically with echogenic renal pyramids due to accumulation of calcium in dilated collecting ducts
Medullary sponge kidney
How is arterial blood supplied to the thyroid gland
Superior thyroid artery and inferior thyroid artery
What is the typical sonographic pattern demonstrating an intussusception
Target shaped mass in the transverse plane and pseudokidney sign in the longitudinal plane
What is a possible role of sonography in the evaluation of lung masses
Ultrasound-guided biopsy
A 50-year-old patient presents with an acute episode of choledocholithiasis and thickening of the bile duct walls. If the patient is presented with Charcot triad clinically, what is the most likely diagnosis
Acute bacterial cholangitis
Which of the following is not consistent with testicular torsion
Acute testicular pain localized to the superior pole of the testis is the main clinical finding for testicular torsion.
A patient presents with hypotension, weakness, hyperkalemia, and hyperpigmentation. Which adrenal disorder is most likely
Addison disease
What disorder of the scrotum presents with increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with a history of adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal rests
Which of the following are often associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing syndrome
Adrenal rests
What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
What is the purpose of having a patient fast for 8 hours prior to an abdominal ultrasound
Allows for maximal distension of the gallbladder
What organs should be closely interrogated if the common bile duct is dilated
Complete biliary tree, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What is the cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst
Encapsulation of digestive enzymes that leak out of the pancreas to form a cystic structure
What is the function of the white pulp in the spleen
Production of lymphocytes
What is the endocrine function of the testis
Production of testosterone
Which of the following can cause the appearance of false hydronephrosis
Prominent renal vein
What is the most common cause of IVC enlargement
Right heart failure
Which of the following abdominal arteries have high-resistance flow when a fasting preparation is followed
Superior mesenteric artery
How is blood supplied to the adrenal glands
Suprarenal branches of aorta, suprarenal branches of inferior phrenic arteries, and suprarenal branches of main renal artery
Why should the gallbladder be imaged in multiple patient positions
To provide proof of pathology mobility/nonmobility
A patient presents with epilepsy and skin lesions. The sonogram demonstrated bilateral renal cysts and angiomyolipoma. What is the most likely diagnosis
Tuberous sclerosis
What is a pyramidal lobe
A superior extension of the thyroid isthmus
In what part of the gastrointestinal tract is the vermiform appendix connected
Cecum
What is the least common cause of bile duct obstruction
Cholelithiasis
Which of the following is most likely a malignant tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Which of the following correctly orders the normal organs from least echogenic to most echogenic
Gallbladder, renal cortex, pancreas
What is the most common mass found in the spleen
Hemangioma
What is the cause of gallbladder sludge
Stasis of bile in the gallbladder
How is an arteriovenous fistula best demonstrated sonographically
Color Doppler imaging
In which planes should the infant hip be imaged to determine if developmental dislocation of the hip is present
Coronal and transverse of the hip in both the resting and flexed positions with and without applied stress.
A patient presents with RUQ pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. What is the most likely diagnosis in the presence of an asymmetrically thickened gallbladder wall
Gallbladder carcinoma
A patient presents with pulmonary edema. On sonography, an area of lung has the same echotexture as the liver but with areas of linear pattern echogenicities. What is the most likely diagnosis
Lung consolidation
What is the term used to describe the inner layer of the aorta wall
Tunica intima
How does the patient population differ for acalculous cholecystitis
Typically occurs in children or immunocompromised patients
Which of the following disorders is caused by abdominal trauma
Rectus sheath hematoma
Which of the following artifacts causes a laterally displaced duplication of the real structure
Refraction
What are the criteria of a simple cyst
Smooth borders, anechoic, through transmission, and round shape
How is splenomegaly diagnosed from ultrasound
Spleen extends beyond inferior pole of left kidney and measures >13 cm length or >6 cm thickness.
Which of the following best describes the adult kidney
Retroperitoneal location with cortex responsible for blood filtration and medulla responsible for absorption
What is the most common renal mass demonstrated on sonography
Simple renal cyst
A complex cystic mass is demonstrated in the spleen with posterior dirty shadow in a febrile patient. What is the most likely diagnosis
Splenic abscess
What is the most common complication of a wandering spleen
Splenic torsion
What is the term used to describe an enlarged spleen
Splenomegaly
How is testicular echotexture described
The testicles are isoechoic to each other and similar to that of the thyroid gland.
If colitis is suspected, what sonographic finding is most consistent
Thickened hypoechoic colon wall with hyperemia
Which of the following best describes sonographic appearance of an abnormal lymph node
Enlarged, hypoechoic mass with absence of echogenic hilum and irregular wall contour
What finding can right-sided enlargement of the heart cause on an abdominal sonogram
Enlargement of the IVC
What is the main role of sonography post abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair
Evaluate for graft patency and leakage at attachment sites.
Which of the following is false with respect to the pancreas
Exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the islets of Langerhans.
Which of the following should the sonographer carefully examine in the urinary bladder of a patient who has undergone a pancreatic transplant
Formation of an urinoma secondary to a bladder anastomosis.
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
What thyroid disorder presents with bulging eyes, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss
Graves disease
Which of the following is a false statement about sonography of the penis
Peyronie disease can be diagnosed when thickening of the tunica albuginea is filled with anechoic fluid.
What is the term used to describe a salivary gland that presents sonographically with an echogenic foci within a dilated duct producing shadowing
Sialolithiasis
What is the measurement used to determine if pyloric stenosis is present
Single-walled muscle thickness of 3 mm or greater and 17 mm or greater length
What term is used to describe dilation of the ureter as it enters the bladder
Ureterocele
What is the most common cause of ureteropelvic junction obstruction
Urolithiasis
What renal disorder presents with decreased renal function in the 3rd to 4th decades of life, and bilaterally enlarged kidneys containing multiple cortical cysts
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
What measurement describes an enlarged lymph node
> 10 mm
Which patient population is most prone to developing hepatic candidiasis
Immunocompromised patients
Which of the following statements is false with respect to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
Marfan syndrome is considered the most common cause of AAA.
What is the function of the parathyroid glands
Regulation of calcium levels
Which of the following correctly identifies the path sperm take from origin to the seminal vesicles
Seminiferous tubules > straight tubule > efferent duct > epididymis > ductus deferens > seminal vesicle
What is the most common cancer found in a patient with cryptorchidism
Seminoma
Which solid pediatric malignancy occurs in the kidney
Wilms tumor
What are the normal measurements for a fasting gallbladder
8 to 10 cm length, ≤5 cm diameter, ≤3 mm wall thickness
What is the Graf technique
A technique used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum to determine if developmental hip dysplasia is present.
What are the complications associated with choledochal cyst
Cholangitis, portal hypertension, pancreatitis, and liver failure
Which abdominal muscle is demonstrated posterior and slightly medial to the kidney on a transverse image
Psoas muscle
What lung pathology is described as a separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply
Pulmonary sequestration
Which renal tumor has an asymptomatic presentation in its early stages but over time patients complain of gross hematuria, weight loss, and palpable flank mass
Renal cell carcinoma
A hemophiliac patient presents with low hematocrit and RT back pain. A complex mass is demonstrated in the muscle between the kidney and the spine. What is the most likely diagnosis
Retroperitoneal hematoma
How does chronic cholecystitis differ from acute cholecystitis
Chronic cholecystitis presents with a WES sign but no Murphy's sign.
Arterial blood supply to the pancreas is supplied by which of the following arteries
Gastroduodenal artery, splenic artery, and superior mesenteric artery
What patient position typically allows for best visualization of the spleen
Right lateral decubitus with deep inspiration
If the patient history includes inflammatory bowel disease, fibrotic thickening of the bile ducts, and cholangiocarcinoma, what is the most likely diagnosis
Sclerosing cholangitis
What is the classic sonographic appearance of a pancreas demonstrating chronic pancreatitis
Small, hyperechoic, heterogeneous, atrophic gland with ill-defined borders
What sonographic feature is consistent with a benign mass
Smooth borders
Why is a 2- to 5-MHz transducer generally utilized for imaging the liver
The lower frequencies allow for better penetration because the liver is a large organ.
A 90-year-old patient presents with painless bilateral scrotal swelling over a period of 2 years. What findings should the sonographer anticipate
Thickened scrotal wall with bilateral hydrocele
A patient presents with elevated liver function tests and the sonogram reveals diffuse increase in echogenicity, hepatomegaly, and a poorly visualized diaphragm. Which of the following conditions is most likely
Hepatic steatosis
Which of the following best describes the location of the spleen
Intraperitoneally located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)
What benign renal mass is described sonographically as a hypervascular, hyperechoic mass with internal echoes producing acoustic shadowing
Renal adenoma
What term is used to describe enlargement of the abdominal lymph nodes located within the abdomen
Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
If a breast mass is annotated as LT 4:00 1 C, what does this tell you about its location
Left breast, lower outer quadrant, midway from nipple deep to the pectoral muscle
A 3-year-old patient presents with nausea, LUQ pain, and abdominal distension. On sonographic exam, multicystic masses with hypoechoic locules and hyperechoic septations are demonstrated. What is the most likely diagnosis
Lymphangioma
Which of the following best describes malignant disease of the spleen
Lymphoma is the most common malignancy of the spleen presenting as multiple hypoechoic masses throughout the spleen.
What is a possible complication of a thoracentesis
Pneumothorax
Which of the following best describes a chronic condition that results in fibrotic replacement and atrophy of the spleen
Sickle cell anemia
Which of the following best describes a pyogenic hepatic abscess
A complex cyst with thick walls and internal debris producing dirty shadow is noted in the dome of the liver.
Which statement below is false with respect to the normal gallbladder
When a patient fasts, the duodenum secretes cholecystokinin which causes contraction of the gallbladder.
How is a subluxed hip demonstrated on a sonogram
Femoral head rests laterally in the acetabulum.
What other disorder should be investigated for if pancreatic cysts are noted on a sonogram
Hippel-Lindau disease
Which of the following disorders presents clinically with the "olive sign"
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
What layer of the breast tissue contains the ducts and glandular tissue
Mammary layer
Which statement is false with respect to the difference between the wall of an artery and a vein
Artery walls have a thicker tunica adventitia layer with greater elasticity.
What pathology is diagnosed by the sonographic demonstration of worms in the bile ducts
Ascariasis
What is the most inferior structure in the male pelvis
Bladder
Nuclear medicine demonstrated a hot nodule, what is likely to be demonstrated on thyroid sonography
Colloid cyst
What procedure is used to remove fluid from around the lung in order to determine if it has a malignant origin
Diagnostic thoracentesis
Which vessel in the liver normally demonstrates a pulsatile low-resistant waveform
Hepatic artery
What benign pediatric tumor presents clinically with hepatomegaly and skin hemangiomas
Infantile hemangioendothelioma
What is the path of venous drainage of the LT adrenal gland
LT suprarenal vein drains into the LT renal vein
What are the sonographic features of a pheochromocytoma
Large hyperechoic mass adjacent to the superior pole of the kidney
Which of the following best describes a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Multilocular cystic mass with mural nodules and internal echoes with dilation of the duct of Wirsung
How does blood drain from the testicles
The pampiniform plexus empties into the RT and LT testicular veins; then the RT testicular vein drains into the IVC and the LT drains into the LT renal vein.
What is the origin of the splenic artery
Branch of celiac axis
Which of the following bowel disorders presents with a bowel wall thickness greater than 5 mm and hyperemic bowel wall
Crohn disease
A patient presents with obesity, hirsutism, and a buffalo hump. Sonography identified a mass in the RT adrenal gland. What is the most likely diagnosis
Cushing syndrome
A motor vehicle patient from the emergency room presents with LUQ pain and decreased hematocrit. What should the sonographer look for on the abdominal scan
A complex or hypoechoic mass in the spleen with posterior enhancement and an echogenic line within the spleen demonstrating the laceration
What is a ganglion cyst
A fluid-filled mass arising from the tendon found most often on the dorsal aspect of the hand or wrist.
What is the classic sonographic presentation of adenomyomatosis
Tiny comet tail artifacts projecting from the gallbladder wall into the gallbladder lumen
What is the purpose of standard precautions
To decrease the spread of infection
Which of the following typically presents in a patient whose history includes chronic bladder UTI and sonographic appearance of diffusely thickened bladder wall with septations and internal debris
Bladder diverticulum
What feature allows the sonographer to distinguish porcelain gallbladder from WES sign
Identification of the calcified back wall of the gallbladder
Why is it important to demonstrate blood flow in the thyroid lobes
Inflammatory disorders of the thyroid demonstrate increased vascularity.
What is exudate ascites in the subhepatic space
Malignant form of ascites found between the liver and the kidney
What is the proper method for measuring the common bile duct
Measure the segment on the extrahepatic side of the cystic duct with an inner-to-inner measurement.
What is the function of the bile ducts
Provide a conduit for bile to get from the liver to the digestive system
A patient presents with weight loss, jaundice, and epigastric pain. The sonogram demonstrates a hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic head and a dilated CBD. What is the most likely diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma
What is the most common primary pancreatic malignancy
Adenocarcinoma
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are a mitigating factor in the development of which gallbladder pathology
Adenomyomatosis
On a transverse sonogram of the mid abdominal aorta, what vessels make up the seagull sign
Common hepatic artery makes up left wing, splenic artery makes up right wing, and celiac axis makes up body.
What is the term used to describe a fluid collection around the lung
Pleural effusion
What technique can be used to help define an abdominal wall hernia
Valsalva maneuver
What is the easiest method for distinguishing the esophagus from a mass
Have patient swallow, saliva can be visualized passing through the esophagus.
If a patient's lab results indicate increased amylase, increased lipase, and increased bilirubin, which of the following organs is likely diseased
Gallbladder
What is a complication of acute cholecystitis if it is not treated
Gangrenous cholecystitis
Which disorder of the testicle demonstrates tiny echogenic foci throughout the testicular tissue and is often associated with Klinefelter syndrome
Microlithiasis
Which of the following best describes a splenic granuloma
Multiple small echogenic masses with acoustic shadowing
Which of the following correctly describes acute cholecystitis
Nausea and vomiting, positive sonographic Murphy's sign, symmetric gallbladder wall thickening, and gallstones
Which patient population is most likely to demonstrate an adrenal hemorrhage
Neonates
A female hair stylist presented with pain, erythema, and edema in the gluteal cleft. Sonography revealed a complex subcutaneous mass with hyperemia and a hypoechoic tract to the skin surface. What pathology does this represent
Pilonidal cyst
Where is the most common location for a retroperitoneal hematoma to occur
Psoas muscle
Which of the following best describes the location of the left adrenal gland
Retroperitoneal, located medial to the superior pole of the LT kidney
Which of the following is a false statement about the renal arteries
The LT renal artery is longer than the RT.
In what image is the crus of the diaphragm typically demonstrated on sonography
Transverse image of the kidney
Which type of islet cell tumor causes patients to develop peptic ulcers
Gastrinoma
Which of the following best describes a superficial hypoechoic mass that demonstrates blood flow when interrogated
Hemangioma
A 1-year-old patient presented with a palpable abdominal mass, jaundice, and fever. A cystic mass is noted in the area of the porta hepatis with sonography. What is the most likely diagnosis
Choledochal cyst
If the gallbladder wall is demonstrated as symmetrically thickened, what is the most likely pathologic cause
Chronic cholecystitis
What is the most common complication associated with annular pancreas
Duodenal obstruction
What is the sonographic appearance of Addison disease in the acute stage
Enlarged, hypoechoic adrenal glands bilaterally
What branches make up the celiac axis
Hepatic artery, LT gastric artery, and splenic artery
Sonographic features of gallbladder sludge include which of the following
Hepatization of the gallbladder
Sonographic examination demonstrated multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes. The patient indicated having had fever for over a week. What is the most likely cause for the lymphadenopathy
Infection
Which artery arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta just inferior to the gonadal arteries
Inferior mesenteric artery
In a transverse image of the right lobe of the thyroid gland, what is the most lateral structure typically demonstrated
Internal jugular vein
Which of the following statements is false with respect to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedures
It is considered an abnormal finding post stent placement for the flow to reverse within the right and left portal veins.
What is the normal Doppler waveform appearance of the distal aorta
Triphasic, high-resistant pattern with flow reversal in early diastole
What posterior landmark can the sonographer use to aid in delineation of the pancreas
Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
What is the innermost layer of the bowel identifiable by sonography
Superficial mucosa
Which of the following is an indication for completing a bowel sonogram
Suspected intussusception
Why are radial and anti-radial planes preferred for breast imaging
The lactiferous ducts are arranged in a radial pattern, so will be better demonstrated if scanned along the same planes.
Which of the following best describes the flow of bile
Liver - RT or LT hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct (CHD) - cystic duct - gallbladder - common bile duct (CBD) - ampulla of Vater - sphincter of Oddi - duodenum
An elevation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase would lead the sonographer to investigate which of the following conditions
Cirrhosis
Why is it important for the sonographer to be able to identify imaging artifacts
Tissue composition is often confirmed by the presence of an artifact.
What pathology is best described as a small hyperechoic mass usually found in the right lobe of the liver with through transmission with female predominance
Cavernous hemangioma
Where is the abdominal aorta located
Inferior to the diaphragm, just anterior to the spine, and slightly to the left of the midline
Which of the following best describes a simple splenic cyst
Asymptomatic, round, smooth-walled mass with posterior enhancement
What is the cause of Conn syndrome
Overproduction of aldosterone by a functional adrenal tumor
A patient presents with a painless scrotal mass and elevated hCG levels. On sonographic examination, a solid, hypoechoic mass is demonstrated within the testicle. What is the most likely diagnosis
Seminoma
A 45-year-old female patient with a history of chronic dieting presents with acute abdominal pain after fatty meals that radiates to her shoulders. Which of the following sonographic presentations do you expect to find
Multiple mobile echogenic masses that produce acoustic shadowing
If a patient presents with elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and elevated creatinine, what disease process is most likely
Renal failure
Which of the following would be the least likely sonographic finding of hepatitis
Enlarged coronary vein
What is the most common scrotal mass
Spermatocele
Which of the following describes the sonographic appearance of a normal parotid gland
Hyperechoic homogenous tissue that is elliptical in long and round in transverse, anechoic duct may be visualized.
What are the symptoms of a nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma
Hypertension
What part of the testicle produces sperm
Seminiferous tubules
When urolithiasis is suspected with sonography but difficult to visualize, what can the sonographer do to better define it
Turn on color Doppler
What is the Thompson test used to help diagnose
Achilles tendon rupture
What disorder is characterized by neonatal jaundice, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and the triangular cord sign
Biliary atresia
Which of the following is most accurate when describing Klatskin tumors
Tumors are generally located at the junction of the RT and LT hepatic ducts.
Which of the following is an example of an endocrine organ
Adrenal gland
What signals the adrenal gland to release hormones
Release of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
Which portion of the pancreas lies in the C-loop of the duodenum
Pancreatic head
What is a subluxated hip
Partial dislocation of the hip
What is the most common benign solid tumor of the adrenal gland
Adrenal adenoma
What is the normal diameter of the proximal abdominal aorta
2.5 cm or less
What is the most significant lab result indicating acute pancreatitis
Elevated lipase
What is a common cause of pneumobilia
Emphysematous cholecystitis
A 2-year-old male patient presents with intermittent RLQ pain, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and red currant jelly stool. What gastrointestinal disorder is most likely
Intussusception
How is an aortic rupture diagnosed
Presence of an AAA with adjacent hematoma.
How does acute renal failure differ from chronic renal failure
The most common cause of chronic renal failure is diabetes mellitus and it presents as small kidneys with cortical thinning on sonography whereas acute renal failure is most commonly caused by acute tubular necrosis and presents as normal appearing kidneys.
How do you measure the true lumen of an AAA
Outer to outer including wall thrombus
Which sonographic sign is associated with Caroli disease
Central dot sign
What is the most common cause of acute testicular pain in adults
Epididymitis
Which organs should be interrogated if the patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome
Liver and IVC
Which lab results will be elevated when gallbladder disease is present
ALT, ALP, GGT, and white blood cells
What is the upper limit of normal for a measurement of the common bile duct in an 80-year-old female who has had a cholecystectomy
10 mm
A male athlete presented with pain between the heel and the calf. The area was warm to the touch. Sonogram demonstrated a focal thickened hypoechoic area within the tendon with hyperemic flow. What is the most likely diagnosis
Achilles tendonitis
A patient presented with abdominal pain, weight loss, and vomiting. Sonography revealed a 10-cm hypoechoic irregular shaped mass in the LLQ. What is the most likely diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma
What releases thyroid-stimulating hormone into the bloodstream
Anterior pituitary
An infant patient presents with a history of a breech birth, asymmetric skinfolds on the legs, and a difference in length between both lower limbs. What tests should be conducted as an initial assessment of developmental dislocation of the hip
Barlow and Ortolani test
When imaging the liver, in which image are you likely to note fluid around the lung
Dome of liver
Which patient population is most susceptible to emphysematous cholecystitis
Diabetic patients
Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for porcelain gallbladder
Emphysematous cholecystitis
Which of the following complications of chronic pyelonephritis demonstrates gas or air within the renal parenchyma with dirty shadowing
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Which statement below is true with respect to the normal liver
Intraperitoneal organ located in right upper quadrant (RUQ) responsible for bile synthesis
A male patient presents with history of acute scrotal trauma. Bloodwork revealed a decreased hematocrit. What should the sonographer expect to find on the scan
Ill-defined margins of the testicle with a complex fluid collection in the scrotum
How does the function of the spleen differ in infants/children and adults
In infants/children, its primary function is defense against infection, whereas in adults, it is production of lymphocytes and monocytes.
Which of the following findings are consistent with a diagnosis of hydatid liver cyst
Leukocytosis, obstructive jaundice, and anechoic liver mass described as mother cyst with daughter cyst
A patient presents with fever, leukocytosis, and rebound tenderness. What should the sonographer expect to find on the sonogram
Noncompressible blind-ended tubular structure in the RLQ measuring >6 mm.
What congenital anomaly of the pancreas causes a functional obstruction leading to pancreatitis
Pancreatic divisum
Which of the following is a vascular complication associated with acute pancreatitis
Pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery
Which of the following statements is false with respect to developmental dysplasia of the infant hip (DDH)
The cause of DDH is thought to be degeneration of the acetabulum caused by maternal hormones.
Which of the following is false with respect to how sonography can be used to demonstrate a foreign body
The vibration of the sound waves will help to dislodge the foreign body.
What normal structure most often demonstrated with sonography in pediatric patients appears as an echogenic solid mass with linear and punctate echogenicities
Thymus
Which of the following terms describes an anechoic, smooth-walled cyst located inferior to the hyoid bone but superior to the thyroid isthmus
Thyroglossal duct cyst
What flow pattern is expected in an endovascular aortic stent graft repair
Triphasic
What sonographic feature gives an adrenal cyst concern for malignancy
Calcified cyst wall
Which of the following is not a sonographic finding for acute pancreatitis
Atrophic hypoechoic pancreas
What is a tumor marker
Substances produced by cancer cells or organs when cancer is present
What does the sonographic "sandwich sign" describe
Enlarged abdominal nodes surrounding the aorta and the IVC
A patient presents with a history of chronic alcohol abuse and hyperparathyroidism. The sonogram demonstrates a small pancreas with a complex cystic mass demonstrated along the border of the pancreatic tail. What is the most likely diagnosis
Chronic pancreatitis
A patient presents with diarrhea, fever, nausea, and vomiting with crampy LLQ pain. Sonogram demonstrated a segment of thickened bowel with an inflamed outpouching of the intestine. What is the most likely diagnosis
Diverticulitis
A 65-year-old male patient presents with nocturia, increased urinary frequency, constant feeling of bladder fullness, and elevated PSA. What is most likely demonstrated on ultrasound
Enlarged diffusely heterogeneous gland with calcifications and cystic changes
Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of an enlarged lymph node that is likely benign
Enlarged oval node with decreased echogenicity
A 30-year-old female presented with puffy eyes, slight weight gain, increased cold sensitivity, elevated cholesterol, and decreased thyroxine levels. Her sonogram demonstrated a coarse textured thyroid gland with increased vascularity. What is the most likely diagnosis
Hashimoto thyroiditis
A 3-year-old patient presents with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, a palpable right-sided abdominal mass, and elevated alpha-fetoprotein. What it the most likely diagnosis
Hepatoblastoma
A male patient presents with a history of chronic hepatitis and Wilson disease. Sonography reveals a heterogeneous mass in the right lobe that appears to invade the IVC and the hepatic veins appear to be narrowed. What is the most likely diagnosis
Hepatoma with Budd-Chiari syndrome
A 60-year-old male patient presents with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), macroscopic hematuria, and a decrease in the amount of ejaculated fluid. Sonogram demonstrates a hypervascular enlarged prostate gland. What is the most likely diagnosis
Prostate cancer
A diagnosis of chronic cirrhosis is consistent with which of the following sonographic findings
Shrunken echogenic right lobe, nodular contour, hepatofugal flow in the portal veins, and ascites
A 6-year-old female patient presents with low-grade fever, mild leukocytosis, complains of right hip pain, and a reluctance to walk. Sonography demonstrated a hypoechoic fluid collection in the right hip joint that measured 7 mm in width. What is the most likely diagnosis
Transient synovitis
A 35-year-old male patient presents with infertility and a palpable extratesticular mass on the LT side. Sonogram demonstrates multiple anechoic tubular structures in the LT adjacent to the testicle. What can the sonographer suggest to help solidify the diagnosis
Valsalva maneuver will cause the veins to fill with blood and become more dilated with increased blood flow.
Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of the IVC
Variable diameter that changes with respiration, pulsatile waveform close to the heart with a phasic waveform at its origin.
