abnormal 4

sentence completion test

more structured than other projective tests -subjective/unreliable

cognitive prototype

picture image in your head w/o seeing

Which of the following is an assumption of the categorical approach to classification? 1. All human behavior can be divided into groups of "healthy" and "disordered." 2. One's typical behavior is a product of differing intensities of action. 3. A person's actions will naturally change and mature over different lifespan stages. 4. Several people with the same diagnosis might show a wide variety of different symptoms.

1. All human behavior can be divided into groups of "healthy" and "disordered."

An __________ is a graphical record of the brain's electrical activity. 1. EEG 2. EMG 3. EKG 4. EOG

1. EEG

Which neuroimaging technique provides metabolic portraits by tracking natural compounds, such as glucose, as they are metabolized by the brain or other organisms? 1. PET scan 2. MRI 3. CAT scan 4. EEG

1. PET scan

Computed tomography (CT) scans have been increasingly replaced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for several reasons, including which of the following? 1. The MRI produces sharper images of the interior of the brain. 2. An MRI is more complicated to administer than a CT scan. 3. the MRI shows how a physical structure is functioning, while the CT scan only shows anatomical features. 4. The MRI subjects patients to ionizing radiation, and the CT scan does not.

1. The MRI produces sharper images of the interior of the brain.

A native Mexican, who speaks Spanish and has limited English skills, reports feeling suicidal. He has been admitted to the psychiatric unit of a community hospital where the treatment team has ordered a psychological evaluation. Which psychologist would be the best choice for assessing this man? 1. Vanessa, who is fluent in Spanish, French, and English and is the daughter of Mexican immigrant parents. 2. Philip, a Hispanic man who is a third generation American and speaks basic Spanish. 3. Michael, an African American man who is fluent in Spanish, has studied abroad in Spain, and has spent two summers doing aid work in Mexico with local farmers. 4. Anna, a Native American woman who speaks Spanish fluently.

1. Vanessa, who is fluent in Spanish, French, and English and is the daughter of Mexican immigrant parents.

Because some clinical issues often cannot be observed in the real world, clinicians often use __________ situations. These can involve role-playing, reenactment, family interaction assignments, or think-aloud procedures. 1. analogue 2. unrealistic 3. naturalistic 4. duplicated

1. analogue

3 approaches used to classify abnormal behavior

1. categorical 2. dimensional 3. prototypal

Having an agreed-upon __________ allows professionals to be confident that they are communicating clearly with each other and with laypersons. 1. classification system 2. informed consent acknowledgment 3. set of public policies 4. test-retest reliability

1. classification system

3 assessment of physical organism

1. general physical 2. neuro exam 3. neuro-psych exam

2 tests for clinical practice

1. intelligence 2. personality

in a client assessment, clinicians must integrate client personal details and create a meaningful picture of the client from an array of information including the client's personality traits, behavior patterns, and environmental demands. Clinicians refer to this initial assessment as a dynamic formulation because __________. 1. it encompasses information about the client's current situation and provides hypotheses about what may be driving the client's behavior 2. in order to increase future client participation in the assessment process, the client needs to leave the assessment feeling that a plan for help is in place 3. trust between client and clinician has not developed in this early phase and it is highly unlikely that the client has revealed sufficient information necessary for a diagnosis 4. the assessment provides a framework that can be elaborated on with input from the client's family

1. it encompasses information about the client's current situation and provides hypotheses about what may be driving the client's behavior

4 places for observation of behavior

1. natural environ 2. therapeutic setting 3. self-monitoring 4. rating scales

Which one of the following categories of assessment procedures is least likely to have problems with validity? 1. personality scales 2. fMRI for diagnosis 3. behavioral self-reports 4. projective assessment techniques

1. personality scales

3 concepts that are important in understanding clinical assessment

1. reliability 2. validity 3. standardization

3 factors that have significant impact on assessment process

1. role of culture 2. influence of professional orientation 3. trust/rapport b/w clinician & client

In his work with psychological test evaluation, Dr. Johnson stresses that a good assessment device must actually measure what it was designed to measure. Dr. Johnson is referring to the concept of ________. 1. validity 2. generalizability 3. reliability 4. standardization

1. validity

europsychological tests are performance based and standardized. Which of the following scenarios describes what this means? 1. A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. The fifth grader earned fewer raw points than the tenth grader, and thus received a lower IQ score. 2. A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Even though the fifth grader earned fewer raw points than the tenth grader, they received the same overall IQ score. 3. A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Their performance was determined solely by their responses. 4. A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Their scores were determined by their raw performance on this measure.

2. A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Even though the fifth grader earned fewer raw points than the tenth grader, they received the same overall IQ score.

__________ is a process by which a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent or uniform manner. 1. Stratification 2. Standardization 3. Validation 4. Interpolation

2. Standardization

Dr. Williamson believes that the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can help determine the exact neurological functions that underlie various psychiatric conditions. He has often said "soon fMRI will replace all other diagnostic methods for determining psychopathology." What does this chapter state about this claim? 1. The fMRI has been found inferior to standard MRI for such purposes. 2. The fMRI is not currently considered to be a valid or useful diagnostic tool for mental disorders or for use in forensic evaluation. 3. The fMRI has been found to be as good as or better than subjective clinical evaluation of psychopathology in almost every published study. 4. The fMRI has been found to be effective at identifying psychotic spectrum disorders, but for no other type of diagnostic category.

2. The fMRI is not currently considered to be a valid or useful diagnostic tool for mental disorders or for use in forensic evaluation.

Which of the following would you want to use if you were interested in administering an objective personality test to a client? 1. the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 2. a rating scale 3. a projective test 4. a Rorschach Inkblot Test

2. a rating scale

Dr. Summerly is working with Bo, a Korean boy, age 15. She decides to give him an intelligence test to assess his cognitive skills. She will need to remember to select a test that has been adapted and validated for a person from Korea. This sort of understanding of and attention to these factors is called __________. 1. interrater reliability 2. cultural competence 3. multiethnic regard 4. external validation

2. cultural competence

In addition to identifying patients' presenting problems, behavioral histories, intellectual functioning, and environmental pressures, clinical assessments can help to determine which of the following? 1. cost of therapy 2. effectiveness of therapy 3. precise length of therapy 4. partner or parental role in therapy

2. effectiveness of therapy

Jordan was seen simultaneously by two different psychologists who each complete the same standardized assessment to determine his presenting problem. Both psychologists determine that Jordan is suffering from Major Depressive Disorder. This consistency across psychologists suggests that the standardized assessment demonstrates strong __________. 1. validity 2. inter-rater reliability 3. inter-rater validity 4. test-retest reliability

2. inter-rater reliability

Aaron tends to be very shy and laid back, and is generally inhibited in social situations. As a result, his boss does not see him as a leader and Aaron is repeatedly overlooked for promotions; this has caused Aaron to be very anxious and somewhat depressed. In this case Aaron has a __________ factor that is influencing his mental health. 1. cultural 2. personality 3. social context 4. cognitive

2. personality

The major symptoms or behaviors that a client is experiencing are called the __________. 1. formal diagnosis 2. presenting problem 3. initial complaint 4. primary issue

2. presenting problem

Dr. Beggs wanted to determine if her patient was depressed. To assess this, she administered a test where her patient did as many jumping jacks as she could within a minute on four different occasions. Her patient completed almost the exact same number of jumping jacks each time. However, this test was not associated with her patient's depressive symptoms. Dr. Beggs's test showed good __________ but poor __________. 1. validity; reliability 2. reliability; validity 3. reliability; generalization 4. standardization; validity

2. reliability; validity

Nina is in seventh grade and currently refuses to go to school. She says she feels extreme anxiety at the thought of going to school, talking to her peers, and making it through the day. During the assessment, Nina reveals that she experiences a lot of bullying at school because of her lisp. This information highlights the importance of __________ in conceptualization of Nina's psychological functioning. 1. behavioral history 2. social factors 3. intellectual functioning 4. personality

2. social factors

According to research data, which type of assessment interview provides the most reliable results? 1. subjective 2. structured 3. semi-structured 4. unstructured

2. structured

Dr. Swinburn has just finished an intake appointment with a new client, and she feels ready to make a diagnosis based on that one-hour conversation. She does not know that this client was not yet comfortable enough with the counseling process to share some important information with the therapist. Which factor is Dr. Swinburn forgetting to consider when she makes this diagnosis? 1. insufficient validation of the assessment results 2. the risk of premature evaluation 3. her own theoretical orientation as a clinician 4. the potential cultural bias that she brings to the counseling relationship

2. the risk of premature evaluation

In his work with psychological test evaluation, Dr. Johnson stresses that a good assessment device must actually measure what it was designed to measure. Dr. Johnson is referring to the concept of __________. 1. standardization 2. validity 3. reliability 4. generalizability

2. validity

Ben received a diagnosis of ADHD when referred for diagnostic testing after chronically misbehaving in class. His teacher recently noticed that his classmates were making fun of him. Which of the following events most likely led Ben's peers to make fun of him? 1. learning about his diagnosis of ADHD 2. watching him fidget in his seat and call out in class 3. learning about his referral for psychiatric evaluation 4. "boys being boys"

2. watching him fidget in his seat and call out in class

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)

24 items -assess changes in symptoms over time Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variables

Joanna was referred to an emergency room for evaluation because of a severe episode of depression. Which of the following scenarios represents how clinicians would reach a best estimate diagnosis for Joanna? 1. A clinical psychologist interprets her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations. 2. An interdisciplinary team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and then lets Joanna choose her ideal treatment. 3. An interdisciplinary treatment team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations. 4. A psychiatrist interprets her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations.

3. An interdisciplinary treatment team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations.

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in an assessment providing inaccurate or insufficient information? 1. Janelle feels hopeless during her assessment as she describes that she was recently fired from her last two jobs. 2. Eddie feels sad during his assessment as he discloses his recent struggle with feelings of sadness and fatigue. 3. Cora feels uncomfortable during her assessment because she is not sure whether her responses will be shared with her mom. 4. Leo feels a little embarrassed when describing recent preoccupation with his shorter-than-average height.

3. Cora feels uncomfortable during her assessment because she is not sure whether her responses will be shared with her mom.

The psychiatric classification system presently used in the United States is __________. 1. International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) 2. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual 3. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 4. the Merck Manual

3. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

__________ involves integration of assessment information and the formation of hypotheses about what drives someone to behave in problematic ways. It also involves identifying the thoughts and behaviors that should form treatment targets to result in the most robust improvements. 1. Personality formulation 2 .Psychological functioning 3. Dynamic formulation 4. Valid assessment

3. Dynamic formulation

A(n) __________ is a conceptual entity depicting an idealized combination of characteristics that more or less regularly occur together in a less-than-perfect or standard way at the level of actual observation. 1. schema 2. example 3. prototype 4. script

3. prototype

Dr. Wang wants to administer an assessment with a new client who recently emigrated from Brazil and speaks only minimal English. After consulting with her colleagues, she finds a Portuguese version of the assessment that has been used a few times before. Before using the assessment, Dr. Wang should ensure __________. 1. that the theoretical orientation of the test is the same as her own 2. that her patient would not prefer to complete the English version of the assessment 3. that the measure has been tested and validated for use with Brazilians 4. that the translation is identical to the English version

3. that the measure has been tested and validated for use with Brazilians

In psychiatric diagnosis, the term symptoms refers to __________; the term signs refers to __________. 1. the diagnostician's objective observations; the patient's subjective description of the problem 2. subtle indicators of psychiatric disturbance; behaviors exhibited by the patient that are easy to observe 3. the patient's subjective description of the problem; the diagnostician's objective observations 4. behaviors exhibited by the patient that are easy to observe; subtle indicators of psychiatric disturbance

3. the patient's subjective description of the problem; the diagnostician's objective observations

One of the criticisms of the norms of the Rorschach Inkblot Test is that __________. 1. the system tends to underpathologize clients, making them appear less disturbed than they actually are 2. the norms are dated and reflect prevailing attitudes and behaviors of a previous generation 3. the system tends to overpathologize clients, making them appear more disturbed than they actually are 4. many of the concepts reflected in the norms are psychodynamic and difficult to see as valid

3. the system tends to overpathologize clients, making them appear more disturbed than they actually are

Anna was hospitalized for depression after the death of her husband. According to the nursing staff, Anna has a passive-aggressive personality because she is slow to participate in activities. The nursing staff feels that treatment should focus on eradicating the alleged passive-aggressive personality characteristics. Which of the following factors affecting ethical assessment is being overlooked in this plan? 1. potential cultural bias of the instrument or the clinician 2. theoretical orientation of the clinician 3. underemphasis on the external situation 4. inaccurate data

3. underemphasis on the external situation

Compared to structured interviews, semi-structured interviews tend to produce diagnoses with greater __________. However, a downside of semi-structured interviews is that they require extensive __________. 1. test-retest reliability; subjectivity 2. reliability; subjectivity 3. validity; training 4. subjectivity; training

3. validity; training

Which classification system is widely used in Europe and other countries to assist with the assessment and diagnosis of a mental disorder? 1. DSM-5 2. MHS-4 3. PIC-8 4. ICD-11

4. ICD-11

Why are neuropsychological assessments insufficient for diagnosis of mental disorders? 1. It is not ethical to complete neuropsychological tests with people who have mental disorders. 2. Neuropsychological assessments show poor test-retest reliability. 3. Patients with mental disorders cannot validly complete neuropsychological tests. 4. Patients with different mental disorders often perform similarly on neuropsychological tests.

4. Patients with different mental disorders often perform similarly on neuropsychological tests.

ntelligence testing, though a source of important information about cognitive functioning, suffers from a number of potential limitations. Which of the following is one of those issues? 1. The computers needed to score these tests are not always available. 2. Research data find that most people score within 15 points of one another on these tests, making them a poor method of distinguishing between clients. 3. The assessment must be sent off for standardized scoring and can take 2 to 3 weeks to get back. 4. Some clinical settings might not provide the time or funding to use these tests.

4. Some clinical settings might not provide the time or funding to use these tests.

or various reasons, people taking the MMPI-2 might go into a testing situation planning on answering in a specific way to make themselves look extra bad or extra good. How does the MMPI-2 deal with this possibility? 1. The tool cannot distinguish honest from dishonest responding, which is why the clinician must be well-trained in interpreting the results. 2. The MMPI-2 has an "honor statement" at the start of the measure that reminds people that dishonest responding is unethical. 3. The MMPI-2 is always given alongside other measures to see if the results are consistent. 4. The tool has validity scales that assess whether a person is answering in a straightforward manner.

4. The tool has validity scales that assess whether a person is answering in a straightforward manner.

Why are high rates of comorbidity among mental illnesses used as evidence that the categorical approach to classification may be flawed? 1. It indicates that we cannot reliably assess a disorder. 2. People may actually have multiple distinct mental illnesses. 3. It indicates that we lack necessary and sufficient causes of mental illness. 4. We may be giving multiple labels to the same underlying difficulties.

4. We may be giving multiple labels to the same underlying difficulties.

In cases where physical symptoms are part of the presenting clinical picture, a referral for __________ is recommended. 1. a psychosurgical consultation 2. hypnotherapy 3. psychotropic medication 4. a medical examination

4. a medical examination

The MMPI contains validity scales that measure __________ and clinical scales that measure __________. 1. how engaged the client is while taking the test; client willingness to disclose information 2. social judgment and reasoning; overall ability to meet daily life challenges 3. the degree to which a client sees himself as deviant; client ability to think abstractly 4. how truthful the client is in answering the questions; the client's tendency to answer questions in psychologically deviant ways

4. how truthful the client is in answering the questions; the client's tendency to answer questions in psychologically deviant ways

Clients who receive appropriate test feedback after an assessment tend to __________. 1. show no noticeable change from pre- to post- assessment 2. get worse 3. feel ashamed 4. improve

4. improve

hereas a psychodynamic therapist might rely on the information from a projective test (e.g., Rorschach inkblots or Thematic Apperception Test), a humanistic therapist might rely more on the data gathered from an unstructured interview. This demonstrates the importance of __________ on the process of assessment and evaluation. 1. personal preference 2. subjective measures 3. personality factors 4. professional orientation

4. professional orientation

Research has supported the position that __________ assessment interviews yield more reliable results than do __________ assessment interviews. 1. unstructured; structured 2. computerized; web-based 3. face-to-face; computerized 4. structured; unstructured

4. structured; unstructured

T score distribution.

A standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores on a test by comparing scores with a group of known values

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

CD Morgan & Henry Murray -series of pictures (some representational, others abstract)- outdated -subjective

Signs

Objective observations that suggest to a diagnostician a patient's physical or mental disorder.

rating scales

can help to organize info & encourage reliability & objectivity

categorical

classify into distinct categories -problem w/ comobidity -no diff in severity (mild/severe are grouped together)

inter-rater reliability

degree to which diff clinicians agree on diagnosis that should be assigned to summarize the symptoms of a particular patient

Reliability

describes degree to which an assessment measure produces the same result each time it is used to evaluate the same thing

PET scan

examine how brain is functioning (brain activity) -radioactive agents injected into person being scanned -bloodflow/metabolism -short half lives & decay rapidly (must move quick) -how an organ is functioning -cancer/dementia -activity @ diff neurotransmitter receptor sites

validity

extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it is suppose to measure -tells us something meaningful or helps us predict future course of behavior

psychodynamic clinician might use

inkblot tests or thematic apperception test

clinical interview

involved face-to-face interaction in which a clinician obtains info about various aspects of client's situation, behavior, & personality

fMRI

magnetic signal b/w oxygenated & deoxygenated blood (which parts are active) -not fast @ detecting changes

presenting problem

major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing, must be identified

EEG

measure/record electrical activity in brain using special sensors (electrodes) -changes are recorded almost immediately after they occur -tumors/epilepsy

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

measures adult intelligence -15 subtests -vocab -digit span (ST memory)

MRI

painless & noninvasive -no radiation -big magnet that makes hydrogen atoms move -clear/detailed images -brain pathology & volume of brain structures -doesnt tell us about neuronal activity

structured interviews

predetermined format -dont change order -answers= quantified & clearly determined -useful in epidemiological studies -max reliability

psychological assessment

procedure by which clinicians, using psychological tests, observation, and interviews, develop a summary of the client's symptoms and problems

standardization

process by which a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent or "standard" manner -fair bc they are applied consistently & in same manner -compare individual test score w/ reference population

clinical diagnosis

process through which clinician evaluates & classifies the patients symptoms according to a cleanly defined diagnostic system

cultural competence

psychologist's need to be informed of issues involved in multicultural assessment -characteristics of test being employed are appropriate across cultures & there are no biasing factors

Semi-structured interview

required to ask questions in order/specific way, but based on answer you can ask follow-up questions -better to determine if interviewee actually has the symptom being assessed -only done by ppl who have extensive training -inc validity -longer to complete

dimensional

shows diff strengths

prototypal

standard for disorder & clinician see if person fits, prototype ratings (ICD-11)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

starke Hathaway & JC Mckinley -most used -inc validity -true/false -diagnostic standard -cost effective, reliable, done by computer -helpful in litigation

objective personality tests

structured -questionnaires, self report inventories, rating scales -questions= carefully phased & alternative responses are specified as choices -quantify -inc reliability

test-retest reliability

tells us whether a test result gives us a similar value today as it did a few days earlier

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots -seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots -unreliable from subjectiveness -validity problem- overpathologized ppl

unstructured interview

typically subjective & do not follow a predetermined set of questions -important info might be skipped -difficulty to quantify answers -rarely used -easier to connect w/ patient

projective personality tests

unstructured, rely on inkblots/vague pictures answers= not limited

neuropsychological assessment

various tests to measure persons cognitive, perceptual, & motor performance -extent & location of brain damage -cant diagnose disorder bc results= same among diff disorders -performance based, standardized -indirect way of assessing integrity of brain

CT scan

x-rays @ various angles & then combined -broken bone, cancer, organ problems -less detailed for soft tissues, inc detail for bones

analogue situations

yield info about persons adaptive strategies -role playing, event reenactment, family interaction assessment, think-aloud procedures