Abnormal Psych Final

Social Workers

(B.A. or B.S.) provide case management, inpatient discharge planning services, placement services and other services to support healthy living.

Psychotherapy

(talk therapy) has effectively treated a wide range of mental health conditions and is offered in both inpatient and outpatient settings. During talk therapy, a person or group discusses their issues with a therapist who can help them process their feelings and learn new coping skills.

SA:Understand the main components of dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder

1. individual therapy 2. group skills training 3. telephone contact 4. therapist consult validation and problem solving decreasing suicidal behaviors decreasing therapy interfering behaviors decreasing behaviors that interfere with quality of life incresasing behavioral skills decreasing behaviors related to post traumatic stress improving self esteem individual targets for particular client Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) provides clients with new skills to manage painful emotions and decrease conflict in relationships. DBT specifically focuses on providing therapeutic skills in four key areas. First, mindfulness focuses on improving an individual's ability to accept and be present in the current moment. Second, distress tolerance is geared toward increasing a person's tolerance of negative emotion, rather than trying to escape from it. Third, emotion regulation covers strategies to manage and change intense emotions that are causing problems in a person's life. Fourth, interpersonal effectiveness consists of techniques that allow a person to communicate with others in a way that is assertive, maintains self-respect, and strengthens relationships.

Suicide is the ____________ leading cause of death for 15 to 24 year old Americans. 8th 20th 2nd 12th

2nd

SA: Describe the essential features and available treatment approaches for Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A. Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally (e.g., verbal rages) and/or behaviorally (e.g., physical aggression toward people or property) that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation. B. The temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level. C. The temper outbursts occur, on average, three or more times per week. D. The mood between temper outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day, and is observable by others (e.g., parents, teachers, peers). E. Criteria A-D have been present for 12 or more months. Throughout that time, the individual has not had a period lasting 3 or more consecutive months without all of the symptoms in Criteria A-D. F. Criteria A and D are present in at least two of three settings (i.e., at home, at school, with peers) and are severe in at least one of these. G. The diagnosis should not be made for the first time before age 6 years or after age 18 years. H. By history or observation, the age at onset of Criteria A-E is before 10 years. I. There has never been a distinct period lasting more than 1 day during which the full symptom criteria, except duration, for a manic or hypomanie episode have been met. Note: Developmentally appropriate mood elevation, such as occurs in the context of a highly positive event or its anticipation, should not be considered as a symptom of mania or hypomania. J. The behaviors do not occur exclusively during an episode of major depressive disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder, persistent depressive disorder [dysthymia]). Note: This diagnosis cannot coexist with oppositional defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, or bipolar disorder, though it can coexist with others, including major depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and substance use disorders. Individuals whose symptoms meet criteria for both disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and oppositional defiant disorder should only be given the diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. If an individual has ever experienced a manic or hypomanie episode, the diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder should not be assigned. K. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical or neurological condition. Diagnostic Features The core feature of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is chronic, severe persistent irritabihty. This severe irritability has two prominent clinical manifestations, the first of which is frequent temper outbursts. These outbursts typically occur in response to frustration and can be verbal or behavioral (the latter in the form of aggression against property, self, or others). They must occur frequently (i.e., on average, three or more times per week) (Criterion C) over at least 1 year in at least two settings (Criteria E and F), such as in the home and at school, and they must be developmentally inappropriate (Criterion B). The second manifestation of severe irritability consists of chronic, persistently irritable or angry mood that is present between the severe temper outbursts. This irritable or angry mood must be characteristic of the child, being present most of the day, nearly every day, and noticeable by others in the child's environment (Criterion D). psychotherapy ("talk therapy") and sometimes medications. In many cases, psychotherapy is considered first, with medication added later.

SA: Describe the essential features of each of the 10 personality disorders

ANXIOUS/FEARFUL Avoidant personality disorder: a pattern of extreme shyness, feelings of inadequacy and extreme sensitivity to criticism. People with avoidant personality disorder may be unwilling to get involved with people unless they are certain of being liked, be preoccupied with being criticized or rejected, or may view themselves as not being good enough or socially inept. Dependent personality disorder: a pattern of needing to be taken care of and submissive and clingy behavior. People with dependent personality disorder may have difficulty making daily decisions without reassurance from others or may feel uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of fear of inability to take care of themselves. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfection and control. A person with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may be overly focused on details or schedules, may work excessively not allowing time for leisure or friends, or may be inflexible in their morality and values. (This is NOT the same as obsessive compulsive disorder.) DRAMATIC EMOTIONAL ERRATIC Borderline personality disorder: a pattern of instability in personal relationships, intense emotions, poor self-image and impulsivity. A person with borderline personality disorder may go to great lengths to avoid being abandoned, have repeated suicide attempts, display inappropriate intense anger or have ongoing feelings of emptiness. Antisocial personality disorder: a pattern of disregarding or violating the rights of others. A person with antisocial personality disorder may not conform to social norms, may repeatedly lie or deceive others, or may act impulsively. Histrionic personality disorder: a pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking. People with histrionic personality disorder may be uncomfortable when they are not the center of attention, may use physical appearance to draw attention to themselves or have rapidly shifting or exaggerated emotions. Narcissistic personality disorder: a pattern of need for admiration and lack of empathy for others. A person with narcissistic personality disorder may have a grandiose sense of self-importance, a sense of entitlement, take advantage of others or lack empathy. ODD/ECCENTRIC Paranoid personality disorder: a pattern of being suspicious of others and seeing them as mean or spiteful. People with paranoid personality disorder often assume people will harm or deceive them and don't confide in others or become close to them. Schizoid personality disorder: being detached from social relationships and expressing little emotion. A person with schizoid personality disorder typically does not seek close relationships, chooses to be alone and seems to not care about praise or criticism from others. Schizotypal personality disorder: a pattern of being very uncomfortable in close relationships, having distorted thinking and eccentric behavior. A person with schizotypal personality disorder may have odd beliefs or odd or peculiar behavior or speech or may have excessive social anxiety.

SA: Respond to an individual with thoughts of suicide and keep them safe

ASK How - Asking the question "Are you thinking about suicide?" communicates that you're open to speaking about suicide in a non-judgmental and supportive way. Asking in this direct, unbiased manner, can open the door for effective dialogue about their emotional pain and can allow everyone involved to see what next steps need to be taken. Other questions you can ask include, "How do you hurt?" and "How can I help?" Do not ever promise to keep their thoughts of suicide a secret. The flip side of the "Ask" step is to "Listen." Make sure you take their answers seriously and not to ignore them, especially if they indicate they are experiencing thoughts of suicide. Listening to their reasons for being in such emotional pain, as well as listening for any potential reasons they want to continue to stay alive, are both incredibly important when they are telling you what's going on. Help them focus on their reasons for living and avoid trying to impose your reasons for them to stay alive. Why - Studies show that asking at-risk individuals if they are suicidal does not increase suicides or suicidal thoughts. In fact, studies suggest the opposite: findings suggest acknowledging and talking about suicide may in fact reduce rather than increase suicidal ideation. BE THERE How - This could mean being physically present for someone, speaking with them on the phone when you can, or any other way that shows support for the person at risk. An important aspect of this step is to make sure you follow through with the ways in which you say you'll be able to support the person - do not commit to anything you are not willing or able to accomplish. If you are unable to be physically present with someone with thoughts of suicide, talk with them to develop some ideas for others who might be able to help as well (again, only others who are willing, able, and appropriate to be there). Listening is again very important during this step - find out what and who they believe will be the most effective sources of help. Why - Being there for someone with thoughts of suicide is life-saving. Increasing someone's connectedness to others and limiting their isolation (both in the short and long-term) has shown to be a protective factor against suicide. Thomas Joiner's Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide highlights connectedness as one of its main components - specifically, a low sense of belonging. When someone experiences this state, paired with perceived burdonsomeness (arguably tied to "connectedness" through isolating behaviors and lack of a sense of purpose) and acquired capability (a lowered fear of death and habituated experiences of violence), their risk can become severely elevated. In the Three-Step Theory (or more commonly known as the Ideation-to-Action Framework), David Klonsky and Alexis May also theorize that "connectedness" is a key protective factor, not only against suicide as a whole, but in terms of the escalation of thoughts of suicide to action. Their research has also shown connectedness acts as a buffer against hopelessness and psychological pain. By "being there," we have a chance to alleviate or eliminate some of these significant factors. KEEP THEM SAFE How - First of all, it's good for everyone to be on the same page. After the "Ask" step, and you've determined suicide is indeed being talked about, it's important to find out a few things to establish immediate safety. Have they already done anything to try to kill themselves before talking with you? Does the person experiencing thoughts of suicide know how they would kill themselves? Do they have a specific, detailed plan? What's the timing for their plan? What sort of access to do they have to their planned method? Why - Knowing the answers to each of these questions can tell us a lot about the imminence and severity of danger the person is in. For instance, the more steps and pieces of a plan that are in place, the higher their severity of risk and their capability to enact their plan might be. Or if they have immediate access to a firearm and are very serious about attempting suicide, then extra steps (like calling the authorities or driving them to an emergency department) might be necessary. The Lifeline can always act as a resource during these moments as well if you aren't entirely sure what to do next. The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health notes that reducing a suicidal person's access to highly lethal means (or chosen method for a suicide attempt) is an important part of suicide prevention. A number of studies have indicated that when lethal means are made less available or less deadly, suicide rates by that method decline, and frequently suicide rates overall decline. Research also shows that "method substitution" or choosing an alternate method when the original method is restricted, frequently does not happen. The myth "If someone really wants to kill themselves, they'll find a way to do it" often does not hold true if appropriate safety measures are put into place. The Keep Them Safe step is really about showing support for someone during the times when they have thoughts of suicide by putting time and distance between the person and their chosen method, especially methods that have shown higher lethality (like firearms and medications). HELP THEM CONNECT How - Helping someone with thoughts of suicide connect with ongoing supports (like the Lifeline, 800-273-8255) can help them establish a safety net for those moments they find themselves in a crisis. Additional components of a safety net might be connecting them with supports and resources in their communities. Explore some of these possible supports with them - are they currently seeing a mental health professional? Have they in the past? Is this an option for them currently? Are there other mental health resources in the community that can effectively help? One way to start helping them find ways to connect is to work with them to develop a safety plan. This can include ways for them identify if they start to experience significant, severe thoughts of suicide along with what to do in those crisis moments. A safety plan can also include a list of individuals to contact when a crisis occurs. The My3 app is a safety planning and crisis intervention app that can help develop these supports and is stored conveniently on your smartphone for quick access. Why - Impact of Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training on the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline found that individuals that called the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline were significantly more likely to feel less depressed, less suicidal, less overwhelmed, and more hopeful by the end of calls handled by Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training-trained counselors. These improvements were linked to ASIST-related counselor interventions, including listening without judgment, exploring reasons for living and creating a network of support. FOLLOW UP How - After your initial contact with a person experiencing thoughts of suicide, and after you've connected them with the immediate support systems they need, make sure to follow-up with them to see how they're doing. Leave a message, send a text, or give them a call. The follow-up step is a great time to check in with them to see if there is more you are capable of helping with or if there are things you've said you would do and haven't yet had the chance to get done for the person. Why - This type of contact can continue to increase their feelings of connectedness and share your ongoing support. There is evidence that even a simple form of reaching out, like sending a caring postcard, can potentially reduce their risk for suicide. Studies have shown a reduction in the number of deaths by suicide when following up was involved with high risk populations after they were discharge from acute care services. Studies have also shown that brief, low cost intervention and supportive, ongoing contact may be an important part of suicide prevention. Please visit our Follow-Up Matters page for more.

Which of the following statements is true? Anxiety is a normal part of the human experience and can't be avoided. All of these statements are true. A significant level of anxiety can interfere with our performance on a wide vareity of tasks. A moderate level of anxiety can help us perform our best on a wide vareity of tasks.

All of these statements are true

Trent was very late to the party. He had just escaped the police after a high-speed chase across town. The police had tried to pull him over for speeding but Trent decided to flee because he was high on cocaine at the time. However, Trent did not mention this escapade at the party, and managed to charm a young lady at the party after misrepresenting himself as a top attorney. He stole two wallets from other guests to pay for a four start hotel room for the two of them that night. Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

SA: Describe the essential features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and available treatment approaches

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Inattention means a person wanders off task, lacks persistence, has difficulty sustaining focus, and is disorganized; and these problems are not due to defiance or lack of comprehension. Hyperactivity means a person seems to move about constantly, including in situations in which it is not appropriate; or excessively fidgets, taps, or talks. In adults, it may be extreme restlessness or wearing others out with constant activity. Impulsivity means a person makes hasty actions that occur in the moment without first thinking about them and that may have a high potential for harm, or a desire for immediate rewards or inability to delay gratification. An impulsive person may be socially intrusive and excessively interrupt others or make important decisions without considering the long-term consequences. For many people, ADHD medications reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity and improve their ability to focus, work, and learn. Medication also may improve physical coordination. Sometimes several different medications or dosages must be tried before finding the right one that works for a particular person. Anyone taking medications must be monitored closely and carefully by their prescribing doctor. Stimulants. The most common type of medication used for treating ADHD is called a "stimulant." Although it may seem unusual to treat ADHD with a medication that is considered a stimulant, it works by increasing the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine, which play essential roles in thinking and attention. Under medical supervision, stimulant medications are considered safe. However, there are risks and side effects, especially when misused or taken in excess of the prescribed dose. For example, stimulants can raise blood pressure and heart rate and increase anxiety. Therefore, a person with other health problems, including high blood pressure, seizures, heart disease, glaucoma, liver or kidney disease, or an anxiety disorder should tell their doctor before taking a stimulant. Talk with a doctor if you see any of these or other side effects while taking stimulants: decreased appetite sleep problems tics (sudden, repetitive movements or sounds) personality changes increased anxiety and irritability stomachaches headaches Non-stimulants. A few other ADHD medications are non-stimulants. These medications take longer to start working than stimulants, but can also improve focus, attention, and impulsivity in a person with ADHD. Doctors may prescribe a non-stimulant: when a person has bothersome side effects from stimulants; when a stimulant was not effective; or in combination with a stimulant to increase effectiveness. Although not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for the treatment of ADHD, some antidepressants are sometimes used alone or in combination with a stimulant to treat ADHD. Antidepressants may help all of the symptoms of ADHD and can be prescribed if a patient has bothersome side effects from stimulants. Antidepressants can be helpful in combination with stimulants if a patient also has another condition, such as an anxiety disorder, depression, or another mood disorder. Doctors and patients can work together to find the best medication, dose, or medication combination. Learn the basics about stimulants and other mental health medications on the NIMH Mental Health Medications webpage and check the FDA website for the latest information on warnings, patient medication guides, or newly approved medications. Psychotherapy and Psychosocial Interventions Several specific psychosocial interventions have been shown to help patients and their families manage symptoms and improve everyday functioning. In addition, children and adults with ADHD need guidance and understanding from their parents, families, and teachers to reach their full potential and to succeed. For school-age children, frustration, blame, and anger may have built up within a family before a child is diagnosed. Parents and children may need specialized help to overcome negative feelings. Mental health professionals can educate parents about ADHD and how it affects a family. They also will help the child and his or her parents develop new skills, attitudes, and ways of relating to each other. Behavioral therapy is a type of psychotherapy that aims to help a person change his or her behavior. It might involve practical assistance, such as help organizing tasks or completing schoolwork, or working through emotionally difficult events. Behavioral therapy also teaches a person how to: monitor his or her own behavior give oneself praise or rewards for acting in a desired way, such as controlling anger or thinking before acting Parents, teachers, and family members also can give positive or negative feedback for certain behaviors and help establish clear rules, chore lists, and other structured routines to help a person control his or her behavior. Therapists may also teach children social skills, such as how to wait their turn, share toys, ask for help, or respond to teasing. Learning to read facial expressions and the tone of voice in others, and how to respond appropriately can also be part of social skills training. Cognitive behavioral therapy can also teach a person mindfulness techniques, or meditation. A person learns how to be aware and accepting of one's own thoughts and feelings to improve focus and concentration. The therapist also encourages the person with ADHD to adjust to the life changes that come with treatment, such as thinking before acting, or resisting the urge to take unnecessary risks. Family and marital therapy can help family members and spouses find better ways to handle disruptive behaviors, to encourage behavior changes, and improve interactions with the patient. Parenting skills training (behavioral parent management training) teaches parents the skills they need to encourage and reward positive behaviors in their children. It helps parents learn how to use a system of rewards and consequences to change a child's behavior. Parents are taught to give immediate and positive feedback for behaviors they want to encourage and ignore or redirect behaviors that they want to discourage. They may also learn to structure situations in ways that support desired behavior. Specific behavioral classroom management interventions have been shown to be effective for managing youths' symptoms and improving their functioning at school and with peers. These research-informed strategies typically include teacher-implemented reward programs that often utilize point systems and communication with parents via Daily Report Cards. Many schools offer special education services to children with ADHD who qualify. Educational specialists help the child, parents, and teachers make changes to classroom and homework assignments to help the child succeed. Public schools are required to offer these services for qualified children, which may be free for families living within the school district. Learn more about the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), visit the U.S. Department of Education's IDEA website. Stress management techniques can benefit parents of children with ADHD by increasing their ability to deal with frustration so that they can respond calmly to their child's behavior. Support groups can help parents and families connect with others who have similar problems and concerns. Groups often meet regularly to share frustrations and successes, to exchange information about recommended specialists and strategies, and to talk with experts.

Margie didn't come to the party, even though she seemed pleased to be invited. She never goes to parties unless she already knows all the guests and is certain that they all like her. Otherwise, it is just too uncomfortable meeting new people who might say something to make her feel embarrassed. As a result, Margie almost never goes to parties and has few friends. She wishes she had more friends, but ultimately thinks she just isn't a very likable person. Avoidant personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Avoidant personality disorder

individuals with ________________ often seek out extreme cosmetic procedures (i.e., plastic surgery). Unfortunately, they often remain unsatisfied with their appearance following the procedure. Binge eating disorder Bulimia nervosa Anorexia nervosa Body dysmorphic disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder

Sherry paraded into the party drunk and continued to drink throughout the night. Laughing and giggling, she flirted with many of the men and to two of them expressed her "deep affection." Twice during the evening she disappeared for almost half an hour, each time with a different man. After a violent argument with one of them, because he took "too long" to get her a drink, she locked herself into the bathroom and attempted to swallow a bottle of aspirin. Her friends encouraged her to go home, but she was afraid to be alone in her apartment. Paranoid personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder

Which of the following children are likely to have Autism Spectrum Disorder? No answer text provided. Brad who loves, loves, loves building with Legos but doesn't like to do any other activities TJ who loves playing all sorts of sports (e.g., soccer, basketball, baseball, hockey) and also enjoys hiking, kayaking, and riding his bike Jennifer who is very social and enjoys spending time with her many friends

Brad who loves, loves, loves building with Legos but doesn't like to do any other activities

SA: Describe the essential features of generalized anxiety disorder and available treatment approaches

Constant worries running through your head Feeling like your anxiety is uncontrollable; there is nothing you can do to stop the worrying Intrusive thoughts about things that make you anxious; you try to avoid thinking about them, but you can't An inability to tolerate uncertainty; you need to know what's going to happen in the future A pervasive feeling of apprehension or dread Behavioral symptoms of GAD include: Inability to relax, enjoy quiet time, or be by yourself Difficulty concentrating or focusing on things Putting things off because you feel overwhelmed Avoiding situations that make you anxious Physical symptoms of GAD include: Feeling tense; having muscle tightness or body aches Having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep because your mind won't quit Feeling edgy, restless, or jumpy Stomach problems, nausea, diarrhea Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one type of therapy that is particularly helpful in the treatment of GAD. CBT examines distortions in our ways of looking at the world and ourselves. Your therapist will help you identify automatic negative thoughts that contribute to your anxiety. For example, if you catastrophize—always imagining the worst possible outcome in any given situation—you might challenge this tendency through questions such as, "What is the likelihood that this worst-case scenario will actually come true?" and "What are some positive outcomes that are more likely to happen?". The five components of CBT for anxiety are: Education. CBT involves learning about generalized anxiety disorder. It also teaches you how to distinguish between helpful and unhelpful worry. An increased understanding of your anxiety encourages a more accepting and proactive response to it. Monitoring. You learn to monitor your anxiety, including what triggers it, the specific things you worry about, and the severity and length of a particular episode. This helps you get perspective, as well as track your progress. Physical control strategies. CBT for GAD trains you in relaxation techniques to help decrease the physical over-arousal of the "fight or flight" response. Cognitive control strategies teach you to realistically evaluate and alter the thinking patterns that contribute to generalized anxiety disorder. As you challenge these negative thoughts, your fears will begin to subside. Behavioral strategies. Instead of avoiding situations you fear, CBT teaches you to tackle them head on. You may start by imagining the thing you're most afraid of. By focusing on your fears without trying to avoid or escape them, you will feel more in control and less anxious. Medication for anxiety Medication for GAD is generally recommended only as a temporary measure to relieve symptoms at the beginning of the treatment process, with therapy as the key to long-term success. There are three types of medication prescribed for generalized anxiety disorder: Buspirone. This anti-anxiety drug, known by the brand name Buspar, is generally considered to be the safest drug for generalized anxiety disorder. Although buspirone will take the edge off, it will not entirely eliminate anxiety. Benzodiazepines. These anti-anxiety drugs act very quickly (usually within 30 minutes to an hour), but physical and psychological dependence are common after more than a few weeks of use. They are generally recommended only for severe, paralyzing episodes of anxiety. Antidepressants. The relief antidepressants provide for anxiety is not immediate, and the full effect isn't felt for up to six weeks. Some antidepressants can also exacerbate sleep problems and cause nausea or other side effects.

SA: Explain the process of deinstitutionalization, as well as the main factors that lead to deinstitutionalization.

Deinstitutionalization is a government policy that moved mental health patients out of state-run "insane asylums" into federally funded community mental health centers. It began in the 1960s as a way to improve the treatment of the mentally ill while also cutting government budgets. First, the development of psychiatric drugs treated many of the symptoms of mental illness. These included chlorpromazine and later clozapine. Second, society accepted that the mentally ill needed to be treated instead of locked away. This change of heart began in the 1960s. Third, federal funding such as Medicaid and Medicare, went toward community mental health centers instead of mental hospitals.

Pam came to the party with her boyfriend Steve. She stayed near him the whole evening, even waiting outside the door when he used the restroom. Any time she was asked a question, she turned to Steve and asked his opinion before answering. Steve wanted to leave early because he worked an early shift the next day, and suggested that Pam stay later at the party without him. Pam looked frightened at that and said she did not mind leaving early with him, if that would be okay with him. Antisocial personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder

Dependent personality disorder

SA: Describe the essential features and available treatment approaches for Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated by either subjective account or observation by others, for at least 2 years. Note: In children and adolescents, mood can be irritable and duration must be at least 1 year. B. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following: 1. Poor appetite or overeating. 2. Insomnia or hypersomnia. 3. Low energy or fatigue. 4. Low self-esteem. 5. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions. 6. Feelings of hopelessness. C. During the 2-year period (1 year for children or adolescents) of the disturbance, the individual has never been without the symptoms in Criteria A and B for more than 2 months at a time. D. Criteria for a major depressive disorder may be continuously present for 2 years. E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanie episode, and criteria have never been met for cyclothymic disorder. F. The disturbance is not better explained by a persistent schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. G. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g. hypothyroidism). H. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. psychotherapy, talk therapy

SA: Describe the essential features and available treatment approaches for Major depressive disorder

Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful). (Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood.) 2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation). 3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. (Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gain.) 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day. 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down). 6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. 7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick). 8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others). 9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide. B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. C. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical condition If there is no underlying medical cause for your symptoms of depression, talk therapy can be an extremely effective treatment. What you learn in therapy gives you skills and insight to feel better and help prevent depression from coming back. There are many types of therapy available. Three of the more common methods used in depression treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. Often, a blended approach is used. Some types of therapy teach you practical techniques on how to reframe negative thinking and employ behavioral skills in combating depression. Therapy can also help you work through the root of your depression, helping you understand why you feel a certain way, what your triggers are for depression, and what you can do to stay healthy. If you're suffering from major depression that has been resistant to therapy, medication, and self-help, then TMS therapy may be an option. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) therapy is a noninvasive treatment that directs recurring magnetic energy pulses at the regions of the brain that are involved in mood. These magnetic pulses pass painlessly through the skull and stimulate brain cells which can improve communication between different parts of the brain and ease depression symptoms. While TMS may be able to improve treatment-resistant depression, that doesn't mean it's a cure for depression or that your symptoms won't return. However, it could provide sufficient improvements in your energy and drive to enable you to begin talk therapy or make the lifestyle changes—such as improving your diet, exercising, and building your support network—that can help preserve your depression recovery in the long term. For more on TMS and depression, read Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Therapy. antidepressants Antidepressant medications are designed to change chemicals (neurotransmitters) in the brain that affect mood and emotions.

SA: Describe the essential features of autism spectrum disorder and available treatment approaches

Difficulty with communication and interaction with other people Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors Symptoms that hurt the person's ability to function properly in school, work, and other areas of life A doctor may use medication to treat some symptoms that are common with ASD. With medication, a person with ASD may have fewer problems with: Irritability Aggression Repetitive behavior Hyperactivity Attention problems Anxiety and depression Behavioral, psychological, and educational therapy People with ASD may be referred to doctors who specialize in providing behavioral, psychological, educational, or skill-building interventions. These programs are typically highly structured and intensive and may involve parents, siblings, and other family members. Programs may help people with ASD: Learn life-skills necessary to live independently Reduce challenging behaviors Increase or build upon strengths Learn social, communication, and language skills

In the John Oliver piece on mental health, John poked fun at what famous TV psychologists? Dr. Ruth Dr. Joyce Brothers Dr. Zimbardo Dr. Phil

Dr. Phil

SA: Describe the essential features of social anxiety disorder and available treatment approaches

Emotional signs and symptoms of social anxiety disorder: Excessive self-consciousness and anxiety in everyday social situations Intense worry for days, weeks, or even months before an upcoming social situation Extreme fear of being watched or judged by others, especially people you don't know Fear that you'll act in ways that will embarrass or humiliate yourself Fear that others will notice that you're nervous Physical signs and symptoms: Red face, or blushing Shortness of breath Upset stomach, nausea (i.e. butterflies) Trembling or shaking (including shaky voice) Racing heart or tightness in chest Sweating or hot flashes Feeling dizzy or faint Behavioral signs and symptoms: Avoiding social situations to a degree that limits your activities or disrupts your life Staying quiet or hiding in the background in order to escape notice and embarrassment A need to always bring a buddy along with you wherever you go Drinking before social situations in order to soothe your nerves f all the professional treatments available, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to work best for treating social anxiety disorder. CBT is based on the premise that what you think affects how you feel, and your feelings affect your behavior. So if you change the way you think about social situations that give you anxiety, you'll feel and function better. CBT for social phobia may involve: Learning how to control the physical symptoms of anxiety through relaxation techniques and breathing exercises. Challenging negative, unhelpful thoughts that trigger and fuel social anxiety, replacing them with more balanced views. Facing the social situations you fear in a gradual, systematic way, rather than avoiding them. While you can learn and practice these exercises on your own, if you've had trouble with self-help, you may benefit from the extra support and guidance a therapist brings. Role-playing, social skills training, and other CBT techniques, often as part of a therapy group. Group therapy uses acting, videotaping and observing, mock interviews, and other exercises to work on situations that make you anxious in the real world. As you practice and prepare for situations you're afraid of, you will become more and more comfortable, and your anxiety will lessen. Medication Medication is sometimes used to relieve the symptoms of social anxiety, but it's not a cure. Medication is considered most helpful when used in addition to therapy and self-help techniques that address the root cause of your social anxiety disorder. Three types of medication are used in the treatment of social anxiety: Beta blockers are used for relieving performance anxiety. While they don't affect the emotional symptoms of anxiety, they can control physical symptoms such as shaking hands or voice, sweating, and rapid heartbeat. Antidepressants may be helpful when social anxiety disorder is severe and debilitating. Benzodiazepines are fast-acting anti-anxiety medications. However, they are sedating and addictive, so are typically prescribed only when other medications have not worked.

SA: Describe the essential features of panic disorder and available treatment approaches

Experience frequent, unexpected panic attacks that aren't tied to a specific situation Worry a lot about having another panic attack Are behaving differently because of the panic attacks, such as avoiding places where you've previously panicked Anticipatory anxiety - Instead of feeling relaxed and like your normal self in between panic attacks, you feel anxious and tense. This anxiety stems from a fear of having future panic attacks. This "fear of fear" is present most of the time, and can be extremely disabling. Phobic avoidance - You begin to avoid certain situations or environments. This avoidance may be based on the belief that the situation you're avoiding caused a previous panic attack. Or you may avoid places where escape would be difficult or help would be unavailable if you had a panic attack. Taken to its extreme, phobic avoidance becomes agoraphobia. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on the thinking patterns and behaviors that are sustaining or triggering your panic attacks and helps you look at your fears in a more realistic light. For example, if you had a panic attack while driving, what is the worst thing that would really happen? While you might have to pull over to the side of the road, you are not likely to crash your car or have a heart attack. Once you learn that nothing truly disastrous is going to happen, the experience of panic becomes less terrifying. Exposure therapy for panic disorder allows you to experience the physical sensations of panic in a safe and controlled environment, giving you the opportunity to learn healthier ways of coping. You may be asked to hyperventilate, shake your head from side to side, or hold your breath. These different exercises cause sensations similar to the symptoms of panic. With each exposure, you become less afraid of these internal bodily sensations and feel a greater sense of control over your panic. Exposure therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia includes exposure to the situations you fear and avoid is also included in treatment. As in exposure therapy for specific phobias, you face the feared situation until the panic begins to go away. Through this experience, you learn that the situation isn't harmful and that you have control over your emotions. Antidepressants. It takes several weeks before antidepressants begin to work, so you have to take them continuously, not just during a panic attack. Benzodiazepines. These are anti-anxiety drugs that act very quickly (usually within 30 minutes to an hour). Taking them during a panic attack provides rapid relief of symptoms. However, benzodiazepines are highly addictive and have serious withdrawal symptoms, so they should be used with caution.

An individual needs to obtain a doctoral degree in psychology to work as a mental health therapist. True False

False

Anorexia nervosa can only be successfully treated within an inpatient hospital setting. True False

False

Asking an at-risk individual directly about suicide usually increases the risk of suicide and should be avoided. True False

False

Group therapy is not recommended for social anxiety disorder because it often triggers the anxiety symptoms. True False

False

Individuals with mental illness commit a majority of mass shootings. True False

False

The suicide rates drastically decreased across the U.S. from 1999 to 2016 as a result of increased nationwide suicide prevention efforts. True False

False

SA: Describe the essential features of obsessive-compulsive disorder and available treatment approaches

Fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt or contaminating others Fear of losing control and harming yourself or others Intrusive sexually explicit or violent thoughts and images Excessive focus on religious or moral ideas Fear of losing or not having things you might need Order and symmetry: the idea that everything must line up "just right" Superstitions; excessive attention to something considered lucky or unlucky Common compulsive behaviors in OCD include: Excessive double-checking of things, such as locks, appliances, and switches Repeatedly checking in on loved ones to make sure they're safe Counting, tapping, repeating certain words, or doing other senseless things to reduce anxiety Spending a lot of time washing or cleaning Ordering or arranging things "just so" Praying excessively or engaging in rituals triggered by religious fear Accumulating "junk" such as old newspapers or empty food containers obsessive thought, anxiety, compulsive behavior, temporary relief Treatment for OCD Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder and generally involves two components: Exposure and response prevention, which requires repeated exposure to the source of your obsession, as explained above. Cognitive therapy, which focuses on the catastrophic thoughts and exaggerated sense of responsibility you feel. A big part of cognitive therapy for OCD is teaching you healthy and effective ways of responding to obsessive thoughts, without resorting to compulsive behavior. Other OCD treatments In addition to cognitive-behavioral therapy, the following treatments are also used for OCD: Medication. Antidepressants are sometimes used in conjunction with therapy for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, medication alone is rarely effective in relieving the symptoms. Family Therapy. Since OCD often causes problems in family life and social adjustment, family therapy can help promote understanding of the disorder and reduce family conflicts. It can also motivate family members and teach them how to help their loved one with OCD. Group Therapy. Through interaction with fellow OCD sufferers, group therapy provides support and encouragement and decreases feelings of isolation.

SA:Describe the essential features of bipolar I disorder and available treatment approaches

Feeling unusually "high" and optimistic OR extremely irritable. Unrealistic, grandiose beliefs about one's abilities or powers. Sleeping very little, but feeling extremely energetic. Talking so rapidly that others can't keep up. Racing thoughts; jumping quickly from one idea to the next. Highly distractible, unable to concentrate. Impaired judgment and impulsiveness. Acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences. Delusions and hallucinations (in severe cases). major lows that last at least 2 weeks, major highs that last at least a week or require hospitalization, untreated manic episodes last 3-6 months feeling hopeless, sad, or empty Irritability Inability to experience pleasure Fatigue or loss of energy Physical and mental sluggishness Appetite or weight changes Sleep problems Concentration and memory problems Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Thoughts of death or suicide lithium salts for manic antidepressants antispychotics benzos - but meds not enough talk therapt/cbt isnt effective w manic episodes

SA: Describe the essential features of bipolar II disorder and available treatment approaches

Feeling unusually "high" and optimistic OR extremely irritable. Unrealistic, grandiose beliefs about one's abilities or powers. Sleeping very little, but feeling extremely energetic. Talking so rapidly that others can't keep up. Racing thoughts; jumping quickly from one idea to the next. Highly distractible, unable to concentrate. Impaired judgment and impulsiveness. Acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences. Delusions and hallucinations (in severe cases). major lows that last at least 2 weeks, not major highs, just hypomania for at least 4 days, less severe manic episodes than bipolar 1 feeling hopeless, sad, or empty Irritability Inability to experience pleasure Fatigue or loss of energy Physical and mental sluggishness Appetite or weight changes Sleep problems Concentration and memory problems Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Thoughts of death or suicide lithium salts for manic antidepressants antispychotics benzos - but meds not enough talk therapt/cbt isnt effective w manic episodes

Donna danced into the party and immediately became the center of attention. With sweeping gestures of her arms and dramatic displays of emotion, she boasted about her career as an actress in a local theater group. During a private conversation, a friend inquired about the rumors that she was having some difficulties in her marriage. In an outburst of anger, she denied any problems and claimed that her marriage was "as wonderful and charming as ever." Shortly thereafter, while drinking her second martini, she fainted and had to be taken home. Antisocial personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder

Histrionic personality disorder

12-Step Programs and Support Groups

In addition to psychotherapy and medications, there are many other types of mental health treatment options people may want to consider. Support groups and 12-step programs may be good complementary therapies for people who are undergoing psychotherapy and/or taking medication. These groups are available for people dealing with a wide range of mental or behavioral health and substance abuse problems, including: Alcohol abuse. Drug abuse Gambling, shopping, video gaming, and other behavioral addictions. Anxiety and depression. Eating disorders. Twelve-step programs use an approach built on the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. Participants often work with a sponsor to complete the 12 steps, and the sponsor is available to help the person with other issues they may be struggling with during recovery, including cravings. Many programs have a spiritual component, but they do not require participants to be religious. Participants choose a "higher power" that they can use to help guide them through the recovery process. This higher power can be whatever the participant wants: God, music, or nature. Though support groups and 12-step programs are free and beneficial, they do not provide medical supervision or offer professional therapy.

SA: Identify strategies aimed at reducing the overuse of prescribed opioid medications

In order to reduce the overuse of prescription opioid medications, a lot of different people from a lot of different areas play a role. First, as the documentary discussed, a program that analyzes the top prescribers of opioids and sends them a checklist on how to ensure proper prescribing of opioids should be implemented. I also think that they should be more strongly evaluated, like what all they are prescribing them for and to who. Then, they should be given more training on how to cut out some of the unnecessary prescribing, like an opioid prescribing education program. Overall, I think it would also be important to educate all physicians and patients on the consequences of opioid use. I think prescription monitoring programs should also be utilized in order to make sure people can't be prescribed and have access to a surplus of opioids. Next, I think patients need to be screened better for addiction; healthcare prescribers need to keep the possibility of addiction on their radar and look for signs of it when prescribing opioids. I think middle school to high school aged kids should be educated on every aspect of opioids because they are the ones who it is going to affect next. A heavy education should also be given to those who are not affected by it because they are ones who think it will never happen to them. I also think that people's photo ID should be checked at the pharmacy to reduce the possibility of people abusing opioids and have more access to opioids. I also think that patients themselves shouldn't take opioids for wisdom teeth surgeries or simple surgeries where Tylenol could also be an option, or doctors could stop prescribing opioids for minor conditions that can be calmed with other medications. I think a referral to pain specialists could be useful in order to decrease the overuse of prescription opioids; you can't get an opioid unless you have a referral from them. I also think insurance companies need to expand their coverage on other types of ways to treat pain besides opioids and they also need to cover more than one type of treatment for opioid addiction because multiple, long-lasting treatments help prevent relapse. There are also things people can do in their everyday life that can help- people can avoid taking opioids with other substances, they can keep them out the reach of others and not give or sell them to others, and they can advocate for the over-prescribing of them.

SA: Describe the essential features and available treatment approaches for Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

In the majority of menstrual cycles, at least five symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week postmenses. B. One (or more) of the following symptoms must be present: 1. Marked affective lability (e.g., mood swings: feeling suddenly sad or tearful, or increased sensitivity to rejection). 2. Marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts. 3. Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts. 4. Marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge. C. One (or more) of the following symptoms must additionally be present, to reach a total of five symptoms when combined with symptoms from Criterion B above. 1. Decreased interest in usual activities (e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies). 2. Subjective difficulty in concentration. 3. Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy. 4. Marked change in appetite; overeating; or specific food cravings. 5. Hypersomnia or insomnia. 6. A sense of being ovenwhelmed or out of control. 7. Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of "bloating," or weight gain CBT

After leaving Brewbaker's Restaurant at approximately 1:05 am, you and your friends notice a man on the walking mall looking very disheveled and mumbling to himself. As you walk near him, he turns at your group and yells, "I am God and you will obey me!" As your group gives him space you continue to observe his behavior and he appears to be talking to himself, likely as a result of auditory hallucinations. You want to help this man and decide to contact the police for help. The police arrive and determine that the man's name is Bob. They are unable to get any further reliable information from Bob since he is unable to answer any other questions. They inform your group that they will get help for Bob. The police will likely bring Bob to what treatment setting? Inpatient mental health hospital Community mental health center Substance abuse facility Outpatient clinic

Inpatient mental health hospital

SA: Describe and critically evaluate the approach to treatment provided by inpatient psychiatric hospitals.

Inpatient psychiatric services are often a designated wing within a hospital. The inpatient unit looks more like a college dorm than a hospital floor. The unit generally has single or double rooms for patients and group/individual therapy rooms, as well as common areas for eating and relaxing—and offices for staff and clinicians. It is a secured environment, arranged to keep patients safe and manage the floor with continuity. When you are in a severe crisis with depression, your therapist may call ahead to the hospital to help with admission. He or she may inquire if a bed is available and give a cursory overview to the admitting caseworker. This helps the transition to inpatient treatment move as quickly as possible for you. Your therapist will tell you that a team of professionals on the inpatient floor will likely include psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, nutritionists, recreational therapists, music and art therapists—and if you're a child or teenager, school teachers and pediatricians too. It's helpful to know that adult inpatient floors work only with adult individuals. And pediatric inpatient floors work only with children and adolescents. Once there, you'll be evaluated for admission to the unit by a crisis team and assigned a clinical caseworker. You may get your blood drawn or be asked for a urine sample to rule out any medical conditions that could be causing your severe depressive symptoms (adverse drug reactions, diabetes, severe anemia, or hypothyroidism, to name a few). For safety purposes, there'll be rules regarding acceptable clothing, accessories, and food. If your inpatient stay is planned, you can pack a bag of comfortable clothing ahead of time, but avoid belts, strings, shoelaces, and other potentially self-harming accessories. Another good thing is to make a list of all the medications you take, as well as all the professionals who work with you. Once admitted, you'll find the treatment center follows a daily and evening schedule. Meals, classes, individual, group, or family treatments, and periods for rest or recreation will have set times. Usually, anyone can come and visit you, but you might be limited as to how many can see you at a time. article continues after advertisement Another thing to know is that visiting hours occur every day in most units—sometimes twice a day. Payphones are also available if you don't have access to your own devices. Weekends have less structure and treatments and make allowances for home passes when treatment goals are reached. While receiving inpatient psychiatric treatment, it's important to note that you may see others who have struggles that are similar to, less intense than, or more intense than your own. Though it may be distressing, over time, it can show you how others manage their chronic or acute mental illnesses. The average hospital stay for an adult is about 10 days—though your symptoms and recovery time may result in less or more time. For children and teenagers, stays are typically about eight days, but that, too, can be shorter or longer. Treatment will be unique to your needs, so don't use your time spent inpatient as a measurement of success or failure. Medication titration, symptom reduction, confidence, and mastery of learned skills are not the same for everyone. The goal of the inpatient program is to decrease the intensity of depression, reduce the risk for suicide, improve coping skills, adjust medication, or incorporate other treatments. These are part of your treatment plan, which you and your team will openly discuss and revise. When reduction of depressive symptoms and measurable goals are reached, you'll be discharged—with a return to treatment with your outside therapist(s), with whom the team has been in contact during your stay.

President _______________________ signed the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act in 1963. Lyndon Johnson Dwight Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon

John F. Kennedy

Please select the correct answer to complete the 5-step suicide prevention model: 1) Ask 2) _________________ 3) Be There 4) Help Them Connect 5) Follow Up Agree to Secrecy Give Them Space ASIST Keep Them Safe

Keep them safe

Brittany Davis works at the Community Mental Health Center in Oxford, Mississippi. She is the head supervisor for case management services. She oversees 10 bachelor-level case managers who help connect their clients with social services available to them. Brittany also maintains a small caseload of about 5 high-risk clients. Brittany most likely has what type of credentials? LCSW Psy.D. Ph.D. LMFT

LCSW

The case study for this module involved the case of Patty Bensusan. In addition to her diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, Patty also met criteria for ________________. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Binge eating disorder Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder

Winston spent most of the time talking about his trip to Europe, his new Mercedes, and his favorite French restaurants. People seemed bored being around him, but he kept right on talking. When he made a critical remark about how one of the women was dressed - and hurt her feelings - he could not apologize for his obvious blunder. He tried to talk his way around it, and even seemed to be blaming her for being upset. Schizotypal personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

Peter arrived at the party exactly on time. He made a point of speaking to every guest for five minutes. He talked mostly about technology and finance, and avoided any inquiries about his feelings or personal life. He left precisely at 10 PM because he had work to do at home. Paranoid personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Identify one personal area for growth in terms of self-care practice and create a plan to improve in that area

One self-care activity or practice that I feel would most improve my overall mental wellness is stress/anxiety management. My overall mental wellness is lowered solely because of stress and anxiety and it is usually attributed to school. If I learned to better manage my stress and anxiety, then maybe I could have a better sense of contentment, a better zest for living and the ability to laugh and have fun, a better ability to deal with stress and bounce back from adversity, a better sense of meaning and purpose, in both activities and relationships, have better flexibility to learn new skills and adapt to change, a better balance between work and play, rest and activity, etc., and I might have better self-confidence and higher self-esteem. This would help improve the overall "half-good" (score 5) that my mental wellness encompasses now to maybe a 7 or an 8. My overall mental wellness now is a about a 5 because of the stress and anxiety associated with school and I take this stress and anxiety and let it slide over into other aspects of mental wellness, but with stress and anxiety management I bet I could reduce this spread. 1. List the steps you need to take in order to successfully implement the self-care activity or practice you identified above. There are many steps I could take in order implement stress/anxiety management because this could involve doing many different things. 1. The first thing I need to do is to become receptive to the stress/anxiety management methods and recognize that partaking in them could have a great effect on my overall mental wellness. 2. The next thing I need to do is to make a schedule to set aside time each week for each said stress/anxiety management methods that way I know that I will have a certain amount of them for it each week. 3. The next thing I need to do is brainstorm a list of stress/anxiety management methods that I would believe would contribute to a better overall mental wellness. This list could include: meditation, cognitive restructuring, taking a walk, taking a bubble bath, listening to music, eating a healthy snack, taking structured breaks from school work, and other things. 4. The next thing I would do is implement them throughout my week. 5. For instance, I could set aside a half hour on Wednesdays for meditation/yoga since that is the middle and busiest part of the week where I feel most stressed. 6. Next, at any point during the week whenever I begin to stew over an assignment or think that I am going to fail as a PA if I don't do as good on an assignment as I hoped, I need to restructure my thoughts and consider the likelihood of that actually happening and remind myself that life will still go on if I miss a few points or do bad on an exam. 7. I could next plan to walk for 15-20 minutes after dinner each night in order to reduce my stress instead of just jumping right back into schoolwork. 8. I could next start to try studying in the bathtub certain nights in order to make the studying process less stressful. 9. I could next download calming music or use regular music and listen to that for 5 minutes while walking around the parking lot in in order to take a break to relieve stress if it appears during doing schoolwork. 10. I could also plan out a 5-10 minute break each hour that I do schoolwork that way I have a break to look forward to and my anxiety and stress levels will have time to reset/ decrease a little bit. 11. I could also set up one night a week where I take time out of my schoolwork to try a new healthy snack because that could also help reduce stress/ anxiety. 12. After implementing these for a few weeks I need to evaluate their effectiveness by taking the mental wellness self-check again and make changes accordingly. I also need to realize that they may not work and be receptive to change.

SA: Analyze both the beneficial and detrimental consequences of deinstitutionalization.

PROS Deinstitutionalization successfully gave more rights to the mentally challenged. Many of those in mental hospitals lived in the backwater for decades. They received varying levels of care. It also changed the culture of treatment from "send them away" to integrate them into society where possible. Deinstitutionalization especially benefited those with Down syndrome and other high-functioning mental disorders. CONS Many of those released from institutions were severely mentally ill. They were not good candidates for community centers due to the nature of their illnesses. Long-term, in-patient care provides better treatment for many with severe mental illnesses. There wasn't enough federal funding for the mental health centers. That meant there weren't enough centers to serve those with mental health needs. It also made it difficult to create any comprehensive programs. Mental health professionals underestimated how difficult it was to coordinate community resources scattered throughout a city for those with disorders. The courts made it almost impossible to commit anyone against their will. That's true regardless of whether it was for the person's own safety and welfare or for that of others.

Before entering, Doreen watched the party for several minutes from outside through the window. Once she went in, she seemed very uncomfortable. When given a drink by the host, she secretly poured it down the sink and then made her own. The other guests quickly became uncomfortable with her constant habit of finding fault with what they said and did. She seemed to be picking fights with people. Borderline personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder Dependent personality disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

SA: how do psychologists define a psychological disorder

Psychologists hold a doctoral degree in clinical psychology or another specialty such as counseling or education. They are trained to evaluate a person's mental health using clinical interviews, psychological evaluations and testing. They can make diagnoses and provide individual and group therapy. Some may have training in specific forms of therapy like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and other behavioral therapy interventions. a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. ****A Mental disorder is a syndrome characterized bt clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities

SA: Describe the essential features of posttraumatic stress disorder and available treatment approaches

Re-experiencing the traumatic event through intrusive memories, flashbacks, nightmares, or intense mental or physical reactions when reminded of the trauma. Avoidance and numbing, such as avoiding anything that reminds you of the trauma, being unable to remember aspects of the ordeal, a loss of interest in activities and life in general, feeling emotionally numb and detached from others and a sense of a limited future. Hyperarousal, including sleep problems, irritability, hypervigilance (on constant "red alert"), feeling jumpy or easily startled, angry outbursts, and aggressive, self-destructive, or reckless behavior. Negative thought and mood changes like feeling alienated and alone, difficulty concentrating or remembering, depression and hopelessness, feeling mistrust and betrayal, and feeling guilt, shame, or self-blame. PTSD symptoms in children In children - especially very young children - the symptoms of PTSD can differ from those of adults and may include: Fear of being separated from their parent. Losing previously-acquired skills (such as toilet training). Sleep problems and nightmares. Somber, compulsive play in which themes or aspects of the trauma are repeated. New phobias and anxieties that seem unrelated to the trauma (such as fear of monsters). Acting out the trauma through play, stories, or drawings. Aches and pains with no apparent cause. Irritability and aggression. Treatment for PTSD can relieve symptoms by helping you deal with the trauma you've experienced. A doctor or therapist will encourage you to recall and process the emotions you felt during the original event in order to reduce the powerful hold the memory has on your life. During treatment, you'll also explore your thoughts and feelings about the trauma, work through feelings of guilt and mistrust, learn how to cope with intrusive memories, and address the problems PTSD has caused in your life and relationships. The types of treatment available for PTSD include: Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy involves gradually "exposing" yourself to feelings and situations that remind you of the trauma, and replacing distorted and irrational thoughts about the experience with a more balanced picture. Family therapy can help your loved ones understand what you're going through and help you work through relationship problems together as a family. Medication is sometimes prescribed to people with PTSD to relieve secondary symptoms of depression or anxiety, although they do not treat the causes of PTSD. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) incorporates elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy with eye movements or other forms of rhythmic, left-right stimulation, such as hand taps or sounds. These techniques work by "unfreezing" the brain's information processing system, which is interrupted in times of extreme stress.

SA: essential features and available treatment approaches for Binge eating disorder

Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances.A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating). The binge eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following: Eating much more rapidly than normal.Eating until feeling uncomfortably full.Eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry.Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating.Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterward. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for 3 months. The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging) as in bulimia nervosa and does not occur exclusively during the course of bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa. TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY Perhaps one of the most important considerations when selecting a psychotherapist is the type of therapy they provide. Different therapies work differently for different people, and some may be more helpful than others, depending on the person and their stage of recovery. Reducing eating disorder behaviors is generally considered the first goal of treatment, and the following therapies currently have the most evidence for effectiveness. Treatments are listed in alphabetical order. ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) The goal of ACT is focusing on changing your actions rather than your thoughts and feelings. Patients are taught to identify core values and commit to creating goals that fulfill these values. ACT also encourages patients to detach themselves from emotions and learn that pain and anxiety are a normal part of life. The goal isn't to feel good, but to live an authentic life. Through living a good life, people often find they do start to feel better. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT) AND ENHANCED COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT-E) A relatively short-term, symptom-oriented therapy focusing on the beliefs, values, and cognitive processes that maintain the eating disorder behavior. It aims to modify distorted beliefs and attitudes about the meaning of weight, shape, and appearance, which are correlated to the development and maintenance of the eating disorder. COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY (CRT) CRT aims to develop a person's ability to focus on more than one thing. CRT targets rigid thinking processes considered a core component of anorexia nervosa through simple exercises, reflection, and guided supervision. As of 2017, CRT is being studied to test effectiveness in improving treatment adherence in adults with anorexia; it has not been tested in other eating disorders. DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT) A behavioral treatment supported by empirical evidence for treatment of binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa. DBT assumes that the most effective place to begin treatment is with changing behaviors. Treatment focuses on developing skills to replace maladaptive eating disorder behaviors. Skills focus on building mindfulness skills, becoming more effective in interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance. Although DBT was initially developed to treat borderline personality disorder, it is currently being used to treat eating disorders as well as substance abuse. EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT It is important to note that while all of these therapies are frequently used to treat individuals with eating disorders, they have varying levels of efficacy and research supporting their use. Many professionals now recommend the use of evidence-based treatment, which is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." In eating disorder therapies, evidence-based treatment usually means that the therapy has been used in a research study and found to be effective in reducing eating disorder symptoms, encouraging weight restoration in underweight patients, and decreasing eating disorder thoughts. Classifying a therapy as "evidence-based" doesn't mean that it automatically works for everyone; just that it works for many patients. Do some research and evaluate which types of treatments would best target the relevant symptoms and psychological concerns. Also keep in mind that not all therapists who say they utilize a type of treatment actually use it in all of their sessions. Some CBT therapists, for example, might have a primarily psychodynamic approach and only occasionally use CBT principles. Ask about how strictly the therapist adheres to treatment guidelines, what a typical session might consist of, how much training the therapist has received in this particular treatment modality, the rough percentage of patients who they treat using this form of psychotherapy, and how current their ED knowledge base is. FAMILY-BASED TREATMENT (FBT) Also known as the Maudsley Method or Maudsley Approach, this is a home-based treatment approach that has been shown to be effective for adolescents with anorexia and bulimia. FBT doesn't focus on the cause of the eating disorder but instead places initial focus on refeeding and full weight restoration to promote recovery. All family members are considered an essential part of treatment, which consists of re-establishing healthy eating, restoring weight and interrupting compensatory behaviors; returning control of eating back to the adolescent; and focusing on remaining issues. INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY (IPT) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is an evidence-based treatment for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. IPT contextualizes eating disorder symptoms as occurring and being maintained within a social and interpersonal context. IPT is associated with specific tasks and strategies linked to the resolution of a specified interpersonal problem area. The four problem areas include grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. IPT helps clients improve relationships and communication and resolve interpersonal issues in the identified problem area(s), which in turn results in a reduction of eating disorder symptoms. Just as interpersonal dysfunction is linked to the onset and maintenance of eating disorder behaviors, healthy relationships and improvements in interpersonal functioning are linked with symptom reduction. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY The psychodynamic approach holds that recovery from an eating disorder requires understanding its root cause. Psychodynamic psychotherapists view behaviors as the result of internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces, and if behaviors are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then relapse will occur. Symptoms are viewed as expressions of the patient's underlying needs and issues and are thought to be resolved with the completion of working through these issues.

SA: essential features and available treatment approaches for Bulimia nervosa

Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g. within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances.A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g. a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating). Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting, or excessive exercise. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for three months. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa. TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY Perhaps one of the most important considerations when selecting a psychotherapist is the type of therapy they provide. Different therapies work differently for different people, and some may be more helpful than others, depending on the person and their stage of recovery. Reducing eating disorder behaviors is generally considered the first goal of treatment, and the following therapies currently have the most evidence for effectiveness. Treatments are listed in alphabetical order. ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) The goal of ACT is focusing on changing your actions rather than your thoughts and feelings. Patients are taught to identify core values and commit to creating goals that fulfill these values. ACT also encourages patients to detach themselves from emotions and learn that pain and anxiety are a normal part of life. The goal isn't to feel good, but to live an authentic life. Through living a good life, people often find they do start to feel better. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT) AND ENHANCED COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT-E) A relatively short-term, symptom-oriented therapy focusing on the beliefs, values, and cognitive processes that maintain the eating disorder behavior. It aims to modify distorted beliefs and attitudes about the meaning of weight, shape, and appearance, which are correlated to the development and maintenance of the eating disorder. COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY (CRT) CRT aims to develop a person's ability to focus on more than one thing. CRT targets rigid thinking processes considered a core component of anorexia nervosa through simple exercises, reflection, and guided supervision. As of 2017, CRT is being studied to test effectiveness in improving treatment adherence in adults with anorexia; it has not been tested in other eating disorders. DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT) A behavioral treatment supported by empirical evidence for treatment of binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa. DBT assumes that the most effective place to begin treatment is with changing behaviors. Treatment focuses on developing skills to replace maladaptive eating disorder behaviors. Skills focus on building mindfulness skills, becoming more effective in interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance. Although DBT was initially developed to treat borderline personality disorder, it is currently being used to treat eating disorders as well as substance abuse. EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT It is important to note that while all of these therapies are frequently used to treat individuals with eating disorders, they have varying levels of efficacy and research supporting their use. Many professionals now recommend the use of evidence-based treatment, which is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." In eating disorder therapies, evidence-based treatment usually means that the therapy has been used in a research study and found to be effective in reducing eating disorder symptoms, encouraging weight restoration in underweight patients, and decreasing eating disorder thoughts. Classifying a therapy as "evidence-based" doesn't mean that it automatically works for everyone; just that it works for many patients. Do some research and evaluate which types of treatments would best target the relevant symptoms and psychological concerns. Also keep in mind that not all therapists who say they utilize a type of treatment actually use it in all of their sessions. Some CBT therapists, for example, might have a primarily psychodynamic approach and only occasionally use CBT principles. Ask about how strictly the therapist adheres to treatment guidelines, what a typical session might consist of, how much training the therapist has received in this particular treatment modality, the rough percentage of patients who they treat using this form of psychotherapy, and how current their ED knowledge base is. FAMILY-BASED TREATMENT (FBT) Also known as the Maudsley Method or Maudsley Approach, this is a home-based treatment approach that has been shown to be effective for adolescents with anorexia and bulimia. FBT doesn't focus on the cause of the eating disorder but instead places initial focus on refeeding and full weight restoration to promote recovery. All family members are considered an essential part of treatment, which consists of re-establishing healthy eating, restoring weight and interrupting compensatory behaviors; returning control of eating back to the adolescent; and focusing on remaining issues. INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY (IPT) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is an evidence-based treatment for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. IPT contextualizes eating disorder symptoms as occurring and being maintained within a social and interpersonal context. IPT is associated with specific tasks and strategies linked to the resolution of a specified interpersonal problem area. The four problem areas include grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. IPT helps clients improve relationships and communication and resolve interpersonal issues in the identified problem area(s), which in turn results in a reduction of eating disorder symptoms. Just as interpersonal dysfunction is linked to the onset and maintenance of eating disorder behaviors, healthy relationships and improvements in interpersonal functioning are linked with symptom reduction. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY The psychodynamic approach holds that recovery from an eating disorder requires understanding its root cause. Psychodynamic psychotherapists view behaviors as the result of internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces, and if behaviors are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then relapse will occur. Symptoms are viewed as expressions of the patient's underlying needs and issues and are thought to be resolved with the completion of working through these issues.

SA: essential features and available treatment approaches for Anorexia nervosa

Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY Perhaps one of the most important considerations when selecting a psychotherapist is the type of therapy they provide. Different therapies work differently for different people, and some may be more helpful than others, depending on the person and their stage of recovery. Reducing eating disorder behaviors is generally considered the first goal of treatment, and the following therapies currently have the most evidence for effectiveness. Treatments are listed in alphabetical order. ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) The goal of ACT is focusing on changing your actions rather than your thoughts and feelings. Patients are taught to identify core values and commit to creating goals that fulfill these values. ACT also encourages patients to detach themselves from emotions and learn that pain and anxiety are a normal part of life. The goal isn't to feel good, but to live an authentic life. Through living a good life, people often find they do start to feel better. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT) AND ENHANCED COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT-E) A relatively short-term, symptom-oriented therapy focusing on the beliefs, values, and cognitive processes that maintain the eating disorder behavior. It aims to modify distorted beliefs and attitudes about the meaning of weight, shape, and appearance, which are correlated to the development and maintenance of the eating disorder. COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY (CRT) CRT aims to develop a person's ability to focus on more than one thing. CRT targets rigid thinking processes considered a core component of anorexia nervosa through simple exercises, reflection, and guided supervision. As of 2017, CRT is being studied to test effectiveness in improving treatment adherence in adults with anorexia; it has not been tested in other eating disorders. DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT) A behavioral treatment supported by empirical evidence for treatment of binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa. DBT assumes that the most effective place to begin treatment is with changing behaviors. Treatment focuses on developing skills to replace maladaptive eating disorder behaviors. Skills focus on building mindfulness skills, becoming more effective in interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance. Although DBT was initially developed to treat borderline personality disorder, it is currently being used to treat eating disorders as well as substance abuse. EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT It is important to note that while all of these therapies are frequently used to treat individuals with eating disorders, they have varying levels of efficacy and research supporting their use. Many professionals now recommend the use of evidence-based treatment, which is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." In eating disorder therapies, evidence-based treatment usually means that the therapy has been used in a research study and found to be effective in reducing eating disorder symptoms, encouraging weight restoration in underweight patients, and decreasing eating disorder thoughts. Classifying a therapy as "evidence-based" doesn't mean that it automatically works for everyone; just that it works for many patients. Do some research and evaluate which types of treatments would best target the relevant symptoms and psychological concerns. Also keep in mind that not all therapists who say they utilize a type of treatment actually use it in all of their sessions. Some CBT therapists, for example, might have a primarily psychodynamic approach and only occasionally use CBT principles. Ask about how strictly the therapist adheres to treatment guidelines, what a typical session might consist of, how much training the therapist has received in this particular treatment modality, the rough percentage of patients who they treat using this form of psychotherapy, and how current their ED knowledge base is. FAMILY-BASED TREATMENT (FBT) Also known as the Maudsley Method or Maudsley Approach, this is a home-based treatment approach that has been shown to be effective for adolescents with anorexia and bulimia. FBT doesn't focus on the cause of the eating disorder but instead places initial focus on refeeding and full weight restoration to promote recovery. All family members are considered an essential part of treatment, which consists of re-establishing healthy eating, restoring weight and interrupting compensatory behaviors; returning control of eating back to the adolescent; and focusing on remaining issues. INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY (IPT) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is an evidence-based treatment for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. IPT contextualizes eating disorder symptoms as occurring and being maintained within a social and interpersonal context. IPT is associated with specific tasks and strategies linked to the resolution of a specified interpersonal problem area. The four problem areas include grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. IPT helps clients improve relationships and communication and resolve interpersonal issues in the identified problem area(s), which in turn results in a reduction of eating disorder symptoms. Just as interpersonal dysfunction is linked to the onset and maintenance of eating disorder behaviors, healthy relationships and improvements in interpersonal functioning are linked with symptom reduction. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY The psychodynamic approach holds that recovery from an eating disorder requires understanding its root cause. Psychodynamic psychotherapists view behaviors as the result of internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces, and if behaviors are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then relapse will occur. Symptoms are viewed as expressions of the patient's underlying needs and issues and are thought to be resolved with the completion of working through these issues.

Harold wasn't even invited to the party. No one really knows him very well because he rarely talks. In fact, he spends most of his time alone at home reading. He doesn't seem to mind his lack of friends. Schizoid personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder

Schizoid personality disorder

William wandered into the party, but didn't stay long. The "negative forces" in the room were unsettling to his "psychic soul-spot." The few guests he spoke to felt somewhat uneasy being with this aloof "space cadet." Antisocial personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder

SA: Explain the current opioid epidemic and the factors related to the development of this epidemic

The current opioid epidemic, unlike some other classifications of substances, is affecting all age groups, all genders, every socioeconomic group, all communities (rural, suburban, urban and everything in between) and each of the 50 states. As the documentary focused on the girl who looked to be around my age, she shared her story in middle school about how opiates affected her family and then came back to the same presentation years later, and some of the opioid stories she had recognized were so much worse than her own coming from children of young ages; the opioid epidemic is affecting everyone including young children. In 2015, 276,000 adolescents were current nonmedical users of pain reliever, with 122,000 having an addiction to prescription pain relievers. Young children are losing their parents, younger adolescents are even victims of opioid deaths, and people as even as old as 80 are addicted to opioids and it's not just happening in urban areas. Across all age groups, communities, ethnicities, etc, of the 20.5 million Americans 12 or older that had a substance use disorder in 2015, 2 million had a substance use disorder involving prescription pain relievers and 591,000 had a substance use disorder involving heroin. As the documentary described, with opioid addiction, it is not a gradual downhill effect like some diseases, things go bad quick and you end up in a hole where it usually requires multiple types of therapy or treatment to get out of that hole. Research studies show that relapse rates for people with addiction are comparable to the relapse rates for people with hypertension and diabetes. Like other chronic diseases, addiction requires continuing long-term care to manage and prevent relapse. As the documentary stated, drug overdoses are the leading cause of death in Americans under the age of 50. Interestingly, opioids were involved in 46,802 overdose deaths in 2018 which accounts for 69.5% of all drug overdose deaths. Opioid addiction is also a gateway to heroin use; when opioids become too hard to get, many people turn to heroin because it has the same effect and it is cheaper. 94% of respondents in a 2014 survey of people in treatment for opioid addiction said they chose to use heroin because prescription opioids were far more expensive and harder to obtain and four in five new heroin users started out misusing prescription painkillers. Lastly, opioids are also way overprescribed making addiction to them and the epidemic essentially a fast track because people think it's okay to use them since they are being prescribed to them. Roughly 62% of the 10.6 million Americans who reported misusing prescription opioids in 2016 were taking the medication to relieve physical pain and in 2012, 259 million prescriptions were written for opioids, which is more than enough to give every American adult their own bottle of pills. The prescribing rates for prescription opioids among adolescents and young adults nearly doubled from 1994 to 2007. 1. Please list and discuss ALL OF THE FACTORS that have played a role in the development of this epidemic. There are many factors that have played a role in the development of this epidemic. The first factor that played a role was doctors over prescribing opioids. In 2012, 259 million prescriptions were written for opioids, which is more than enough to give every American adult their own bottle of pills. There is no reason why this many need to be produced, they are being given to people who don't even need them which contributes to the epidemic. Another factor that played a role in developing the opioid epidemic and that influenced the first factor was that pharmaceutical companies told physicians that opioids were safe and effective to treat pain and that they were also non addictive. Physicians were also told that they shouldn't worry about patients getting dependent on the drug and that they could be tapered off of it easily. Of course, if the physicians were told this by the maker of the drugs, they believed them because they designed the drug, so they prescribed according to these criteria which helped fuel the opioid epidemic. Another factor that fueled the opioid epidemic was that doctors were pressured to treat pain more aggressively; there were pain workshops and drug representatives specifically for this. The doctors didn't want to be frowned upon for not treating their patient correctly, didn't want to be considered a bad doctor because they didn't treat someone's pain, and they didn't want to risk the possible idea of being sued, so they did what they were told and started taking pain more seriously which consequently meant treating pain with the opioids they were told wouldn't be addictive. This inherently led to opioid addiction unintentionally and intentionally because people realized they could possibly get opioids just by saying they had a little bit of pain to fuel their addiction. Pharmaceutical companies like Purdue also created advertisements that the public viewed that told them taking opioids were okay; they condoned the use of opioids. If the public saw it was okay and the doctors thought it was okay to prescribe them, there would be no hesitation on the use which only put the epidemic on the fast track. Another factor is that pharmaceutical companies want to make money, they don't care if they are selling a drug that people will never be able to get off of because that means they will continue to make money. Why would they tell the truth when there were billions of dollars on the line? An opioid epidemic meant millions of dollars for them which didn't encourage them to tell the truth which contributed to the overprescribing and hence the epidemic. Another factor is that opioids were prescribed for everything from minor to chronic diseases across all ages. A child getting a wisdom tooth out or who had surgery could become addicted just in the same way an 80 year old could who was taking them for chronic back pain or cancer; them being prescribed so willy nilly affected/affects every age group, gender, socioeconomic group, state, and community which contributes to the epidemic. Another factor is that whenever a doctor has a limited amount of time with a patient, the easiest thing for them to do is to prescribe pain meds instead of an alternative therapy to treat the pain which could also contribute to the epidemic. A final factor is that insurance companies sometimes doesn't cover alternative therapies, so the doctor has no choice but to prescribe an opioid to treat pain which fuels the epidemic even more.

Both TED talks in this module mentioned drug studies that were conducted with mice. What happened when mice were put into a cage with no toys or other stimuli and provided with access to both regular water and drug water (water with either cocaine or heroin in it)? The mice refused to drink either the regular water or the drug water. The mice preferred the drug water and eventually died from drug overdose. The mice preferred the regular water and almost never drank the drug water.

The mice preferred the drug water and eventually died from drug overdose.

SA: Explain the stigma associated with mental health issues and discuss possible strategies to decrease this stigma

The stigma associated with mental illness is a negative stamp that portrays those with mental illness as shameful, weak, an embarrassment, lesser than others without mental illness, or dramatic. The stigma associated with mental illness encompasses that those with mental illness should feel ashamed because of their illness. Those who have a mental illness are belittled because of it or because they take medication for a mental illness. As the article states "The stigma is most damaging not when others see it in a certain way, but when we see it that way ourselves. I tell people all the time . . . when you believe the stigma, that it's a reflection of weakness, you tell it in a way that sounds weak." This is another area associated with the mental illness stigma: if someone lets the stigma get to them, they see their self as the stigma and everything it encompasses which only makes them feel worse. So, many choose to hide mental illnesses in order to not be associated with the mental health stigma. Those with mental illness fear others knowing because of the stigma. If others know about their mental illness, others may see them as weak or being overdramatic, as an embarrassment, and may even think less of them as a person. Those with mental illness fear others knowing because they don't want to feel ashamed for being 'weak' or because they don't want to be made fun of for having mental illness or for taking medication for one. They don't want others to think they should just get over it whenever it is an actual sickness rather than just being 'weak'. Overall, they don't want to feel the prejudice from others. The ways in which the article identifies people coming out publicly with mental illness are: blog posts, social media posts, like on twitter and Facebook, writing a story for a news platform like Huffington Post, getting a semicolon tattoo or drawing one on to symbolize publicly your life can go on even with a mental illness, writing a show with characters who portray you in your illness, coming out during a live broadcast, and talking face to face with others who have similar stories. If I were to come out publicly as having a mental illness, I would choose to come out via social media because social media is something I use all the time and my post would get around to others quicker as opposed to a blog. I would want a lot of people to see me come out because I want to get rid of the mental illness stigma and normalize having a mental illness. Using social media would be the quickest way to get this message around for others to use as inspiration to come out themselves. social media, advocating, t shirts, campaign, normalizing at work, etc

SA: Describe the essential features of schizophrenia and available treatment approaches

There are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and the so-called "negative" symptoms. The presence of two or more of the following symptoms for at least 30 days: Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech) Other diagnosis criteria: Have had significant problems functioning at work or school, relating to other people, and taking care of yourself. Shown continuous signs of schizophrenia for at least six months, with active symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) for at least one month. Have no other mental health disorder, medical issue, or substance abuse problem that is causing the symptoms. Delusions of persecution - Belief that others, often a vague "they," are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. "Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water"). Delusions of reference - A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you. Delusions of grandeur - Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly. Delusions of control - Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting ("My private thoughts are being transmitted to others"), thought insertion ("Someone is planting thoughts in my head"), and thought withdrawal ("The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts"). Hallucinations Hallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in your mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. These often occur when you misinterpret your own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source. Schizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to you as the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone you know, and usually they're critical, vulgar, or abusive. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common, while all hallucinations tend to be worse when you're alone. Disorganized speech Schizophrenia can cause you to have trouble concentrating and maintaining your train of thought, which may manifest itself in the way that you speak. You may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things. Common signs of disorganized speech include: Loose associations - Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next. Neologisms - Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to you. Perseveration - Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over. Clang - Meaningless use of rhyming words ("I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head"). Disorganized behavior Schizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, impairing your ability to take care of yourself, your work, and interact with others. Disorganized behavior appears as: A decline in overall daily functioning Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose Lack of inhibition and impulse control Negative symptoms (absence of normal behaviors) The so-called "negative" symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals, such as: Lack of emotional expression - Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions. Lack of interest or enthusiasm - Problems with motivation; lack of self-care. Seeming lack of interest in the world - Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal. Speech difficulties and abnormalities - Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in a monotone. Rehabilitation Retraining the brain's pathways to improve mental and physical functioning after an illness or injury. For example, after a blow to the head (concussion). Cognitive therapy Talk therapy that focuses on replacing negative, distorted thoughts with positive, accurate ones. Psychoeducation Education about mental health that also serves to support, validate, and empower patients. Family therapy Psychological counseling that helps families resolve conflicts and communicate more effectively. Behavior therapy A therapy focused on modifying harmful behaviors associated with psychological distress. Group psychotherapy Talk therapy where the therapist works with clients in a group instead of one-on-one.

Counselors, Clinicians, Therapists

These masters-level health care professionals are trained to evaluate a person's mental health and use therapeutic techniques based on specific training programs. They operate under a variety of job titles—including counselor, clinician, therapist or something else—based on the treatment setting. Working with one of these mental health professionals can lead not only to symptom reduction but to better ways of thinking, feeling and living. Degree requirements: master's degree (M.S. or M.A.) in a mental health-related field such as psychology, counseling psychology, marriage or family therapy, among others. Licensure & Certification: Varies by specialty and state. Examples of licensure include: LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor LMFT, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist LCADAC, Licensed Clinical Alcohol & Drug Abuse Counselor

Certified Peer Specialists

These specialists have lived experience with a mental health condition or substance use disorder. They are often trained, certified and prepared to assist with recovery by helping a person set goals and develop strengths. They provide support, mentoring and guidance.

SA: Critically analyze the marketing strategies used by pharmaceutical companies in relation to antidepressant medications

Throughout the whole commercial, there is a big visual video to distract the watcher from the small text located at the bottom of the screen, rather than the middle or the top, that displays the side effects/risks. Sometimes what's in the small text is read aloud and sometimes it isn't even read aloud so the chance of the watcher actually seeing it is slim. The small text at the bottom also does not remain on the screen for long periods of time. Whenever the benefits are being stated, the voice is a woman's voice filled with emotion and it goes at a slower pace. However, when the small text is being read, it is a deeper, man's voice that is monotone which is read at a faster pace. The small text at the bottom of the screen is also black on a white background so it doesn't stand out. Whenever the risks are being read off, happy music and happy pictures play throughout on the screen in order to distract the watcher from risks and downplay the possible harm they could actually have. Whenever the benefits are being explained, the narrator says "Abilify treats depression in adults" but doesn't say how well; they want to make it seem like it can treat it in all adults. In one part the narrator says, "I feel more in control of my depression" but the small text reads "results may vary" and this is one of the small text bits that is not spoken which the watcher may not even see and then they assume Abilify will help them in the same way even though it has the possibility of not. Next, the narrator says "Abilify can increase suicidal thoughts in teens" but the small text reads "Abilify is not approved for children under age 18" which is another bit of text that is not spoken- it's just on the screen. The voice makes it seem like it is okay for children to the take the medication and that there just might be a risk, but if you actually see the text you will realize it is not approved for children. There is no text on the screen for the when the narrator says, "call your doctor if high fever, stiff muscles, and confusion persist as it could be life threating". It is like they want you to ignore one of the most severe side effects because it may deter you from starting Abilify. The commercial also uses a lot of could and might word choices when describing the side effects; the exact chance is not stated of how likely side effects are to happen. Whenever the blood sugar side effects are being explained, the family is shown happily hiking so you watch that and ignore the side effects which makes it seem like the good outweighs the bad. The commercial also says Abilify can cause a decrease in WBC and it can be serious, but it doesn't say how serious or how likely it is to have a decrease. At the end after all of the side effects are listed, the woman comes on the screen and says how good it works; they want to make it seem like depression medicine works miracles and they want you to ignore all side effects they just listed. Lastly, throughout the commercial, the narrator tries to persuade you with a free trial offer for Abilify 2 times; I think they do this to help make the long list of side effects seem less severe because everyone loves to save money. Overall, the possible benefits are explained as if they outweigh the side effect/risks even though the list of side effects and risks is a mile long. They were also very careful about word choice when explaining side effects because they used words like "can" or "may" to downplay the side effects/ risks and make you believe that the benefits outweigh the side effect/risks. The benefits are explained with visuals to put a happy picture in your mind, but the side effects are not explained with visuals, but rather with small, sometimes unspoken text because if they were explained like the benefits, it would scare the audience and deter them from buying the medication. 1. Do you find anything misleading about the commercial? If so, please explain. Yes, one thing I found misleading from the commercial was that in the beginning of the commercial the narrator stated, "some had improvement in 1-2 weeks". First off, how many is some? Some could be 2 people or 5,000 people. It is misleading because in reality, she could only be talking about 2 people out of 5,000 but it would seem like she's talking about more people which leads people to believe Abilify has great results. While the narrator was saying, "some had improvement in 1-2 weeks", the small text at the bottom of the screen read "only based on 6-week clinical study". This is misleading because the woman speaking is making it seem like Abilify works quick and it continues to do this, but in reality, those results were only based on a six-week study. What about the long-term effects? The commercial doesn't talk about how Abilify works in the long-term after 6 weeks which is the results that people really need because depression is something that doesn't go away and stay away on a short-term basis.

When examining the multidimensional model (a.k.a., the biopsychosocial model) for substance use disorders, operant conditioning principles seem to play a large role. Which of the following individuals are using a substance due to negative reinforcement? Gina - who enjoys using ecstasy because she likes the sensations it provides when out dancing with her friends. Bob - who enjoys drinking bourbon every evening because he likes the "buzz" it provides. Jack - who takes steroids to improve his athletic performance. Tina - who drinks wine every evening because it helps decrease her symptoms of depression.

Tina - who drinks wine every evening because it helps decrease her symptoms of depression.

When reviewing how to conduct a professional suicide risk assessment, Dr. Bragdon discussed a previous client of his that had a very detailed and specific plan for killing himself. What was the plan? To overdose on morphine on the day after his birthday. To sit in his truck with the engine on and windows down in his garage. To hang himself in the basement of his workshop. To shoot himself while sitting on a fallen tree across a creek.

To shoot himself while sitting on a fallen tree across a creek.

A manic episode can involve feelings of anger and irritability. True False

True

Antidepressants are often prescribed for social anxiety disorder. True False

True

Both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa can involve binging and purging behaviors. True False

True

In order to treat a specific phobia, an individual must face their feared stimulus directly. True False

True

Individuals with delusional disorder experience persistent delusions but do not experience any other psychotic symptoms and, outside of their delusions, are capable of functioning without significant impairment. True False

True

People with bipolar disorder can go long periods of time without experiencing any symptoms. True False

True

Psychotherapy treatment for PTSD will likely involve some form of exposure, where individuals are encouraged to gradually, but directly confront the traumatic experience. True False

True

Recently, hallucinogens have been studied in regards to possibly helping individuals that are undergoing treatment for PTSD and other mental health conditions. True False

True

Can an individual be diagnosed with OCD if they do not ever engage in any compulsive behavior? No Yes

Yes

s demonstrated in the snake phobia treatment video, it is possible to make significant treatment gains in as little as __________________. a week a year a month a day

a day

Family therapy:

a form of psychotherapy where family members meet with a therapist to resolve issues. Family therapy is often conducted by a licensed marriage and family therapist (MFT) who specializes in family therapy.

Individual therapy

a form of talk therapy where an individual works one on one with a therapist to address unresolved feelings, traumas, and mental health problems using a variety of different strategies and approaches. 2

In order to receive the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, an individual must experience an uninterrupted period of illness where they experience both symptoms of schizophrenia and __________________________. a major anxiety disorder a major mood disorder a major developmental disorder a major traumatic experience

a major mood disorder

Define mental wellness

a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community."

When receiving treatment from an inpatient psychiatric hospital, patients should expect to receive treatment from _________________. a medical doctor a psychologist a treatment team usually comprised of psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, recreational therapists, and art therapists a psychatrists

a treatment team usually comprised of psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, recreational therapists, and art therapists

Panic attack

abrupt experience of intense fear

Psychiatric Pharmacists

advanced-practice pharmacists who specialize in mental health care. They can prescribe or recommend appropriate medications if allowed in their state and practice setting. They are skilled at medication management—meaning they evaluate responses and modify treatment, manage medication reactions and drug interactions, and provide education about medications. Many have completed additional training in child/adolescent psychiatry, substance use disorders or geriatric psychiatry. Degree requirements: Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD). Completion of residency training in psychiatric pharmacy is not required, but is common. Licensure & credentials: Licensed pharmacist in the state where they practice; may also be designated a Board Certified Psychiatric Pharmacist by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties.

CBT for social anxiety disorder would likely involve: all of these directly confronting feared social situations challenging negative, unhelpful thoughts learning how to control the physical symptoms of anxiety

all of these

What factors should be considered as part of a professional suicide risk assessment? Previous attempt(s) Level of self-control All of these A plan for suicide and access to lethal means Social support

all of these

Which of the following factors played a role in encouraging deinstitutionalization? the desire to treatment severly mentally ill patients more humanely the poor conditions within state mental health hospitals all of these the invention of the first anti-psychotic medications

all of these

Inpatient or Residential Mental Health Treatment

also referred to as residential mental health treatment, takes place in a residential facility on a 24/7 basis. This level of care is best suited for those who need constant medical supervision as well as those with relatively severe, long-term symptoms who have not shown significant progress after outpatient mental health intervention. Mental illness treatment at an inpatient facility typically consists of the following types of treatment: Individual psychotherapy/counseling Group therapy Medication Medical supervision Recreational therapies Complementary therapies (e.g., yoga or meditation) Some treatment centers may also offer luxury and executive options. In addition to the types of treatment listed above, these centers may include: Private rooms. Gourmet meals. Massage and spa treatment. Fitness centers. Swimming pools. Other luxury or executive amenities such as computers, Internet access, and workspaces.

Fear

an immediate alarm reaction to a real threat

The chief motivating factor in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is: a desire to starve oneself a desire to purge an overwhelming drive to eat an overwhelming desire to be thin

an overwhelming desire to be thin

Which disorder has been estimated to have the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder? PTSD Bulimia nervosa Major depressive disorder Anorexia nervosa

anorexia nervosa

Anxiety

anticipation of future threat

The vicious cycle of OCD is as follows: obsessive thought ⟶ ____________ ⟶ compulsive behavior ⟶ _____________. binge eating; fasting minor anxiety; intense anxiety social withdraw; social engagement anxiety; temporary relief

anxiety; temporary relief

Mood stabilizers: Mood stabilizers

are commonly prescribed for people with bipolar disorder and related mood disorders to stabilize mood and prevent significant mood swings, mania, and depression.

Antipsychotics: Antipsychotics

are typically prescribed to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders , and may sometimes be prescribed to individuals with bipolar disorder who are exhibiting psychotic symptoms (often during a manic episode).

Although hallucinations can involve any of the 5 senses, _________________ hallucinations are most common in schizophrenia. auditory olfactory visual tactile

auditory

Non-medication treatments for ADHD usually involve ___________. behavior therapy and parent training inpatient treatment at a speciality hospital interpersonal therapy diet control therapy

behavior therapy and parent training

SA: Identify and explain the influences comprising the biopsychosocial model for mental disorders

behavioral influences: classical/operant conditioning cognitive influences: thoughts/perceptions, other mental processes social and cultural influences: family and friends, cultural expectations biological influences: genetics, brain, nervous system, neurotransmitters emotional influences: types and degree of emotional responses

SA: Apply the biopsychosocial model to the development of substance use disorders

behavioral influences: positive/negative enforcement, feel good, gets rid of anxiety biological influences: geentics, pos/neg reinforcement cognitive influences: think party will be more fun w drugs-expectations for use, cognitive cravings social/cultural: social pressure to use, cultural norms/ beliefs environmental stressors: exposure to drugs, means to cope with life stressors emotional: pleasurable feelings, decrease neg feelings

SA: Apply the biopsychosocial model to a specific mental disorder

biological: Scans of those w/ OCD show abnormal activity in orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia ● overactivity in these areas are associated with: anxiety, avoidance tendencies, tics, rigid and inflexible thinking (obsessions), and behavior patterns (compulsions) Essentially: brain has difficulty turning off/ignoring impulses from this circuit which causes compulsions and obsessions psychological: Intrusive and obsessive thoughts influenced by learning processes and life experiences: illness, trauma, external info (friends, family, news, social media) Individuals with OCD struggle to ignore these intrusive and uncontrollable thoughts Because the experience of these thoughts lead to... ● Feelings of shame, guilt, anxiety, and/or fear ● Situational triggers (i.e. germs, clutter, social: Observation of other people can lead to developing OCD ● If someone is diagnosed with OCD, there is a 25% chance that another immediate relative also has the condition ● Methods of coping with life stressors are also heavily influenced by the immediate family Cultures that place a heavier emphasis on religion have been shown to have more cases of OCD ● Culture can also influence how an individual or practitioner perceives their symptoms ● Individualistic vs. Collectivist

Anti-anxiety medications: Anti-anxiety medications

can help people who suffer from generalized anxiety, social anxiety, or panic attacks. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed short-acting anti-anxiety medications. However, these drugs are only meant to be used in the short-term, and long-term use can lead to dependence and addiction. For this reason, there are other non-habit forming anti-anxiety medications that may be prescribed in place of benzodiazepines.

Primary Care Physicians

can prescribe medication, but you might consider visiting someone who specializes in mental health care. Primary care and mental health professionals should work together to determine an individual's best treatment plan. Degree requirements: Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Licensure & credentials: Licensed physician in the state where they are practicing.

Psychiatric Or Mental Health Nurse Practitioners

can provide assessment, diagnosis and therapy for mental health conditions or substance use disorders. In some states, they are also qualified to prescribe and monitor medications. Requirements also vary by state as to the degree of supervision necessary by a licensed psychiatrist. Degree requirements: Master of Science (MS) or Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in nursing with specialized focus on psychiatry. Licensure & credentials: Licensed nurse in the state where they are practicing. Examples of credentials include, but are not limited to: NCLEX, National Council Licensure Examination PMHNP-BC, Board Certification in psychiatric nursing through the American Academy of Nurses Credentialing Center

Family Nurse Practitioners

can provide general medical services like those of a primary care physician, based on each state's laws. Like primary care physicians, they can prescribe medication, but you might consider visiting someone who specializes in mental health care. Family nurse practitioners and mental health professionals should work together to determine an individual's best treatment plan. Degree requirements: Master of Science (M.S.) or Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in nursing. Licensure & credentials: Licensed nurse in the state where they are practicing. Examples of credentials include: NCLEX, National Council Licensure Examination FNP-BC, Family Nurse Practitioner Board Certified

SA: Describe the essential features of cyclothymic disorder and available treatment approaches

characterized by distinct episodes of hypomanic symptoms (elevated mood and euphoria) and depressive symptoms over a period of at least two years. mild highs and lows cycle over 2 yrs Hypomania involves periods of elevated mood, euphoria, and excitement but does not disconnect a person from reality. A person with cyclothymia experiences symptoms of hypomania but not full-blown manic episodes. Hypomania may feel good to the person who experiences it and may lead to enhanced functioning and productivity. Thus, even when family and friends learn to recognize the mood swings as a possible bipolar disorder, the person may deny that a problem exists. Without proper treatment, however, symptoms can worsen. Mood stabilizers are generally prescribed to control manic episodes. Lithium is perhaps the best-known mood stabilizer. The first mood-stabilizing medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of mania, it is often very effective in controlling mania and preventing the recurrence of both manic and depressive episodes. Other types of mood stabilizers include the anticonvulsants lamotrigine (Lamictal), valproic acid (Depakene), divalproex sodium (Depakote), and carbemazepine (Tegretol and others). Valproate was FDA-approved in 1995 for the treatment of mania. Anticonvulsant medications may be combined with lithium, or with each other, for maximum effect. Other medications are added when necessary, typically for shorter periods, to treat episodes of mania or depression. Sometimes treatment with antidepressants results in mood-switching, prompting a manic or hypomanic episode or rapid cycling. Mood-stabilizing medications generally are required, alone or in combination with antidepressants, to protect against such a switch. Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder generally are treated with lithium, but valproate and carbamazepine are also used. Women with bipolar disorder who wish to conceive or who become pregnant face special challenges due to possible effects of mood stabilizing medications on the developing fetus and the nursing infant. A skilled clinician can help such women weigh the benefits and risks of all available treatment options. Antipsychotic medications are also often used to help control manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder, and some help to stabilize mood as well. Antipsychotic drugs include olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), and risperidone (Risperdal) among others. If insomnia is a problem, a high-potency benzodiazepine medication such as clonazepam or lorazepam may be helpful. However, because these medications may be habit-forming, they are best prescribed short-term. Other types of sedative medications, such as zolpidem, are sometimes used instead. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil are under study for their usefulness, alone or when added to conventional medications, for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. Effective management of cyclothymia may involve changes to the treatment plan at various times over the course of illness. Any changes in type or dose of medication should be made under the guidance of a psychiatrist. To avoid adverse reactions, patients should tell the psychiatrist about all other prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, or natural supplements they may be taking. People with a bipolar disorder, particularly those with rapid mood cycling, often have abnormal thyroid gland function. Because too much or too little thyroid hormone alone can lead to mood and energy changes, thyroid levels are usually carefully monitored by a physician. Lithium treatment may cause low thyroid levels in some people, resulting in the need for thyroid supplementation. All medications have side effects. Depending on the medication, side effects may include weight gain, nausea, tremors, reduced sex drive, anxiety, hair loss, movement problems, or dry mouth. Getting the right balance of treatment benefits may require a physician-monitored adjustment in dosage or type of medication. Medication should not be changed or stopped without the psychiatrist's guidance. Psychotherapy Studies have documented that several kinds of psychotherapy provided to patients and their families can lead to increased mood stability, fewer hospitalizations, and improved functioning in several areas. Psychotherapeutic interventions commonly used for bipolar disorder are cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, family therapy, and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT). IPSRT emphasizes the importance of establishing stable daily patterns of sleeping and waking, as prolonged wakefulness is a known trigger for manic episodes. A licensed psychologist, social worker, or counselor typically provides such therapies and often works in concert with the psychiatrist to monitor patient progress. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps people with bipolar disorder learn to change inappropriate or negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with the illness. Psychoeducation involves teaching people with bipolar disorder about the condition and its treatment and how to recognize signs of relapse so that early intervention can be sought before a full-blown episode occurs. Psychoeducation is also often helpful for family members. Family therapy helps reduce the level of family distress that may contribute to or result from the ill person's symptoms. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy helps people with bipolar disorder both to improve relationships and to regulate daily routines. Maintaining a daily routine and sleep schedule can help protect against manic episodes.

Pastoral Counselors

clergy members with training in clinical pastoral education. They are trained to diagnose and provide counseling. Pastoral counselors can have equivalents to a doctorate in counseling.

Dr. Rodney Bragdon earned his doctoral degree (Ph. D.) in clinical psychology from the University of Mississippi in 2005. During his time at Ole Miss (the University of Mississippi), Dr. Bragdon received extensive training in psychotherapy, research methodology, and clinical assessment strategies. Dr. Bragdon currently works as an Associate Professor of Psychology at Shenandoah University in Winchester, VA. Dr. Bragdon would be best described as a _________________________. psychiatrist primary care physician clinical social worker clinical psychologist

clinical psychologist

Although many forms of psychotherapy can be used to help treat an individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder, ________________________ is currently one of the most popular due to its demonstrated effectiveness. cognitive behavioral therapy interpersonal therapy benzodiazepines panic control treatment

cognitive behavioral therapy

Deinstitutionalization refers to a government policy that moved many mental health patients out of state run, inpatient mental hospitals (i.e., "insane asylums") to: prisons Canada community mental health treatment centers (outpatient treatment centers) nursing homes

community mental health treatment centers (outpatient treatment centers)

A(n) ________________ is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it isn't true. catatonia hallucination alogia delusion

delusion

Experiencing the withdrawal from substances can be very dangerous and even life-threatening. Out of the following choices, which class of substances are the most life-threatening to withdraw from? Depressants Hallucinogens Opioids Stimulants

depressants

SA: Describe the physiological and psychological effects of depressants, stimulants, opiates, and hallucinogens

depressants: slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the CNS benzos, alcohol, barbituates withdrawal symptoms can be life threatening abuse= liver disease, brain damage, cardiovascular disorders fetal alcohol symptoms Stimulates: arouse the CNS speeding up mental and physical responses cocaine, amphetimines, meth, ecstacy, caffeine, nicotine withdrawal isnt as life threatening- no appetite, headache, low sleep abuse= muscle pain strokes, seizures, nasal problems, headaches, nutritional disorders, cognitive deficits opiates: highly addictive, produce sense of well being and have strong pain releiving properties heroin, methadone, morphine, prescription pain meds withdrawal makes you feel like you wanna die, pain nausea, sweats in bed abuse= constipation, depression, respiratory depression, tissue infection from needle marks, hiv/aids hallucinogens: treat ptsd, alter perceptions of external envt and inner awareness cactus, shrooms, lsd, pcp, marijuana cannabis is the only one with withdrawal= depression anxiety irritalility, flu like abuse= amotivational syndrome for canabis, bad trips, flashbacks

Outpatient Mental Health Treatment

does not require participants to live at the treatment center. Instead, participants visit the treatment center or therapist's office on certain days of the week. Outpatient mental illness treatment is best suited for those with: Mild to moderate symptoms. A solid support system. The ability to function outside of the treatment environment. Many different types of mental health treatment options are offered on an outpatient basis. These include: Individual therapy. Group therapy. Family therapy. Support groups. Intensive outpatient care. Partial hospitalization. Psychiatric medications and outpatient medical management.

SA: Describe the essential features of substance use disorders

drug use imposes school, work home, use large amounts, increased cravings, alot of time spent using/getting, failure to cut down, affecting obligations at school work home, presence of withdrawal after stopping use, increased tolerance need more and more

Three criteria that we can use to help tease apart normal anxiety from abnormal anxiety include: level of distress, level of dysfunction, and _______________. duration comorbidity with depression symptoms age of onset presence of panic attacks

duration

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD, _______________ must be present. both patterns of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity none of these hyperactive behavior that alternates with periods of distraction either a pattern of inattention or a pattern of hyperactivity and impulsivity

either a pattern of inattention or a pattern of hyperactivity and impulsivity

In the TED talk by Jackie Hillios, she described a treatment program that provided a sober-living community that brought people in recovery together to _______________________. volunteer for the Special Olympics play healing music engage in a variety of outdoor adventure sports work on a community farm with both crops and livestock

engage in a variety of outdoor adventure sports

no one size fits all treatment

for mental health

SA: Critically analyze the diagnostic practices for ADHD

gold standard clinical interview, psychoeducation testing, child behavior rating scales, measures of sustained attention and selective attention, assessment of executive functioning, pediatric physical exam vs 10 min office visit

Interpersonal therapy: Interpersonal therapy

helps people address problems in relationships and teaches new interpersonal and communication skills to improve the quality of relationships. This form of therapy may be used in couples counseling or with those with depression who have difficulty relating to others.

psychologists

hold a doctoral degree in clinical psychology or another specialty such as counseling or education. They are trained to evaluate a person's mental health using clinical interviews, psychological evaluations and testing. They can make diagnoses and provide individual and group therapy. Some may have training in specific forms of therapy like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and other behavioral therapy interventions. Degree requirements: Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in a field of psychology or Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.). Licensure & credentials: Psychologists are licensed by licensure boards in each state.

SA: Describe the psychological and medical treatment approaches for substance use disorders

hospitalization for withdrawal- detox, flush out all toxins, initial= methadone/behavioral therapy medicine that acts like nicotine patches that realease small amounts or medications that block pleasure from nicotine CBT: alcohol, marijuana, coke, meth= learn to recognize problematic thought patterns, positive coping behaviors, and situations that might make them use, self monitor cravings to manage coping strategies motivational enhancemment: working to find intrinsic motivation to change- doorway for them to change group meetings: 12 step program: acceptance, surrender, active involvement family therapy

There are 4 main symptom areas for substance use disorders in the DSM-5. These include social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria, and __________________. memory problems Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome impaired control depression

impaired control

One of the unintended consequences of deinstitutionalization was that many of the patients with severe mental illness ended up _____________________. in prison taking a large majority of "entry level" jobs, upsetting many individuals without mental illness moving out of the United States filling a large majority of "low income" housing options, upsetting individuals without mental illness

in prison

All of the following are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder EXCEPT worrying about daily events muscle tension increased sleep difficulty concentrating

increased sleep

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR): EMDR

is a form of therapy used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). During EMDR, the brain is stimulated with back-and-forth eye movements that help stimulate memories of traumatic events in order for them to be resolved.

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): Dialectical behavior therapy

is most commonly used to treat individuals suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD). But it has effectively treated other disorders. DBT emphasizes accepting and validating unhealthy thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and learning to find the balance between acceptance and change. 2

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Cognitive behavioral therapy

is the most common psychotherapeutic approach. It can be used on the individual, group, or family level. CBT therapists help clients address unhealthy thoughts and behaviors by replacing them with realistic self-talk and constructive behaviors.

Group therapy

is typically led by a therapist and consists of a various number of participants. Group therapy is usually focused on specific topics that everyone in the group is working on. For example, a therapist may lead a group therapy session on anger management, postpartum depression, or suicide.

Psychiatrists

licensed medical doctors who have completed psychiatric training. They can diagnose mental health conditions, prescribe and monitor medications and provide therapy. Some have completed additional training in child and adolescent mental health, substance use disorders or geriatric psychiatry. Degree requirements: Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO), plus completion of residency training in psychiatry. Licensure & credentials: Licensed physician in the state where they are practicing; may also be designated as a Board Certified Psychiatrist by the Board of Neurology and Psychiatry.

SA:Critically evaluate the increasing rates of ADHD diagnoses

marketing strategies by big pharma education policies diagnosing practices secondary gain- get out of something malingering true increase in disorder? simply more awareness?

SA: Understand the Bio-Social Theory of borderline personality disorder

marshas model encompasses trying to merge acceptance and validation with change as the mode for DBT and that DBT is a consequence of an emotionally vulnerable individual with a very sympathetic nervous system and slow parasympathetic, the upspurt in emotion is never calmed down by the parasympathetic and growing up in an emtionally invalidating envt- not validated for a lot in life, someone who was not consoled a lot as a child, get over it when dropped off. poor sense of self, cant trust own rxns

SA: Describe the essential features of schizoaffective disorder and how this disorder is different from schizophrenia and the mood disorders

meets criteria for schizophrenia and major mood disorder persistent depression or severe mania, hallucinations and delusions symptoms of psychosis without a major mood disorder for a period of 2 weeks= schizophrenia major mood episode that lasts greater than 2 weeks present along with schizophrenia for uninterupted period of time impairments in functioning in both schizophrenia and mood aspects

SA: Assess suicide risk level

mental illness, suicidal ideation, suicide plan, previous attempt, social support, access to lethal means, level of self control, hopelessness

All of the following are symptoms of a panic attack EXCEPT racing heart migraine headaches chest pain sweating

migraine headaches

SA: Evaluate the effectiveness of antidepressant medications

not as effective as they say Whenever I searched for information about the possible risks and side effects for Abilify, I immediately noticed that some of the side effects weren't even touched on in the commercial; the list of actual possible side effects is way longer than they made it seem in the commercial. For example, I found that there are side effects like mask-like expression of the face, and another big risk is that there can be trouble controlling certain urges like gambling, sex, eating or shopping and Abilify can cause interrupted breathing during sleep. None of these were even mentioned in the commercial. The commercial did mention that you should monitor your blood sugar when on Abilify, but it didn't mention that it may make your blood sugar rise, which can cause or worsen diabetes. The commercial discussed a few side effects (high fever, stiff muscles, uncontrollable muscle movements, and confusion) that could be a part of life threating conditions, but never stated the name of the life-threatening conditions. It turns out that there are more side effects that are related to these life-threatening things than are mentioned in the commercial like dark urine and changes in amounts of urine. The life threatening conditions Abilify can cause are tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). The next thing I found that the commercial never mentioned was that this medication can make you sweat less which makes you more likely to get heat stroke and that you should avoid doing things that may cause you to overheat. I feel like this is a pretty significant side effect, especially in the summer months. Pregnancy was also not mentioned in the commercial. However, it turns out, during pregnancy, this medication should be used only if it is absolutely needed. Babies born to mothers who have used Abilify during the last 3 months of their pregnancy can develop symptoms including muscle stiffness or shakiness, drowsiness, feeding/breathing difficulties, or constant crying. Abilify can also pass into breast milk. Lastly, the commercial never talked about specific rates for side effects associated with Abilify. However, I found that around 8% of adults with schizophrenia who used Abilify reported akathisia. Another review of 41 studies showed that about 17% of people who were 20 and younger on Abilify got EPS and at least 10% adults on Abilify experienced, nausea, throwing up, constipation, headaches, dizziness, anxiety, and insomnia. I feel like the commercial definitely did not communicate the risks associated with Abilify because half the side effects/risks I found were not even included in the commercial even though they were pretty significant like heat stroke and pregnancy. The commercial also didn't even mention the names of the life threating conditions that Abilify can cause which is not good at all because that should be known information. There were no statistics included in the commercial either about the likelihood of getting side effects. The commercial downplayed them as if they should be ignored and tried to focus the audience away from them, when in reality, 10% of adults (which doesn't seem like a lot) experienced nausea, throwing up, constipation, headaches, dizziness, anxiety, and insomnia, but if it was 10% of 500,000 that's still 50,000 people which is a lot. The side effects shouldn't be downplayed as much as they were.

Identify personal areas of strength in terms of self-care practice

o Academic self-care- For academic self-care, I manage my time very effectively and always get my assignments done before the due dates. I mostly always arrange for a highly productive study/work time. Lastly, I usually reach out for academic support well whenever I need it by emailing professors or asking my peers. o Physical self-care- I do well at eating regularly; I almost always eat all 3 meals every day. I do really well at getting regular medical care for prevention; I see a dentist twice a year, a doctor once a year, and an eye doctor once a year. I always do well at taking care of my personal hygiene by showering, doing my hair, and wearing clean and presentable clothes. I also do well at practicing positive expression of sexuality. I am a heterosexual female that was born a female so I guess you could say I have it easy because there are no criticisms to expressing my sexuality, so I do it well. o Emotional/Psychological self-care- I feel like I find reasons to laugh well, whether it's a meme or a video, or just doing something funny, I try to find humor in lots of things. I feel like I express my feelings well in a healthy way. I always talk about my feelings and address them instead of bottling them up inside. I feel like I do pretty well at taking time away from technology and screens. Whenever I do my homework, I put my phone on the other side of the room, whenever I'm with my boyfriend I don't usually get on it in order to maximize our time together, and I don't get on it when I'm at the dinner table. o Relational self-care- I spend quality time with my friends and people I enjoy well, though that is a little hard with covid, we find interesting ways to still spend quality time with each other. I keep in touch with my family well while maintaining the appropriate boundaries; I am very close with my family and I usually text one person in my family at least every day. I manage relational conflicts well in responsible ways; I don't get mad and bottle up everything. I talk about the conflict and try to talk out a logical compromise/solution. I also do well at maintaining healthy intimate relationships; I have a long-term boyfriend and friends. o Spiritual self-care- I do well at identifying what is meaningful to me and notice its place in my life; I am a Christian and the meaning of God is important to me and I realize his importance well in my life. I do well at spending time in nature because I live in the middle of the woods and I enjoy going into nature multiple times a week. Lastly, I celebrate milestones and rituals that are meaningful to me well; I celebrate Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving, my birthday, etc. which are meaningful to me.

SA: essential features and available treatment approaches for Body dysmorphic disorder

obsession with physical flaws minor or imagined, stare in mirror for hours and feel distressed TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY Perhaps one of the most important considerations when selecting a psychotherapist is the type of therapy they provide. Different therapies work differently for different people, and some may be more helpful than others, depending on the person and their stage of recovery. Reducing eating disorder behaviors is generally considered the first goal of treatment, and the following therapies currently have the most evidence for effectiveness. Treatments are listed in alphabetical order. ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) The goal of ACT is focusing on changing your actions rather than your thoughts and feelings. Patients are taught to identify core values and commit to creating goals that fulfill these values. ACT also encourages patients to detach themselves from emotions and learn that pain and anxiety are a normal part of life. The goal isn't to feel good, but to live an authentic life. Through living a good life, people often find they do start to feel better. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT) AND ENHANCED COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT-E) A relatively short-term, symptom-oriented therapy focusing on the beliefs, values, and cognitive processes that maintain the eating disorder behavior. It aims to modify distorted beliefs and attitudes about the meaning of weight, shape, and appearance, which are correlated to the development and maintenance of the eating disorder. COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY (CRT) CRT aims to develop a person's ability to focus on more than one thing. CRT targets rigid thinking processes considered a core component of anorexia nervosa through simple exercises, reflection, and guided supervision. As of 2017, CRT is being studied to test effectiveness in improving treatment adherence in adults with anorexia; it has not been tested in other eating disorders. DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT) A behavioral treatment supported by empirical evidence for treatment of binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa. DBT assumes that the most effective place to begin treatment is with changing behaviors. Treatment focuses on developing skills to replace maladaptive eating disorder behaviors. Skills focus on building mindfulness skills, becoming more effective in interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance. Although DBT was initially developed to treat borderline personality disorder, it is currently being used to treat eating disorders as well as substance abuse. EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT It is important to note that while all of these therapies are frequently used to treat individuals with eating disorders, they have varying levels of efficacy and research supporting their use. Many professionals now recommend the use of evidence-based treatment, which is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." In eating disorder therapies, evidence-based treatment usually means that the therapy has been used in a research study and found to be effective in reducing eating disorder symptoms, encouraging weight restoration in underweight patients, and decreasing eating disorder thoughts. Classifying a therapy as "evidence-based" doesn't mean that it automatically works for everyone; just that it works for many patients. Do some research and evaluate which types of treatments would best target the relevant symptoms and psychological concerns. Also keep in mind that not all therapists who say they utilize a type of treatment actually use it in all of their sessions. Some CBT therapists, for example, might have a primarily psychodynamic approach and only occasionally use CBT principles. Ask about how strictly the therapist adheres to treatment guidelines, what a typical session might consist of, how much training the therapist has received in this particular treatment modality, the rough percentage of patients who they treat using this form of psychotherapy, and how current their ED knowledge base is. FAMILY-BASED TREATMENT (FBT) Also known as the Maudsley Method or Maudsley Approach, this is a home-based treatment approach that has been shown to be effective for adolescents with anorexia and bulimia. FBT doesn't focus on the cause of the eating disorder but instead places initial focus on refeeding and full weight restoration to promote recovery. All family members are considered an essential part of treatment, which consists of re-establishing healthy eating, restoring weight and interrupting compensatory behaviors; returning control of eating back to the adolescent; and focusing on remaining issues. INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY (IPT) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is an evidence-based treatment for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. IPT contextualizes eating disorder symptoms as occurring and being maintained within a social and interpersonal context. IPT is associated with specific tasks and strategies linked to the resolution of a specified interpersonal problem area. The four problem areas include grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. IPT helps clients improve relationships and communication and resolve interpersonal issues in the identified problem area(s), which in turn results in a reduction of eating disorder symptoms. Just as interpersonal dysfunction is linked to the onset and maintenance of eating disorder behaviors, healthy relationships and improvements in interpersonal functioning are linked with symptom reduction. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY The psychodynamic approach holds that recovery from an eating disorder requires understanding its root cause. Psychodynamic psychotherapists view behaviors as the result of internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces, and if behaviors are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then relapse will occur. Symptoms are viewed as expressions of the patient's underlying needs and issues and are thought to be resolved with the completion of working through these issues.

Psychiatric Hospitalization

occurs when a person is admitted to a: Private psychiatric hospital. Medical hospital with a psychiatric floor. State psychiatric hospital. 4 Psychiatric hospitalization treatment typically consists of stabilization, close monitoring, medication, administration of fluids and nutrition, and other necessary emergency care. 4 People may be voluntarily or involuntarily hospitalized. A person may be involuntarily hospitalized when they either are gravely disabled or are a danger to themselves or others.4 A person is a candidate for psychiatric hospitalization when they have: Severe mental health symptoms. Hallucinations or delusions. Suicidal or homicidal ideation. Not slept or eaten for days. Lost the ability to care for themselves due to mental health symptoms.

Dual Diagnosis Treatment

offers comprehensive mental health services for those struggling with both a mental health condition and an addiction or substance use disorder. Dual diagnosis treatment addresses and treats both conditions simultaneously. Both disorders need to be simultaneously treated to maximize the chances of a full recovery. For example, if an addicted person has a co-occurring anxiety disorder, they may relapse to self-medicate the unmanaged anxiety. Treating the underlying mental health conditions and traumas that contribute to the addiction can help prevent relapse and maintain sobriety in the long-term.

Complementary and Alternative Treatments Complementary and alternative mental health treatment

options may be used in addition to traditional forms of treatment such as therapy and medication. Some of the most common types of complementary treatments include: Yoga: Yoga is a form of exercise that focuses on connecting the mind and body through a series of movements and breathing exercises. Yoga helps improve physical strength and flexibility, and it provides many mental health benefits as well. Meditation: Meditation can help relieve stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health symptoms. Meditation techniques range from mindfulness-based meditation to guided meditation to simple breathing exercises. Nutrition: Diet can affect mental health in many ways. By closely monitoring one's diet, a person can help improve their overall mental health and well-being and alleviate some mental illness symptoms. Exercise: Exercise is also an important component of mental health treatment. People suffering from mental health conditions should attempt to do some form of exercise for at least 30 minutes each day to decrease stress. Equine therapy: Equine therapy is a form of therapy that uses horses to ease symptoms of many mental health conditions such as autism, anxiety, and ADHD.

SA: Describe the essential features of specific phobia and available treatment approaches

physical symptoms of a phobia include: Difficulty breathing Racing or pounding heart Chest pain or tightness Trembling or shaking Feeling dizzy or light-headed A churning stomach Hot or cold flashes; tingling sensations Sweating Emotional symptoms of a phobia include: Feeling overwhelming anxiety or panic Feeling intense need to escape Feeling "unreal" or detached from yourself Fear of losing control or going crazy Feeling like you're going to die or pass out Knowing that you're overreacting, but feeling powerless to control fear fear ladder deep breathing challenge negative thoughts exposure therapy CBT

Symptoms of schizophrenia are typically separated into the two main categories of ______________________________. positive and negative symptoms cognitive and behavioral symptoms emotional and behavioral symptoms halluncations and delusions

positive and negative symptoms

Panic disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT belief that one is going crazy or dying when suffering a panic attack severe, unexpected rushes of fear or discomfort preoccupation with minor daily events close relationship to agoraphobia

preoccupation with minor daily events

Dr. Jones specializes in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Dr. Jones has a private practice in Lexington, VA. Dr. Jones prescribes psychotropic medications to assist her patients with their mental health symptoms. Dr. Jones is most likely a ______________________. clinical psychologist clinical social worker psychiatrist certified peer specialist

psychiatrist

A highly efficacious form of therapy for OCD is exposure and _______________. family support response prevention committment therapy relaxation practice

response prevention

One of the two major characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is impairment in social communication and interaction. The other one involves ______________________. significant perceptual deficits below average academic achievement restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior below average intelligence

restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

You watched a TEDx talk by Catherine Pawley, who bravely shared her personal story of recovery from anorexia nervosa. She explained how she started to make ________________ as her disorder progressed. significant money as a fashion model intricate deserts lots of baggy clothes rules about eating

rules about eating

In the casebook reading, Sonny believed that he permanently damaged his brain from _________________________. smoking marijuana eating too much sugar being abducted by aliens playing high school football

smoking marijuana

The medications, such as Ritalin and Concerta, generally used to treat ADHD are classified as ___________________. depresssants antidepressants stimulants minor sedatives

stimulants

Which of the following is NOT one of the main symptom clusters for PTSD: avoidance and numbing symptoms re-experiencing symptoms substance use symptoms hyperarousal symptoms

substance use symptoms

SA: Recognize the warning signs of suicide

talking about wanting to die or kill oneself looking for a way to kill oneself talking about feelings of hoplessness or having no purpose talking about being trapped or in unbearable pain talking about being a burden increased use of alcohol or other drugs isolating themselves from family or friends behaving recklessly or acting agitated sleeping too little or too much extreme mood swings making final arrangements giving away possessions etc

In the case reading, Ritchie Firkins was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder at 2 and a half years old. He experienced severe temper tantrums. What aspect of his treatment helped the most to significantly decrease the frequency of his temper tantrums? Ritalin medication shock therapy the use of a "communication book" to help him communicate he needs cognitive therapy to help him change his maladaptive thoughts

the use of a "communication book" to help him communicate he needs

SA: Understand the experience of anxiety as part of the human condition, while also being able to explain that one's level of distress, level of dysfunction, and duration of the anxiety may constitute an anxiety disorder

think about

SA: Understand the challenges faced by an individual with schizophrenia (and their family members) in navigating the mental health system and striving for independent living

too many facilities etc, think documentary

Clinical Social Workers

trained to evaluate a person's mental health and use therapeutic techniques based on specific training programs. They are also trained in case management and advocacy services. Degree requirements: master's degree in social work (MSW). Licensure & credentials: Examples of licensure include: LICSW, Licensed Independent Social Workers LCSW, Licensed Clinical Social Worker ACSW, Academy of Certified Social Worker

Antidepressants: Antidepressants

treat the symptoms of depression, but in some cases they may also be prescribed for anxiety or insomnia. Common types of antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).

F THIS

ugh

SA: empathize with individuals living with a mental health condition

understand

SA: Describe the essential features of delusional disorder and the various forms that delusions can take

unusual belfiefs that are false but people think are true consistent dillusions but can otherwise function bizarre: nonbizarre: can actually happen but isnt bizzare: cant actually happen and isnt Delusions of persecution - Belief that others, often a vague "they," are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. "Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water"). Delusions of reference - A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you. Delusions of grandeur - Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly. Delusions of control - Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting ("My private thoughts are being transmitted to others"), thought insertion ("Someone is planting thoughts in my head"), and thought withdrawal ("The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts").