ACBS 160
Black Death
A deadly disease spread rapidly by Mongols on horseback
Transhumance
A form of pastoralism practiced in the Alpine region of western Europe
Heck cattle
A hardy line of modern cattle originally bred by the Nazis.
Black Death
A highly contagious disease epidemic that swept through medieval Europe as an unforeseen consequence of mass slaughter of cats
Culture of honor
Because cattle herders are at risk of losing their herd from thieves or poachers, they adopted a harsh code of vengeance to deter cattle theft.
Bezoar goat
Bezoar goat
Robert Bakewell
Bred cattle and sheep for meat
Modern Human's Rise to Dominance
By 40,000 years before present, fully modern humans had out-competed and likely exterminated all other forms of Homo. Likely reasons included greater cognitive complexity, projectile weapons, and perhaps most importantly the partnership with wolves.
Emotional Empathy
Capacity to feel the emotions of another person or animal
Cognitive Empathy
Capacity to take another's perspective and gauge their intentions or desires (a.k.a. Theory of Mind)
Neural Crest Cells
Cells that during development migrate to different parts of the body where they contribute to the development of local tissue types (e.g., adrenal glands, melanocytes, cartilage)
Horse evolution
Change from browsing to grazing
Scythians
Culture of horsemen from the Eurasian steppe who invented warfare on horseback
Who developed the idea of Evolution by Natural Selection? a) Darwin and Wallace b) Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin c) Darwin and Malthus d) Wallace and Malthus
Darwin and Wallace
Inca Empire
Defeated by Pizzaro because he had cavalry
Cross-Fostering Experiments
Demonstrated that neither the prenatal uterine environment nor postnatal rearing significantly altered the genetically bred temperament of the kit foxes.
Martha Nussbaum
Deontologist who advocates for animal flourishing through expression of their natural abilities and inclinations
Land grant universities
Designated centers for research on the improvement of animal production, and agricultural practices.
In "The Stranger Test" video, which of the following demonstrates that dogs have a close attachment bond to their owners, similar to attachment between a child and mother? a) The dog is unconcerned when the owner leaves the room. b) The dog interacts equally with everyone in the room. c) When the owner returns to the room, the dog keeps close to the person that stayed in the room. d) When the owner leaves the room, then returns, the dog quickly reunites with the owner.
When the owner leaves the room, then returns, the dog quickly reunites with the owner.
Traits unsuitable for domestication
Wild animal characteristics, such as nasty disposition or long flight distance
Sus scrofa
Wild boar ancestor of domesticated pig
Prey pathway
Wild sheep and goat were hunted prior to becoming domesticated.
Evidence of dog and human attunement to each other is shown in all EXCEPT one of the following: a) Dogs are able to be trained to perform experiments with humans. b) Dogs can learn the meaning of a large number of human words. c) Humans can generally recognize the emotional meaning of dog barks. d) In dogs and humans, similar brain areas are activated in response to the other's positive vocalizations.
a) Dogs are able to be trained to perform experiments with humans.
Archeological evidence of pig domestication a) includes changes in the pig's molar teeth b) indicates that domestication occurred independently in several parts of China c) all choices are correct d) indicates that domestication occurred independently in the Fertile Crescent and China
all choices are correct
Biological consequences of domestication and agriculture included a) genetic changes that allowed adults to digest milk (lactose) b) genetic changes that led to lighter skin color, allowing for improved synthesis of vitamin D c) all choices are correct d) genetic changes that helped the breakdown of alcohol, making moderate alcohol consumption less harmful
all choices are correct
The Human "Cute Response" likely stems from humans' attraction to a) Infantile features of babies b) Small heads c) Disney characters, such as Bambi d) Symmetrical body shapes
Infantile features of babies
Commensalism pathway
Initial stages of pig domestication likely involved wild pigs scavenging food scraps from human settlements
Pope Gregory IX
Issued a bulla (decree) that declared cats as evil and led to the mass slaughter of cats
Which two religions consider consumption of pork a taboo? a) Jews and Muslims b) Muslims and Christians c) Buddhists and Muslims d) Jews and Christians
Jews and Muslims
Normative ethics
Moral reasoning about our moral responsibility to other living beings
Deontology
Moral theory that originated with Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism
Moral theory that originated with Jeremy Bentham
When American pioneers moved west from the east, they encountered hostile Native Americans that were very different from the ones Cortes or Pizzaro had encountered. Which of the following is NOT true about the natives they encountered? a) Their Spanish origin horses were more athletic and able to outmaneuver the eastern military horse b) Natives had perfected the use of war on horseback c) Natives used long range rifles from atop mesas to gain a strategic advantage d) They used a tactic of attacking in swirls and using bow and arrow versus the traditional tactic of advancing in a straight line
Natives used long range rifles from atop mesas to gain a strategic advantage
Ecosystem engineering
Neolithic humans were the first to dramatically change landscapes and entire ecosystems
Archeological site of Asikli Hoyuk
Neolithic village settlement site in Turkey with evidence of captive goat and sheep herd management, including accumulations of dung.
Bedouin
Nomadic pastoralists of the Near and Middle-East
Savanna Hypothesis
Preference for particular landscapes or habitats that offered key resources.
Evidence of early horse domestication
Presence of corrals, manure, milk residue in pots, cheek pieces
Wolf Adoption Hypothesis
Proposed idea that our hunter-gatherer ancestors kidnapped wolf puppies by taking them directly from a wolf den, and then hand-reared them.
Camp Scavenging Hypothesis
Proposed idea that self-domestication or natural selection over generations favored wolves who were neither aggressive nor fearful toward humans, enabling them to survive by scavenging from camp trash.
Fertile Crescent
Region in western Asia where farming began because of suitable conditions
Taurus mountains
Region where "taurine" cattle were first domesticated
Middle Eastern wildcat
The ancestor of all domesticated cats
Sign of wealth
The ancient Egyptians prized cattle so much that they took a cattle census every two years.
Carbohydrate-rich diet
The development of farming and production of grain led to a shift away from a diet rich in meat protein.
Commensalism Pathway
The early relationship between wolves and ancestral humans was likely similar to a mouse attracted to human habitation, benefitting from "left overs" of ancestral human encampments or hunting sites without causing much effect (harm nor benefit) to humans.
Textbook Theme 3
The ethical, or moral, implications of our relationships and treatment of domesticated and other animals.
Which are pathways to animal domestication? (select all that apply) a) Directed Pathway b) Predator Pathway c) Indirect Pathway d) Prey Pathway e) Commensal Pathway
Directed Pathway, Prey Pathway, Commensal Pathway
What is the best example of human and dog evolved attunement (either through artificial or natural selection)? a) Wolves have a foundation for social competency b) Dog puppies without prior experience show a high sensitivity to human gestures and voice commands c) Dogs are one of the most common types of pet d) Human willingness to spend money on their dogs has increased over time
Dog puppies without prior experience show a high sensitivity to human gestures and voice commands
Pedigree Dog
Dogs with such highly specialized abilities, produced by careful breeding and even inbreeding, and guaranteed by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
Feral
Domesticated pigs that return to live on their own but are not considered as truly "wild"
First permanent settlements
Domestication of plants and animals led to a shift from living in mobile hunting and gathering camps to living in one place year-round and in large numbers
Textbook Theme 1
The reasons for and consequences of human domestication of animals.
Anthrozoology
The scientific study of all aspects of human-animal interactions, including the human-animal bond.
Cute Response
The unconscious response to neotenous features. Domesticated dogs have such features including floppy ears and shortened muzzle.
Aurochs
The wild ancestor of domesticated cattle
Asiatic mouflon sheep
The wild ancestor of domesticated sheep.
Cat-Human Attunement
There is some evidence suggesting cats seem to recognize human moods and cat owners recognize the meaning of cat meows.
Out of Africa
There were 2 waves of expansion from Africa to Eurasia and beyond. The first was a Homo species that evolved into Neanderthal. The second was fully modern Homo sapiens that expanded worldwide.
Modern Hunter-Gatherers
These cultures provide evidence of how the human-dog mutualism results in significantly greater hunting success. Wolf Adoption Hypothesis:Proposed idea that our hunter-gatherer ancestors kidnapped wolf puppies by taking them directly from a wolf den, and then hand-reared them.
What is so important about the Vienna Wolf Science Center experiments? a) They show that dogs are smarter than wolves b) They make sure wolves and dogs and reared and housed exactly the same so that this does not affect research results. c) They keep wolves and dogs as wild as possible for experiments to compare their intelligence. d) They show that wolves are smarter than dogs
They make sure wolves and dogs and reared and housed exactly the same so that this does not affect research results.
Which of the following would be a benefit of adopting a mixed-breed dog? a) They are friendlier than pure-bred dogs. b) Their appearance can be reliably predicted. c) They may not be susceptible to specific health issues seen in pure-bred dogs d) They are born with specific skills that can be beneficial to humans.
They may not be susceptible to specific health issues seen in pure-bred dogs
As described in the reading, what was significant about the "Do dogs steal in the dark?" experiments? a) They show that dogs have been bred to be obedient to humans. b) They illustrate that food reward is most important to dogs. c) They demonstrated the keen eyesight of dogs in low light. d) They suggest that dogs have a 'Theory of Mind' about what the owner can see.
They suggest that dogs have a 'Theory of Mind' about what the owner can see.
Lactose intolerance
Those human populations that ancestrally did not make heavy use of dairy products lose their capacity to digest dairy products after infancy.
Good cattle stockmanship should include a) an understanding of cattle behavior b) recognition that cattle have emotions c) personality differences among individual cows d) all choices are correct
all choices are correct
Reasons for domestication of the horse include their use for a) transport/packing b) meat c) all choices are correct d) milk
all choices are correct
The reason why Maring clans in the highlands of New Guinea go to war is because a) the women get angry at the men if they don't go to war b) it's just great fun, and the tourists love it c) they like to play war games after feasting and there is no real risk of injury or death d) it's connected to the mass consumption of pigs beforehand and the takeover of horticultural lands by the winners
it's connected to the mass consumption of pigs beforehand and the takeover of horticultural lands by the winners
Humans were unable to domesticate the Zebra because a) its running speed is too fast b) all choices are correct c) it's dangerously aggressive d) it's too well camouflaged
it's dangerously aggressive
The process of domestication of sheep and goats is an example of animal domestication through the ________ pathway. Question options: a) directed b) commensal c) prey d) Neolithic
prey
Selective breeding for large, muscular (white meat) "super size" chickens a) was a breeding program begun by the fast-food chain restaurant McDonalds b) began in the 1800s with growing demand for chicken meat c) produced several unintended consequences, such as "flip-over" disease d) also produced roosters, who because of their muscular physique were especially attractive to hens
produced several unintended consequences, such as "flip-over" disease
The creation of the Chicago Union Stock Yards a) was a great benefit solely to people living in Chicago b) predated the Industrial Revolution by about 100 year c) served the purpose of holding cattle for loading them on to train cars d) was an effort to consolidate into one large facility the previous smaller stock yards
was an effort to consolidate into one large facility the previous smaller stock yards
North America
Site of early equid evolution then crossed the Bering-Strait to Eurasia
The consolidation of the meat industry in the US involved a) all choices are correct b) the cattle industry primarily c) creation of corporate monopolies only in the poultry industry d) "vertical integration" , allowing large companies to control all aspects of production
"vertical integration" , allowing large companies to control all aspects of production
Lascoux
A cave in France occupied by humans dating back to 20,000 B.P. with life-size wall paintings of aurochs
Taurus/Zagros region
:Rugged mountains and valleys of south-eastern Turkey and eastern Iran where sheep and goat were domesticated.
Hallan Cemi
A Turkish site dated to about 10,500 B.P. showing the presence of wild cats inside human occupation.
Mummification
A cat burial practice of the ancient Egyptians who revered cats.
Hittite Empire
:Established by the peoples of the Eurasian steppe who pushed south into the Middle East, conducting war with chariots
When dogs gaze into their human owners' eyes, it leads to: a) A mutual and equal rise in oxytocin in both the dog and owner. b) A rise in oxytocin only in the dog. c) A rise in cortisol in both the dog and owner. d) A rise in oxytocin only in the owner.
A mutual and equal rise in oxytocin in both the dog and owner.
Industrial revolution
A period in the 19thC, stimulated by the invention of the steam engine, characterized by mechanized production in factories
Twisty cat
A special cat breed with short front legs, forcing the cat to hop like a squirrel. This breed raises ethical questions about cat breeding practices.
Domestication Syndrome
A suite of traits that consistently appear together as a by-product of the selection for tameness, such as floppy ears, curly tails, smaller brains, teeth and muzzles, and white fur patches and behavior such as licking, and responsiveness to human social cues.
pastoralism
A way of making a living that consists of people keeping livestock (like sheep and goats) in herds in corrals and in pastures.
Examples of social-economic consequences of domestication include all of the following EXCEPT? a) Ability to digest milk into adulthood b) More tightly defined and defended territories c) Ability to live in more diverse climates because of food storage d) Allowed long-distance travel and migration
Ability to digest milk into adulthood
The rise of Homo
About 2 million years ago, large brain size along with the harnessing of fire enabled our ancestors to become full-time hunters.
Tom Regan
Advocate for all animals' right to life
What theory has been proposed to explain why the Hominins of the second migratory wave (modern humans Homo sapiens) out-competed those Hominins they encountered that descended from the first migratory wave (Neanderthals Homo neanderthalensis)? a) Modern humans had higher cognitive capacities (as evident from cave paintings) b) All choices are correct c) Modern humans were more efficient hunters due to their partnership with wolves d) Modern humans were more efficient hunters due to their sophisticated projectile weapons
All choices are correct
Push or Pull Theories
Alternative proposals on whether Neolithic humans were forced by circumstances to adopt agriculture or were attracted to invent agriculture.
Horticulture (pigs)
An early, small scale, farming practice that lends itself well to keeping pigs
Ainsworth Stranger test
An experimental procedure developed for evaluating attachment between mothers and their children that has been used to study the cat-human bond
Anthropomorphism
An outcome of cognitive empathy, whereby humans project or attribute their own feelings, beliefs, and motivations to another animal
In the video "The Beak of the Finch: Speciation of finches on the Galapagos", when evolutionary biologists Rosemary and Peter Grant quantify dates breeding took place, number of years bred, number of offspring, and how many offspring survived to sexual maturity, they are: a) Analyzing evolutionary fitness b) Assessing finch physical strength c) Assessing habitat carrying capacity d) Developing a finch breeding program
Analyzing evolutionary fitness
Bear baiting
Animal spectator sport common in mid-19th C England
commodity
Anything that can be mass produced, bought, and sold
The Rock of Solutre in France
Archeological site that provides evidence of horse hunting 20,000 years ago
The Beginning of the End for Neanderthal
Around 100,000 years ago modern humans (Homo sapiens) began to spread from Africa into Eurasia (2nd wave), where they encountered and outcompeted other large carnivores including other hominins
Game management
As a prey species declines in numbers from hunting, hunters of wild goat and sheep selectively kill young males and older females.
Poleaxing
At the Chinese site of Xinglongwa pigs were killed with a blow to the forehead to stun them so that the blood could be drained from the body and used for ceremonial or nutritional purposes.
What is one major problem with the wolf "Adoption" Hypothesis? a) Humans would likely have wanted to eat abandoned wolf pups. b) Humans did not have time to train the wolves. c) The wolves would have eaten too much of the humans' food. d) Early humans would not have been able to selectively breed wolves.
Early humans would not have been able to selectively breed wolves
Self-selection
Early in the pathway to domestication, natural selection over time favored cats who had a tamer temperament allowing them to approach human settlements.
Omnivorous
Eating a variety of foods made pigs suitable for domestication
11,000 B.P.
Estimated date for the domestication of goats and sheep
Tarpan
Eurasian wild horse and ancestor of the domesticated horse
Between 1750 and 1850, the population of London more than doubled, accompanied by a growing demand for beef only. a) True b) False
False
If a young animal is taken or "adopted " from the wild and raised with humans so that it is completely tame, it is considered domesticated. True False
False
The Fertile Crescent, an area east of the Mediterranean Sea, is known as the first site where plant domestication by humans occurred. The fertile crescent was aptly named for being rich in a wide variety of plants including wheat and barley that could easily be domesticated. From this we can conclude that the development of domestication in the fertile crescent followed the PUSH model. a) True b) False
False
The first zoos (or "zoological gardens") were first established in the US. a) True b) False
False
Horse-drawn, spoke-wheel chariot
First invented about 4,000 B.P. by the peoples of the Eurasian steppe
Western Eurasian steppe
Geographical area where horses were first domesticated
Ice Age
Glacial advance covering much of the northern hemisphere
Hind-gut fermentation
Horse food digestion system
Textbook Theme 2
If and how our close relationship to some domesticated species changed us and them biologically, psychologically, and behaviorally
Example of gene-culture co-evolution
In human populations that made heavy use of dairy products, this cultural practice led to natural selection favoring genetically-based traits that allowed people to digest milk sugar
Eastern Turkey
Location of earliest evidence of pig domestication
Neolithic Revolution
Major shift from reliance on hunting-gathering to farming
Animal industry
Mass production of animals and animal products for public consumption
Fitness differences
Members of a population vary in traits that lead to differences in survival and reproduction.
One major consequence of animal domestication was the increased risk of disease transmission between animals and humans. Today, we recognize this connection between human and animal health under the name a) Eco-Health b) Animal and Human Health c) One Health d) We Are One
One Health
Silver Fox Experiment
Only six generations of artificial selection for tameness produced domestication traits such as curly tail, white spots, and floppy ears
In the field of psychology the "Clever Hans Effect" describes what phenomenon? a) People unintentionally (unconsciously) give away subtle cues when they expect the outcome of a situation (cue the experimenter about the correct answer) b) After witnessing an impressive feat by one individual, people expect a high level of skill from others attempting the same thing c) All animals have the capacity to learn to answer questions d) People are easily impressed by unusual feats (such as an intelligent horse)
People unintentionally (unconsciously) give away subtle cues when they expect the outcome of a situation (cue the experimenter about the correct answer)
The Maring
Peoples of the New Guinea highlands for whom pigs are of central importance to their culture
The "Push Model" is a theory that explains why domestication of animals/plants happened. It suggests that: a) Animals pushed their way into the human settlements and eventually were selectively bred. b) Human groups pushed each other around the globe, causing some groups to succeed over others by domesticating plants and animals. c) Resource depression or scarcity and human population expansion pushed humans to invent domestication and agriculture. d) Human groups who developed domestication and agriculture pushed hunter-gatherers into marginal habitats.
Resource depression or scarcity and human population expansion pushed humans to invent domestication and agriculture.
Overall Objective of Textbook
Review and explore the significance of the long evolutionary history and diversity of human-animal interrelationships.
Conservationists that want to restore the ecosystem of Europe's forests and grasslands are using the DNA of extinct aurochs to selectively breed cattle to not only look like aurochs but also behave like ancient aurochs in the ecosystem. This effort is called ________. a) Ecosystem Engineering b) Artificial Ecology c) Rewilding d) Cross-Fostering
Rewilding
Our Approach to Human-Animal Interrelationships
Science-based and multi-disciplinary, combining materials from different disciplines such as evolutionary biology, psychology, neuroscience, animal behavior, ecology, archaeology, and biological anthropology.
Though horses were domesticated 5-6,000 BP, warfare on horseback emerged much later ~3,000 BP. This required a new kind of horsemanship and horse-human relationship. Which horse culture invented warfare on horseback that required a close relationship? a) Early Kurgan b) Hittites c) Scythian d) Huns e) Mongols
Scythian
Çayönü Tepesi
Settlement site in Turkey that was continuously occupied from 11,000 to 9,000 B.P. with evidence of cattle bones in the size range of domesticated cattle.
Small Pox Virus
Spanish carried it to the New World but were immune to it because of their long history of exposure to domesticated livestock
Stored grain
Stored plant food which attracted rodents who in turn attracted wild cats.
Perissodactyla
Taxonomic group of "odd-toed" hoofed mammals that includes horses, zebras, asses, rhinos, and tapirs
Equid
Taxonomic group that includes horses, asses, and zebras
Molars
Teeth that show a reduction in size due to domestication
Sentience
To be aware of, or feel, something
Reasons for early horse domestication
Transport, meat, milk
According to Edgerton, the most important distinction between farmers and herders is in their typical forms of aggression (i.e., direct vs. indirect). a) True b) False
True
As an example of a close relationship between sheep and sheep-owner, the 2001 epidemic of Foot & Mouth disease led to a large increase in sheep-owner suicide. a) True b) False
True
The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors in the New World led to the spread of the smallpox virus that contributed eventually to the decimation of the Native American population by 90%. a) True b) False
True
The cave paintings at Altamira were so complex and detailed that for many years they were considered a forgery. a) True b) False
True
The significance of the "loose-string task" is that it shows that wolves AND domesticated dogs are cooperative species. True False
True
What led to the increased demand for beef and mutton in London? a) Avian flu affecting poultry supply b) Urbanization c) Poverty d) No choice is correct
Urbanization
Which of the following "products" is NOT commonly utilized from domesticated goats? Question options: a) Hide b) Urine c) Dung d) Meat
Urine
Peter Singer
Utilitarian moral philosopher and sentient animal rights advocate at Princeton University
Lippizaner
War-trained horses brought to the New World by the conquistadors
The evolutionary ancestor of all modern placental mammals, including the group from which the horse evolved, a) Was a small-bodied animal that looked a modern shrew b) Resembled a modern dog in its appearance and behavior c) Most resembled a modern rhinoceros d) Was a large-bodied animal that ate leaves
Was a small-bodied animal that looked a modern shrew
Mongol Empire
Was larger than the Roman Empire at its height, including the conquest of China
Cortes, the conquistador
Was the first to bring the horse "back" to North America
The available genetic evidence indicates that modern dogs evolved from a) the Siberian husky b) an ancestor similar to the African hunting dog c) an animal most similar to the gray wolf d) an ancestor most similar to the modern coyote
an animal most similar to the gray wolf
As it relates to the Hominin Family Tree, please select the correct chronological order from oldest to most recent. a) Homo sapiens, Australopithecus species, early Homo species b) Australopithecus species, early Homo species, Homo sapiens c) early Homo species, Homo sapiens, Australopithecus species d) Australopithecus species, Homo sapiens, early Homo species
b) Australopithecus species, early Homo species, Homo sapiens
One way to describe and understand the biological connection between humans and other animals is a) as different kinds of use b) as types of ecological interrelationships c) as types of emotional interrelationships or bonds d) as different religious doctrine
b) as types of ecological interrelationships
The "human-animal" distinction a) probably originated many millions of years ago with our ape-like ancestors b) likely originated with the domestication of animals, and subsequently justified by Western philosophers c) is supported by our biological understanding of humans and animals which shows how different they are d) none of the choices are correct
b) likely originated with the domestication of animals, and subsequently justified by Western philosophers
In the human lineage, what evolved first? a) large brain size b) upright walking c) fire use
b) upright walking
The paleo archaeological record shows that the horse linage evolved over time. Specifically, the teeth and digits changed as an adaptation from a ______ lifestyle in the moist forests to a ______ lifestyle in grasslands. a) prey, browsing b) browsing, prey c) grazing, browsing d) browsing, grazing
browsing, grazing
There are 3 foci or themes that will appear throughout this course. Select one that will NOT be covered in this course. a) The ethical implications of animal use. b) The close relationship humans have to particular species of animals. c) Appropriate methods for training your dog and cat. d) The causes and consequences of animal domestication.
c) Appropriate methods for training your dog and cat.
Why do people today find savanna-like settings attractive? a) because such setting offer more opportunities for recreation (tree-climbing, camping) b) because savanna grasses were an important food source c) because our ancestors evolved in that type of landscape d) because most people today grow-up or live in a savanna-like setting
c) because our ancestors evolved in that type of landscape
Described in Chapter 2, The archeologist Stephen Mithen has argued that the capacity to read an animal's mind, to see the world from an animal's perspective, first appeared in fully modern humans (i.e., only very recently in human evolution). In Mithen's view, earlier pre-modern ancestral humans, although successful hunters, a) could not learn to understand animal behavior and could not take the perspective of the animal b) only occasionally were able to read another animal's mind c) used mind reading only for other humans but not for other animals d) had no mind-reading capacity
c) used mind reading only for other humans but not for other animals
As described in the textbook (Chapter 1), humans generally place animals into different categories according to their use. However some animals can have multiple uses and thus can fall into multiple cultural categories. For example, in the United States pigs are considered food and sometimes also pets. In other countries, such as ______________ dogs are considered pets and also food. a) India b) Argentina c) Mongolia d) South Korea
d) South Korea
Study of ancient horse DNA shows that by 5,000 BP horses were domesticated because of the increase in genes _____________ as a result of artificial selection. a) for larger size b) for a variety of coat coloration c) for a dental "diastema" allowed placement of bit and bridle d) all choices are correct
for a variety of coat coloration
Based on the goat experiment described in class that tested goat's attunement to human faces and body postures (Nawroth et. al., 2016) we can conclude that a) goats look in the direction the experimenter is looking (i.e., follow eye gaze, like dogs) b) goats attend to whether or not the experimenter's eyes are open c) goats attend to body and head orientation d) goats follow human pointing gestures
goats attend to body and head orientation
Although it is unclear whether goat attunement to humans is due to domestication, one experiment, where goats were given a difficult problem, showed that a) goats refused to cooperate unless the experimenter rewarded them with a treat b) goats often gave up and walked over to the experimenter c) goats look at the experimenter, seemingly requesting help in solving a problem, when the experimenter is turned toward them d) goats were unaffected by the presence of an experiemnter
goats look at the experimenter, seemingly requesting help in solving a problem, when the experimenter is turned toward them
The early Hittite empire had an advantage in war over the Egyptians because the Hittites a) had more effective three-person horse-drawn chariots b) always outnumbered the Egyptians on the battlefield c) had better navigational techniques d) fought on horse-back
had more effective three-person horse-drawn chariots
The archeological site of Çatal Hüyük ... a) shows the importance of cattle to people living around 14,000 B.P. b) was a settlement of well over one million people supported by cattle products c) all choices are correct d) includes ceremonial rooms in which people may have worshiped aurochs
includes ceremonial rooms in which people may have worshiped aurochs
The Babirusa from Sulawesi, Indonesia ... a) is a god in the form of a pig b) are people that hunt and eat wild pigs c) is a pig with unusually enlarged upper and lower tusks d) have pig feasts and go to war every 12 years
is a pig with unusually enlarged upper and lower tusks
In humans, the rare "Williams-Beuren" syndrome is potentially relevant to understanding the genetic basis of tameness. One relevant trait of this syndrome is ... a) dwarfism b) produces unusual patterns of skin pigmentation c) leads to chronic heart problems d) leads to extremely high sociability and trusting behavior
leads to extremely high sociability and trusting behavior
In the US, annual spending on pets has... a) dramatically decreased over the past two decades, due to concerns about transmission of zoonotic diseases b) more than tripled since the early 1990's c) remained constant the last 20 years d) fluctuated greatly since 1994, reflecting changing attitudes about pets
more than tripled since the early 1990's
Dogs can be bad for our health. According to the CDC and other reports, serious harm to our health can occur by all the following EXCEPT one: tripping over a pet overexertion while walking a pet attacks/bites by a pet zoonotic diseases
overexertion while walking a pet
Archeological evidence from the Neolithic shows that a) the first plants to be domesticated were potatoes and beans b) the first permanent settlements were still small, consisting of about 20 mud-walled houses. c) wheat and barley farming first occurred in China d) humans were living in the first permanent settlements around 30,000 B.P.
the first permanent settlements were still small, consisting of about 20 mud-walled houses.
The earliest archaeological evidence indicating sheep and goat domestication pathway consists of the predominance of sheep and goat bones along with large concentrations of their dung in early settlements rope marks on bones indicating they were tethered large amount of wool used in bedding all choices are correct
the predominance of sheep and goat bones along with large concentrations of their dung in early settlements
The primary wild ancestor of the domesticated chicken is a) the yellow jungle fowl b) the green jungle fowl c) the foul smelling jungle d) the black jungle fowl e) the red jungle fowl
the red jungle fowl
Keeping herds of livestock enabled a new way of making a living called pastoralism. Modern types of pastoralism include all EXCEPT Question options: a) nomadic b) transhumance c) ranching d) transmontane e) semi-nomadic
transmontane
Some problems due to breeding programs of intensive selection for a single trait include... (select all that apply) biochemical changes in the animal that causes human health issues blindness due to inbreeding unintended detrimental health consequences to the animal gradual changes in the animal's behavior that may go unnoticed but that have damaging effects
unintended detrimental health consequences to the animal and gradual changes in the animal's behavior that may go unnoticed but that have damaging effects