Admin Physical Education and Sport EXAM 2

Guest Speaker - Notes

- What is your why? - Most important! - his goal for each athlete is to feel good about the gopher experience - Love what you do and work with people who are as passionate as you are - don't be afraid to chase your why - challenge yourself to go beyond your comfort zone - be a leader but also be a good assistant - 90% of the NCAA's revenue comes from the Men's Basketball tournament - University of Minnesota will suffer a 10 million short fall if fall sports begin, a 30 million short fall if we play in empty stadiums and a 70 million short fall if we don't have any sports next year - Be kind and treat people the right way - think and pursue your why - show them what you got and chase your dreams

Guest Speaker: Marc Ryan - ABOUT

Associate Senior AD at the University of Minnesota Native Minnesotan from Rosemount, where his whole family graduated from Started at D2 - Moorhead where he majored in Mass Communications, competed in CC and T&F Got masters from the University of Minnesota Interviewed at UOM right after graduation and did not get the job Moved to D3- First full time job at macalester college was there for 2 years Interviewed at the UOM again for the same position and again did not get the job Moved to Olympics - Got involved with the U.S Olympic committee, went to the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona where he primarily worked with the Men's soccer team Moved to D1 - Worked at villanova for 2 years Had a third opportunity to interview at the UOM again for the same position, this time was hired as the Assistant Sports Information Director and after 5 years was moved to director, has been there for 31 years and has continuously moved up and now is the AD of 11 of the 25 sports.

Record Keeping

Health and medical records, parents' contact information, permission forms, academic eligibility, statistics• The management team is bound to encounter problems related to recruitment, eligibility, scholarships, scouting, finances, substance abuse, and compensation for coaching

RSP - Objectives Recreation

Serve to develop and enhance appreciation, attitudes, and habits that help lay the foundation to an active, healthy lifestyle that will last a lifetime

Substance Abuse

Substance abuse among junior high, middle, high school, and college students is a reality that must be recognized, treated, and combated with preventive measures

Health, Safety, and Welfare of the Student-Athlete

• One of the first requirements for every participant involved in a sport program should be a thorough, vigorous, preparticipation medical examination by an experienced physician to determine physical health status •Proper and well-maintained facilities and equipment should be available to ensure the safety and health of the players

Proselytizing

•A high school or college that has so strongly overemphasized sport that it has stooped to unethical behavior to secure outstanding talent or winning teams •Open enrollment, sports sponsorship, high profile summer camps, and financial incentives lead to legitimate concerns

Policies and Procedures for Organization and Management

•A list of policies and procedures governing the various features of the program should be in writing and well publicized, perhaps in handbook form •Policies and procedures for recreational sports should be developed in at least some areas

Management Guidelines for Elementary School Sport

•All should have opportunities to develop skill in a variety of activities •Should take into account the age and developmental level of the child •Should be a part of an overall school program •Medical supervision of each child should be ensured •Health observation by teachers and others should be encouraged •Sport activities outside the school program should be entirely voluntary • •With a proper blend of common sense and sound management and leadership, competitive sport activities at the elementary school level can lay the foundation for a lifetime of activity

Patterns of Organization - Rec Sports Programs in Colleges and Universities

•An example of one rec sports department's mission statement: •Providing facilities for academic units and athletics •Offering opportunities for student employment and development •Cultivating interest and opportunity in active leisure pursuits •Increasing knowledge of wellness and health-related fitness •Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors •Providing facilities and programs that encourage interaction among members of the university community •Introducing members of the public to university facilities and programs •Hosting state, national, and international sports competitions and special events •Making the university more attractive to both prospective and current students, faculty, and staff •One of the core areas of growth in rec sports programming is sports clubs •Other areas include intramurals, outdoor pursuit activities, fitness, faculty and staff leagues, and summer sport camps •Student involvement in the management process is integral and ranges from the formulation of recreational sport policy to officiating

Recreational Sport Council Members

•An important feature of the overall management of a rec sports program is a rec sports council, which is usually an elected body with representatives from the participants, central administration, and rec sports staff

Selected Sporting Associations

•An individual school or college, by itself, finds it difficult to develop standards and control sport in a sound educational manner •However, uniting with similar schools and colleges makes such a formidable task possible •Various types of sport associations exist •High School - Conferences and Leagues, State High School Associations •College - NCAA, NAIA, respective conferences throughout the country

Recruitment

•At the college level, millions of dollars are spent during the recruiting process •Athletic departments are hiring external consultants to assist compliance officers in conducting seminars for the management team, including coaching staffs, about effective and legal recruiting

Scouting

•Attending games or watching film

Finances and Publicity/Promotion

•Because these programs often make significant contributions to educational objectives as do other parts of the educational program, they should be financed out of board of education and central administration funds just as other phases of the school are financed •At the university level the traditional practice has been to share in equal mixture of central administration funding (50%) and student fees (50%) •Alternative methods of financing used by some schools, universities, and organizations exist •Good publicity and promotion will result in greater student participation and better parental and public understanding and support

Management Personnel Involved in Sports Programs - Coach

•Coach •Should be recognized as a form of teaching •Try to instill character, honesty, self-discipline, personal responsibility •Must be able to teach the fundamentals and strategies of the sport •Understand the player, how the individual functions at a particular level of development •Understand the game, thorough knowledge of techniques, rules, strategies •Desirable personality and character - patience, understanding, kindness, honesty, common sense, communication skills are imperative

Management Personnel Involved in Sports Programs - Coach

•Coach •Should be recognized as a form of teaching •Try to instill character, honesty, self-discipline, personal responsibility •Must be able to teach the fundamentals and strategies of the sport •Understand the player, how the individual functions at a particular level of development •Understand the game, thorough knowledge of techniques, rules, strategies •Desirable personality and character - patience, understanding, kindness, honesty, common sense, communication skills are imperative •In some situations, the only qualification coaches possess is that they have played the game or sport in high school, college, or sometimes, as a professional. National Standards for Athletic Coaches (NASPE) identified standards for coaches in the following domains: •Injuries - Prevention, care, and management •Risk Management •Growth, development, and learning •Training, conditioning, and nutrition •Social/psychological dimensions •Skills, tactics, and strategies •Teaching, administration, and management •Professional preparation and development

Management Personnel Involved in Sports Programs - Academic Support

•Colleges and universities have made a concerted effort to improve their academic image and graduation rates of student-athletes •Once the student-athlete arrives on campus, many believe that academic support should play a significant role •With the renewal of the effort to reform big-time college athletics, academic support units will continue to grow and play an important role in the recruitment, retention, and academic prowess and progress of the student-athlete

Management Guidelines For Competitive Sport Programs in Other Organizations

•Competitive sport programs also exist in forms other than the formal educational setting. Community organizations and businesses, recreation and park districts, Ys, and the traditional golf and tennis clubs offer tremendous opportunities for all age-groups to compete •Should be geared to the age, developmental level, and needs of the participants •Many advantages from belonging to leagues and conferences rather than playing independently •Usually sports sponsored by educational institutions take special interest to provide for health and safety, whereas other organizations may not have that same focus

Crowd Control and Safety

•Crowd control incidents involving unruly fans and players at events have served notice that this is important for the safety of all •Well planned crowd control and crisis management programs are crucial parts of risk management and essential for athletic departments

Organizational Considerations - Records

•Efficient management of the program will necessitate keeping records. These records should not be extensive but should contain the information needed to effectively conduct the program. •Additionally, program records concerning critical numbers and demographics, as well as assessment outcomes determining the worth, value and progress of program units, should be key components of the annual reporting process.

•Basic Objectives of the Special Olympics

•Encourage development of comprehensive PE and recreation programs for the mentally impaired in schools, day care, and residential facilities •Prepare the impaired for sport competition - particularly where no opportunities and programs exist •Supplement existing activities and programs in schools, communities •Provide training for volunteer coaches to enable them to work with youth in PE, fitness, recreation, and sports activities

Management Concerns for Colleges and Universities

•Estimated that 40%-80% of college students participate in rec sports •Despite the increase, finances remain a prime concern •Most programs' primary source of revenue are institutional funds and student fees •A trend toward decreasing institutional funding has challenged many programs to create alternative sources of funding

Patterns of Organization - Rec Sports Programs in Other Organizations

•Example - The corporate setting offers a wide range of health-related physical activities and rec sport leagues for their employees •Example - Military also offers a full compliment of rec sports programming to their men, women, and dependents sometimes under civilian management •Other Examples - YMCA/YWCA, Boys/Girls Clubs, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, community centers, park and recreation districts, religious organizations, and other youth and adult-serving agencies

Officials

•Excellent officials are necessary for a quality rec sports program. They should have special qualifications, a knowledge of the activity, the participants, the goals of the program, and the organization's philosophy of competition

Commercial Health, Fitness, and Wellness Industry

•Focuses for the most part on adult fitness and sport pursuits, although most clubs are not catering to all age-groups to keep their competitive edge •The commercial health and fitness industry is profit motivated, which differentiates it from many corporate and community-based PE, health-related fitness, and sport programs •Facilities at a typical center - varied and many •Programs focus on fitness assessment and profiling, exercise prescription, weight management and nutrition •Personnel often include instructors, personal trainers, business managers, and sales, marketing, and promotions specialists

Selected Sporting Associations - National Collegiate Athletic Association

•Formed in 1906 - Origin was the alarming number of football injuries and the fact that there was no institutional control of the game •Purposes of the NCAA: •Initiate and improve programs for student-athletes, promote educational leadership, excellence, and participation •Uphold the principle of institutional control •Encourage its members to adopt eligibility rules to comply with standards •Formulate, copyright, and publish rules of play governing intercollegiate athletics •Preserve records •Supervise conduct of events •Cooperate with other amateur organizations in promoting and conducting events •Legislate any concern to the members

Selected Sporting Associations - National Association for Girls and Women in Sport

•Founded in 1899, the National Association for Girls and Women in Sport (NAGWS) is concerned with the conduct of sports for girls and women •Strives to develop and deliver equitable and quality sport opportunities in research, advocacy, and leadership development •Goals of NAGWS: •Increase programs and services for underserved populations •Maximize utilization of members professional expertise •Active, involved, knowledgeable, and diverse membership •Involvement at the grassroots level •Advocate for US government laws and policies •Capitalize on sport as a viable business

Patterns of Organization - Rec Sports Programs in Elementary School

•Guidelines for recreational sports programs to follow: •Basic instructional offering geared to the needs, interests, and growth and development •Qualified leadership, understanding the physical, mental, emotional, and social needs of the child •Cooperative and team-building games and large-muscle activities •Competition should involve only those children who are developmentally compatible •Competition should be limited to grades 4-6. Kindergarten-grade 3 should focus on basic instructional PE program •Desirable health, physical, social, and emotional outcomes for students should be the goal of rec sport programs •Tackle football and other contact activities should not be encouraged •Program planning should involve students, parents, administrators, and the community

Selected Sporting Associations - National Federation of State High School Associations

•High School competition for boys began in Michigan in the late 1890s •Midwest Federation of State High School Athletic Associations was established in 1920 - in 1923, it became national in name and scope •Goals of NFHS: •To serve, protect, and enhance the interscholastic programs provided by the members for their schools and students •Promote the educational values of interscholastic athletics and activities •Regulate those activities which, in determination of the members, can be best administered on a national level •Formulate and publish competition rules •Preserve records and information source •Identify needs and problems related to athletics and activities

Corporate or Workplace Health, Fitness, and Wellness Programs - Rex Wellness Centers

•Housed within the Rex Healthcare System, Rex Wellness Centers are one of the United State's first comprehensive medically supervised health and wellness center systems •They are not your typical corporate or commercial health, fitness, or wellness center as they serve not only their system employees but also referred outpatient clientele who need rehabilitation to return to their daily routine •Since 1986 when the first center was opened, Rex Wellness has provided a model program that partners corporate, medical-related, and socially responsible community fitness and wellness. •Recognizing that there is not "one size fits all" exercise programs, all programs are expertly tailored, professionally supervised and designed for lifestyle change

Corporate or Workplace Health, Fitness, and Wellness Programs - IBM

•IBM is a fixture on Fortune Magazine's 100 Best Companies to Work For and has a tradition of concern and commitment for the health and well-being of its employees, retirees, and their families •Management believes that healthy employees are more productive and enjoy a state of well-being that contributes to the quality of life at work, at home, and in the community •Reducing health risks among its workforce pays off in these ways: •Lower health-care costs •Reduced absenteeism •Improved productivity •Decreased disability and workers compensation •Increased morale •Enhanced recruitment and retention

Corporate or Workplace Health, Fitness, and Wellness Programs - IBM - continued

•IBM's health promotion and wellness for employees took form in the 1960s and has evolved over time to a cutting edge three-step wellness intervention framework and delivery system •Ultimate goal is to foster long-term behavior change and commitment to healthy living and a healthy lifestyle

Injuries, Insurance, and Risk Management

•Injured players should be examined and diagnosed by a physician - the athletic trainer is not a substitute for a physician •In many states, the state high school association sponsors an athletic insurance plan •Every school, college, or organization should have a written policy concerning health, safety, and injury and insurance

Organizational Considerations - Eligibility

•It is generally agreed that in schools and colleges players should not be allowed to participate in like activities when they are on the varsity team or squad •Unbecoming conduct should be handled in a manner that is in the best interests of the individual concerned, the program, and the established code of student •Certain activities by their very nature are not appropriate for individuals with certain health problems •Several states have instituted policies linking academic achievement (GPA) and attendance of students with their eligibility to participate in extracurricular activities

Management Personnel Involved in Sports Programs - Director of Athletics

•Key management personnel involved in sports programs include the director of athletics, the coach, athletic trainer, athletic or sport council, and members of the academic support and compliance teams •Director of Athletics •Budget, Hiring/Evaluating coaches, equipment/supplies, Fundraising, Compliance, Eligibility of athletes •Although the scope and division of duties might vary from school to university level and Division III to Division I, the basic skills remain consistent •Larger schools have associate and assistant directors to help with duties •Sports Information or Media Relations director •NCAA also designates a Senior Women's Administrator position in each collegiate athletic department

Management Personnel

•Key persons involved are the director, associate and assistant directors, program managers, student leaders, recreational sports council members, and officials

Corporate or Workplace Health, Fitness, and Wellness Programs

•Many large and small corporations and businesses have begun to offer employee health, fitness, and wellness programs •These companies have found that improved fitness and wellness among their ranks lead to improved workplace health, decreased employee absenteeism, and higher levels of employee productivity and job satisfaction •These in-house health, fitness, and wellness programs save an estimated ten dollars for each one dollar invested, which is why over seven billion dollars is spent annually in health and fitness-related corporate environments

The Director and Management Team

•Many larger schools, colleges, corporations, and other organizations have established the position of director of recreational sports •In larger institutions besides a director, there may be an associate, assistant, and program directors or managers

Selected Management Functions in Competitive Sport Programs

•Many management functions are pertinent to the directing of a competitive sport program, including the following: •Event, Game, Facility, and Practice Scheduling •Contracts •Health and Safety of Student-Athletes •Injuries •Insurance and Risk Management •Officials •Transportation •Event and Game Management •Crowd control •Protests •Forfeiture and cancelled games •Awards and Honors •Record Keeping

Organizational Considerations - Point Systems

•Many rec sports programs have a cumulative point system figured on an all-year basis, which maintains interest and enthusiasm over the course of the school year and encourages greater participation in a wide range of programming initiatives

Event and Game Management

•Most large colleges hire event, game, and tournament managers on a full time basis •Many details must be attended to, including pregame responsibilities, game responsibilities, postgame responsibilities, emergency plans, and preparation for away games •Responsibilities for home games might include equipment, parking, pregame and halftime entertainment, tickets/credentials, security, ushers, scoreboard, PA system, and emergency care procedures

The Role of Sport in Society

•Most researchers and organizations such as the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) contend that sport possesses the following societal functions: •Emotional Release •Affirmation of Identity •Social Control •Socialization •Change Agent •Collective Conscience •Success

Management Personnel Involved in Sports Programs - Athletic/Sport Council

•Most schools have some type of athletic or sport council, advisory board, or committee that establishes and is responsible for the conduct of sport policies and procedures for the institution •Functions of sport councils at the high school level mirror somewhat that of college faculty athletic committees and includes making, reviewing, and recommending policy, eligibility issues, advising the athletic director, approving schedules and budgets, evaluation, approving codes of ethics •Athletic councils at the collegiate level usually include several faculty members, alumni, and elected student-athletes

Selected Sporting Associations - NAIA, NJCAA, AAU

•NAIA - National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, formed in 1937, primary function is to promote the education and development of students through intercollegiate participation •NJCAA - National Junior College Athletic Association, formed in 1937, organization of junior colleges •AAU - Amateur Athletic Union, formed in 1888, one of the largest and oldest single, nonprofit, volunteer organizations designed to regulate and promote the conduct of amateur sport •AAU is concerned with ensuring that the amateur status of athletes is maintained at all times

Scholarships

•Not confined to colleges, the situation extends to private high schools and prep schools

Strategic Program Planning in Recreational Sports

•One of the most important functions of the rec sports manager is the crafting of the strategic plan concerning programs •Involves a number of steps or phases that can be modified for most management circumstances: •Mission or Vision of Accomplishment •Overview/Analysis of the Situation •Specification of Goals •Identification of Constraints •Identification of Resources •Formulation of the Plan •Implementation •Assessment

Organizational Considerations - Scheduling

•One of the most popular and convenient scheduling times for schools is late afternoon, especially in the fall and spring - proven best for many elementary, junior high, middle, and senior high schools •Evenings have been used quite extensively at colleges, and this trend has been followed in many high schools

RSP - Objectives Psychosocial Development

•Opportunities for psychosocial development are numerous in recreational sport activities •Through many social contacts, coeducational experiences, and playing on and against other teams, desirable qualities are developed

Management Guidelines For Interscholastic and Intercollegiate Sport Programs

•Organization - Should be implemented by the director of athletics •Staff - Ideally, members of the coaching staff should be on faculty •Finances - Governed by similar policies of other educational areas •Health, Safety, and Risk Management - Written policy in place •Eligibility - Participate, honor, and respect rules and regulations •Recruiting - Follow applicable rules and procedures •Awards/Honors - Meaningful when kept in perspective •Evaluation - Should be practiced on an ongoing basis to provide strong feedback and constant improvement of the program

Professional Qualifications and Responsibilities of Public and Private Sector PE and Sport Personnel - continued

•Other associated responsibilities of health and fitness industry professionals and specialists are: •Direct exercise, fitness, and health-related wellness programs •Train, supervise, and counsel staff •Develop and manage the program budget •Design, manage, and maintain the facility •Market and sell the program and facility •Develop individual exercise prescriptions and health-related training packages •Evaluate and/or counsel participants, about nutrition, smoking, substance abuse, weight control, and stress reduction •Accumulate program data for statistical analysis, research, and reporting

Professional Qualifications and Responsibilities of Public and Private Sector PE and Sport Personnel - continued

•Other qualifications that come in handy are the ability to repair and maintain equipment, construct online newsletters and web sites, create and design a wide range of exercise, fitness, health, and wellness programs, sell, promote, and market memberships, and develop or adopt a personality and communication style conducive to the specific workplace setting •The responsibilities of personnel involved with corporate and workplace organizations, commercial fitness, health and wellness industries, and community-based PE and sport programs cover the total spectrum of work endeavor

Benefits of Competitive Sport

•Physical Fitness •Sport Skill and Knowledge •Develop neuromuscular skills that will enable them to respond instantly and effectively in a competitive sport situation •Research indicates that persons who participate in sports when they are young are more likely to lead physically active lives as they age •Individual Development •Leadership, cooperation, teamwork, loyalty, decision-making •Social Development •Cooperation, self-sacrifice, and respect for other people •Sport in the Global Village •Sport has served to bring the world together

Awards and Honors

•Policy should be determined by the athletic or sport council, conference, league, or management team at each level

Management Personnel Involved in Sports Programs - Athletic Trainer/Sports Medicine

•Prevention, recognition, assessment, and management of injuries at all levels of competitive sport •Qualifications - Prevention of injuries, first aid, postinjury treatment, and rehabilitation, as well as educational counseling •Personal Qualifications - Emotional stability under stress, ability to act rationally when injuries occur, standard of ethics •Four-year college curriculum that emphasizes biological and physical sciences •Must work closely with administrators, coaches, physicians, school medical personnel, athletes, (and agents at the professional level) and parents in a cooperative effort

Organizational Considerations - Protests and Forfeitures

•Procedures and policies should be established in advance so that all participants involved know what the rules are when a protest is made and when forfeitures of contests take place

Corporate or Workplace Health, Fitness, and Wellness Programs - General Mills - continued

•Program Goals and Objectives: •Physical Well-Being - Exercising, eating well, controlling body weight, and being aware of the risk factors associated with heart disease, diabetes, and cancer •Mental Well-Being - Release of stress in one's life and involvement in activities that are recreational, relaxing, and healthy •Social Well-Being - Improving interpersonal relations, controlling chemical usage, and being aware of personal safety

Protests, Forfeitures, and Called Games

•Proper knowledge of the rules, good officiating, elimination of undue pressures, and proper education will help prevent these things •Procedure should be clearly stated in writing and have details

Patterns of Organization - Rec Sports Programs in the High School

•Rec sport activities should be varied and should focus on skill development, fun, building positive self-images, cooperation, and friendly challenges and competition as well as setting a positive tone for lifetime participation •Personnel should be well-trained professionals •Qualified officials

RSP - Objectives Skill

•Recreational sports activities allow every individual to develop and display his or her skills in various physical activities settings •Most individuals enjoy activities in which they have developed skill

Relation to Basic Instructional and Highly Organized Athletic Programs

•Recreational sports activities and interscholastic and intercollegiate sports are integral phases of the total sport program in a school or college •Includes the intramural and extramural programs, sport clubs, and varsity sport as well as the basic instructional physical education program •The basic instructional program in PE is viewed by many physical educators as the foundation for recreational and competitive sports programs •Recreational sports are for everyone, varsity sports are for those individuals who are highly skilled in sport-specific activities •Very little conflict should exist among the three phases of the total sports program •Although the basic PE and Rec sports programs in a school or college are designed for every student, in theory they generally attract beginning students or those with moderate levels of skill

RSP - Objectives Health and Fitness

•Recreational sports activities contribute to the physical, social, and emotional health of the individual •They contribute to physical health through participation in activities offering healthful exercise •Recreational sports contribute to psychosocial health through group participation and working toward achievement of group goals •Participation also contributes to emotional health by helping a person achieve self-confidence and improve his or her self-concept

Recreational Sports Considerations

•Recreational sports and physical education professionals must provide the leadership to outsource their combined talents and expertise to our more active than ever senior population •Recreational sports objectives must include provisions for: •Opportunities for both genders as well as our older citizens and persons with disabilities to participate in wholesome physical activity experiences •Cooperative experience through physical activity for all in order to enhance self-esteem and develop interdependence •Participants to enjoy themselves, develop friendships •Participants to gain the skills, understanding, information, and the support network needed •Providing our senior population with meaningful recreation and leisure pursuit activities must be addressed

Recreational Sports Programs - Objective

•Recreational sports programs have evolved and expanded tremendously throughout the country •The objectives of the programs may be classified under four headings: •Health and Fitness •Skill •Psychosocial Development •Recreation

Management Personnel Involved in Sports Programs - Compliance

•Role - Develop an educational environment whereby everyone, directly or indirectly involved in the program, understands and complies with the rules of the sport-governing bodies

Coaching Compensation

•Scales often have compensation formulas including hours spent, length of season, number of participants, and experience

Eligibility

•Should be in writing, and clearly understood •NFHS considers a student ineligible if the student has: accepted money or compensation, played under an assumed name, has competed with a team whose players were paid, or has signed a contract to play with a pro team •College - Academic test scores, GPA, transfer, amateur status

Officials

•Should be well qualified, certified, licensed •Frequently chosen by the home team with approval from opponents or the conference

Organizational Considerations - Activities

•Should reflect the needs and interests of the students or members •Selected in accordance with the season of the year •Co-ed recreational activities •School PE program should be coordinated with activities in rec sports •Should require little special equipment and not require long periods of training •Consideration given to specialized recreational activities •Selected with special attention to the ability, safety, and risk management of the participant and provider

Student Leaders/Employees

•Student involvement in all phases of education has been steadily increasing

Management Guidelines For Sport For People With Varying Disabilities

•Students in the adapted/developmental sport program need activities that have carryover value •Special Olympics - Designed to provide mentally retarded youths with opportunities to participate in a variety of sports and games on local, state, regional, national, and international levels

High School Leagues, College Conferences, and Foundations - MSHSL - continued

•The MSHSL adheres to the following governing values: •Equity, fairness, and justice •Activities that support the academic mission of schools •Fair play and honorable competition •Activities that support healthy lifestyles •Treating people with dignity and respect •Research indicates that students in league activities tend to have higher GPAs, better attendance records, lower dropout rates, and fewer discipline problems that the general student population does •College conferences, Women Sports Foundation also provide numerous career opportunities for those looking to get into the sports industry

High School Leagues, College Conferences, and Foundations - MSHSL

•The Minnesota State High School League (MSHSL) is a voluntary, nonprofit association of public and private schools with a history of service to Minnesota youth since 1916 •The MSHSL has long been recognized as a national leader in student chemical health awareness and education, for its leadership in gender equity, and for developing activities and state championships for students with disabilities •Mission - To provide educational opportunities through interscholastic athletics and fine arts programs for students and leadership and support for its member schools

Place in Management Structure

•The director of recreational sports in an elementary, junior high, middle, or secondary school is usually responsible to the director of physical education or athletics/activities •At some colleges, the rec sports department might also fall under the control of a director of PE or athletics and in some instances, a student activities director •In some larger colleges and universities, recreational sports departments maintain separate divisions, similar to the PE or athletic divisions, and receive the same considerations concerning staff members, finances, facilities, equipment, supplies, and other departmental essentials

Patterns of Organization - Rec Sports Programs in Junior High or Middle School

•The junior high and middle schools provide a setting in which many students develop a keen interest in sport and physical activity •This is a time of limitless energy, physiological change, and immense psychosocial challenge

Management Concerns in K-12 School

•The management of recreational sports at the elementary, junior high, middle, and secondary school levels presents some problems that are peculiar to these programs •In many colleges and universities, students live in dormitories and on campus, but students in K-12 systems do not have such living arrangements •Managers of school recreational sport programs need to be creative when trying to initiate such programs

Organizational Considerations

•The organization of a rec sports program involves selecting: •Activities •Scheduling •Determining eligibility •Establishing awards/point systems •Maintaining records •Planning health and fitness assessments •Financing •Publicity and Promotion

Professional Qualifications and Responsibilities of Public and Private Sector PE and Sport Personnel

•The qualifications required to gain employment in the various public and private sector PE and sport professions are similar in nature but expanded in scope, diversity, and intensity from that of the teacher, coach, or athletic director •An internship in a public or private sector PE or sport setting is also likely necessary as is relative work experience •Solid communication and people skills are crucial as well •Education preparation and professional certification are crucial because they not only provide the employee with expertise to serve the user more effectively, but also provide experience, as well as great management training

Organizational Considerations - Awards

•There are arguments for and against granting awards for rec sports involvement •For - Stimulate interest, incentive for participation, and recognition •Against - Expense, recognizing only a few

Competitive Structuring

•There are several different ways of structuring competition within most recreational sports programs - three of the most common are LEAGUES, TOURNAMENTS, and SPECIAL EVENTS •Round-Robin Tournament - One of the most widely used and best types, because it allows for maximal play •Single-Elimination Tournament - One defeat eliminates a player or team •Double-Elimination Tournament - A team or individual must lose twice before being eliminated

Transportation

•Trend in high school sport is to view competitive sport as an integral part of the educational program so that public funds are used for transportation •Athletes and representatives of the school or college (pep band members, cheerleaders) should travel only in transportation provided by the school •Written records should always be confirmed and kept on file by the athletic director and coach

Finances

•University funds, gate receipts, donations and gifts, endowments, activity fees, preferred seating, corporate sponsorship, media contracts •High School level - Student fees and booster clubs have helped keep competitive sport programs intact

Contracts

•Used to schedule games, specifically prepared forms for use by member schools or colleges •Usually provide for penalties if contracts are breached by either party

Computer Utilization in Recreational Sports and Medical Exam

•Virtually all data relating to recreational sports, including names, addresses, and all personal information can be managed more effectively with computer technology •Medical examinations should be required of all participants as a safeguard to their health as well as legal protection for the program •In some schools, this requirement is handled through annual school or health services medical exams, and at other schools, through personal medical exams given before a seasonal activity starts

Event, Game, Facility, and Practice Scheduling

•When leagues and conferences are in place, schedules are usually made many months or years in advance, leaving the athletic director or coach few windows of opportunity for nonconference matches •Factors that may affect scheduling - Environmental conditions, gate receipts, number of participants, playoffs and tournaments, transportation and logistics, availability of facilities

Corporate or Workplace Health, Fitness, and Wellness Programs - General Mills

•Workplace health promotion began in earnest in the early 1980s under the title Framework - A Healthy Lifestyle Program •The corporation and its Foundation are committed to social responsibility and are strong supporters of the Olympic Games, Special Olympics, Habitat for Humanity, and other worthy community-based programs, including children's school PE through its Youth Fitness and Nutrition Champions Programs