Adolescent Diversity: Socioeconomic Status

Traditional Mexican families have a matriarchal orientation patriarchal orientation equalitarian orientation. fluid orientation.

patriarchal orientation NO

________ is/are the glue that binds African American families together. Family get-togethers Television The African American church Computers

the African American church

Although African Americans make up only 13 percent of the U.S. population

37..5% of the inmates in Federal prisons are Black

Racism

A set of beliefs and behaviors that serve to create disadvantages for identifiable groups of people.

More than half of the inhabitants in our nation's capital are Hispanic African American. Caucasian. immigrants.

African American

In what ways have the lives of African Americans improved over the past 20 years?

African Americans are less likely to be poor and more likely to attend college than they were 20 years ago. On the other hand, the wage gap between Blacks and Whites has widened, and it is often the case that the public schools Blacks attend are less well funded than those attended primarily by Whites.

Resiliency

An individual's ability to succeed in spite of adversity and hardship

Assets

An individual's traits that promote resiliency.

Why are adolescent pregnancy and birthrates high in the Mexican American society?

Because of a lack of information about birth control, religious prohibitions against many forms of birth control, and fear of parental disapproval for sexual activity, adolescent pregnancy and birthrates are high.

Well-educated _____ have lower rates of divorce, mental illness, and public assistance than the general U.S. population. African Americans Chinese Americans Puerto Ricans Native Americans

Chinese Americans

Resources

Factors outside of the individual that promote resiliency, such as the presence of supportive parents.

Commonly Identified Assets and Resource Factors

Individual Assets Family Resources Community Resources

Community Resources

Involved, caring teachers Stable friendships Presence of mentors Presence of safe havens

Limitations Faced by Adolescents of Low Socioeconomic Status

Limited Opportunities Helplessness, Powerlessness Deprivation and Hardship Insecurity

How do the lives of low-socioeconomic-status (SES) adolescents differ from the lives of middle-class adolescents?

Low-SES adolescents are less likely than middle-class youths to be raised by both their biological parents. In addition, their parents are less likely to be home after school and more likely to be strict when they are home. Low-SES adolescents are more likely than middle-class teens to experience both physical and psychological illnesses, and they are also less likely to finish high school.

Are most American Latinos illegal immigrants?

Most certainly not! Seventy-five percent of American Latinos are citizens, and another 10 percent are here legally.

Which minority group in the United States has the lowest standard of living according to the text? African Americans Asian Americans Puerto Ricans Native Americans

Native Americans

Are most Mexican Americans farmers or migrant workers?

Neither. Most Mexican Americans live in urban areas. Only a minority are migrant workers. And not all migrant workers are Mexican American or even Latino; there are a significant number of Black migrant workers.

Family Resources

Parents provide emotional support Parents foster self-sufficiency and independence. Children are expected to assume responsibility Good role models are present

Individual Assets

Resilient personalities Genetic endowment High goal setters Intelligent Possess sustained, intense interests Use appropriate, successful coping strategies Internal locus of control Are spiritual or are involved in a religious organization: Strong ethnic identity Are involved in the community

Positive Characteristics of African American Families

Strong Kinship Bonds Adaptable Roles Strong Religious Orientation

What is arguably the greatest problem facing American Latinos?

The most pressing problem for the Latino community is the mismatch between Latino children and the schools they attend. As a result of language difficulties, inadequate funding, and cultural misunderstanding, needed skills are not being learned and diplomas are not being earned. This situation only perpetuates the levels of social isolation and high unemployment.

If researchers wanted to pinpoint where the majority of the rural poor live in the United States, which section of the map would he examine? The Northeastern states The Southwestern states The Southeastern states The Midwest

The southwestern states NO

What is the cycle of poverty?

The term cycle of poverty refers to the vicious circle that characterizes the experiences of impoverished people, who find it difficult to move into the middle class. For example, if you are poor, you will likely go to an inadequately funded high school. Even if you work hard, you will likely learn less than your middle-class peers. Because of this, you will be less likely to go to college or get a good job. And if you can't get a good job, you will have no legitimate way to earn enough money to raise your standard of living.

What does low socioeconomic status mean?

The term low socioeconomic status will be used to discuss adolescents who are of lower social class and are poor. Unlike other commonly used terms, this term represents both low-social standing and low-income levels.

Latinos experience disproportionate rates of chronic diseases

These include diabetes, HIV, and obesity, which are more prevalent in Latino populations compared to Whites and other minorities.

How do African American families differ from White families?

When most African Americans think of the family in which they were raised, that group likely includes their aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents, and even their parents' close friends. Their family likely had flexible gender roles, and it was more likely that they regularly attended church than their White peers.

The biggest factor that refugees face, in general, is acculturation stress. conflicting religious beliefs with the host nation. lack of native food available to them. mental illness.

acculturation stress

According to recent statistics, 37.5% of inmates in federal prisons are White. Black. Hispanic. immigrants.

black

Flexible gender roles are most commonly seen in which minority group? Hispanics Blacks Asians Middle Eastern Americans

blacks

One particular health condition that adolescents who live in poverty tend to have is ulcers. chronic high blood pressure. gluten-intolerance. poor circulation.

chronic high blood pressure

According to Garbarino (2008), youth of low socioeconomic status are immersed in social ambiguity social toxicity cognitive dissonance ambivalence

cognitive dissonance NO

A typical traditional Native American family does not exist. consists of a matriarchal system. consists of a patriarchal system. is common

does not exist

Poverty rates amount African Americans are substantially higher than in the past. down in comparison to the past. growing exponentially. similar to two decades ago.

down in comparison to the past

Low-SES families are less stable than families of higher-SES because of lower intelligence levels and lower motivation levels. early marriages and economic struggles. larger families and lower intelligence levels. poor health and lower motivation levels.

early marriages and economic struggles

Research indicates that Blacks, more than their White counterparts, are more likely to choose careers based upon prestige rather than economic earning power. their intrinsic interests. economic earning power rather than prestige their family's influences

economic earing power rather than prestige

One of the biggest inequities in the Latino community in comparison to other minority groups is educational attainment. healthcare benefits. earning potential. homelessness.

educational attainment

According to a meta-analysis of 74 families that examined the relationship between educational achievement and poverty, families who live in neighborhoods where poverty is high have children who do poorly in school. engage in disruptive behavior. engage in risky health behavior. have lower intelligence levels

engage in disruptive behavior NO

Individuals of low socioeconomic status typically face insecurity have a lower intelligence levels come from larger families have more health issues than other youth

face insecurity

When low-SES youths start to feel that they are "outcasts", they typically seek friendships with out-of-school youths. the help of school administrators. the guidance of their parents the help of relatives.

friendships with out-of-school youths

•Education is a fundamental part of

getting ahead, given the importance of good reading skills, abilities to think critically, and good math skills for most high-paying jobs.

Today, African Americans are still segregated in the workplace in counties and communities. with regard to healthcare benefits. on the playground

in counties and communities

if an African American adolescent received a harsher legal sentence than a Caucasian adolescent, this would be considered _______ racism. impartial institutional unequivocal stereotypical

institutional

Felicia is a minority adolescent, and she has recently begun to feel negative about herself in general and based upon her race. Felicia is most likely experiencing internal racism. cognitive dissonance. self-activated racism esteem-relevant racism.

internal racism

Statistically, Blacks are more likely to work in _______ than Whites. the public sector white collar positions intrinsically oriented careers nonprofit organizations

intrinsically oriented careers NO

Govo is a Hispanic male and just turned 18. One of the most important traits that his parents are looking to see him display is intellectual curiosity. machismo. empathy. extraversion.

machismo

According to the text, Black women make up very little of the Black workforces. make up almost the entire Black workforce. make up more than half of the Black workforce. make up none of the Black workforce.

make up more than half of the Black Workforce

It is hypothesized that low-SES adolescents become very peer-oriented to gain financial support receive educational support obtain a sense of security gain social status

obtain a sense of security

Which of the following factors do individuals of low-SES have a high rate of? Out-of-wedlock birthrates Emergency room visits Credit card debt Early death rate

out-of-wedlock birthrates

Arab American adolescents are faced with increasing pressure to not obtain an education and enter the workforce immediately. obtain an education early, then marry later in life. participate in activities that conflict with their religious beliefs. bring extended family members into the United States

participate in activities that conflict with their religious beliefs

Research indicates Native Americans, in general, are future-oriented individuals past-oriented individuals time-oriented individuals present-oriented individuals

past-oriented individuals no

The phrase the cycle of poverty conveys the idea that

poverty perpetuates poverty

•Studies have shown that educational performance and achievement is closely linked to

poverty, with families living in poverty having children who do poorer in school.

Which of the following parenting styles would research (Crnic & Low, 2002) predict that a parent from a low-SES single household uses when raising his or her children? Punitive Relaxed ambivalent Authoritative

punitive

Blacks and Whites still attend segregated, or largely segregated schools because races are not well-integrated residentially. prior laws enforce this regulation school boards have been neglectful of their personal school choices.

races are not well-intergrated residentially

_____ systematic disadvantage of identifiable groups of people. Segregation is a Stereotypes are a Prejudice is a Racism is a

racism is a

Stefan recently lost his job and was unemployed for 14 months. During this period, he experienced low self-esteem and anxiety. However, after applying for many jobs and never giving up, he was hired at a local accounting firm, and his self-esteem and anxiety are back to normal levels. Researchers would use the term ______ to describe Stefan's personality and comeback. "tenacious" "conditioned strength" "resiliency" "learned tenacity"

resiliency

Research indicates that it is ________ that most consistently influences minority youth today, and not _______ being in the minority; cultural differences. cultural differences; being in the minority self-esteem; being in the minority. one's physique; cultural differences.

self-esteem, being in the minority NO one's physique, cultural differences NO

Adolescents who have a ________ are more likely to be resilient individuals. neutral ethnic identity weak ethnic identity conflicting ethnic identity strong ethnic identity

strong ethnic identity

Adolescents who have a ________ are more likely to be resilient individuals. neutral ethnic identity weak ethnic identity conflicting ethnic identity strong ethnic identity

strong ethnic identity

Minority adolescents share one commonality, which is that they have poor nutritional habits. they have lower self-esteem levels. they have consistently lower levels of education they are readily identifiable

the are readily identifiable

Low SES youth experience greater rates of psychological problems and mental illness as a result of

the stresses, stigma, and lack of security and stability they experience

Many homeless adolescents in the United States do no take advantage of government aid. try to emigrate to less expensive countries. are found in psychiatric wards. turn to panhandling.

turn to panhandling

Children from low-SES families tend to have ______ ties with their parents and _____ ties with their peers. strong; strong weak; weak strong; weak weak; strong

weak, strong

income gaps between whites and non-whites

•Black men earn 76 percent of White men's salaries. •Black women earn 86 percent of White women's salaries.

Three aspects to racism

•Institutional racism is when there are inequalities in societal patterns that have the net effect of imposing oppressive conditions against identifiable groups. •Individual racism occurs at the interpersonal level and takes the form of actions such as harassment or micro-aggressions. •Internal racism results from racist attitudes targeted against a person that become accepted by that individual.

Causes of inequality among the Latino American students

•Often the primary language spoken at home is not English. •They are more likely to be held back, and to be behind in key subjects.

Reasons why blacks tend to have higher rates of unemployment

•Part of this is due to the finding that Blacks are more likely to lose their jobs than Whites when the economy is bad. •Other contributors exist, such as lower education and lack of skills.

Parent stress that comes with low socioeconomic status

•Stressed parents tend to be less warm and nurturing. •They also tend to use more harsh and inconsistent discipline. •Adolescents may see their parents as closed and inaccessible and may have more problems with their parents as a result.

Reasons why the rate of homelessness among the poor has increased:

•The housing bubble of 2008, leading to many foreclosures •The following recession, leading to high rates of unemployment •A growing wage gap between low and high earners •Fewer low-cost housing options and opportunities for government assistance •Escalating health care costs, which contributes to poverty and fewer resources

Life experiences faced by Mexican American youth

•They tend to live in urban, segregated areas. •They have stable families. •They adhere to Mexican cultural values, which emphasize patriarchal and traditional sex roles, familialism, and Catholicism. •Their families emphasize cooperation, rather than independence. •There are discrepant views for men and women in terms of heterosexual relationships and sex, emphasizing "machismo" for men and modesty for women.

Low socioeconomic status youth often develop very strong ties with their peers.

•This is a result of having a strained homelife; peers can provide what their family does not. •Peers can help each other form their identities when families do not. •They also provide the emotional support and sense of security that a family would normally provide.