BIO 231 Ch. 13 Central Nervous System

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Cortex of cerebellum..(G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?

Gray

Cerebral peduncles

carry tracks from the brain stem to the cerebral hemispheres

brain region that contains the cerebral aqueduct

midbrain

Which cortical region is responsible for the conscious awareness of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?

primary somatosensory cortex

Which term describes masses of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere?

cerebral nuclei

The substance that fills the subarachnoid space is

cerebrospinal fluid

Branches of which plexuses innervate anterior neck muscles, the skin of the neck, and parts of the head and shoulders?

cervical

The four principal nerve plexuses are the

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

Corpus callosum is to commissural as ____________ is to projection tracts.

internal capsule

If its receptor and effector are on the same side of the body, a reflex arc is termed ____________; if on opposite sides, it is ____________.

ipsilateral; contralateral

Which thalamic nuclei relay visual information from the optic tract to the visual cortex and mesencephalon?

lateral geniculate nuclei

Because of its major roles in controlling emotions, drives, and memory, damage to the ____________ could drastically alter an individual's personality.

limbic system

Region where there is a crossover of fibers of pyramidal tracts

medulla

The white matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of

myelinated axons

Cranial nerves with purely sensory functions include which of the following?

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

Which cerebral cortical area coordinates learned, skilled motor activities?

premotor cortex

What type of sensory information does the flocculonodular love receive?

receives sensory information from the vestibular nuclei about equilibrium

A familiar type of monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates the length of skeletal muscle is the

stretch reflex

The visceral reflex center is housed within the

superior colliculus.

all inputs to cerebral cortex must first synapse in one of its nuclei

thalamus

Decussation of the pyramids

where descending tract cross over to the opposite side of the brain

Pyramids (G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?

white

cerebellar peduncle(G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?

white

Pons

Relay information between cerebrum and cerebellum

From the subarachnoid space, excess cerebrospinal fluid flows into the dural venous sinuses through the

arachnoid villi

The central white matter consists of which three groups of axons?

association, commissural, and projection tracts

Which adjective best describes reflex responses?

automatic

What is the collective name for all of the axons that project inferiorly from the spinal cord?

cauda equina

The lateral horns found in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord contain

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Coordinating skeletal muscle movements and maintaining equilibrium are two of several important functions of the

cerebellum

The subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements, but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements is the

cerebellum

define contralateral projection

contralateral (opposite side) projection refers to the crossing over of nerve fibers right side of the body, the right of the body is controlled by the left side of brain

The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the

conus medullaris.

thick tract between the two cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

Basal ganglia involved in motor activities; related to Huntington's disease

corpus striatum

White matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into ____________, each containing both ascending and descending ____________.

funiculi; tracts

Reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound is controlled by the ____________ of the mesencephalon.

inferior colliculi

Which of the following is not generally involved in a reflex?

inhibition of an effector by a stimulus from a motor neuron

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?

initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement

destruction of the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord results in loss of

motor control

Which spinal cord components contain cell bodies of interneurons and axons of sensory neurons?

posterior horns

Which structure provides motor innervation to the deep back muscles and receives sensory information from the skin of the back?

posterior ramus

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are housed in each

posterior root ganglion

The primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure?

precentral gyrus

name the white fiber tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to more caudal regions of CNS

projection fibers

involved in visual and auditory reflects; found in midbrain

superior and inferior colliculi

The ____________ nerve monitors sensations of balance and equilibrium as well as hearing.

vestibulocochlear

The word root vagus, as in "vagus nerve," most nearly means

wandering

internal capsule and corona radiata (G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?

white

medial lemniscus (G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?

white

The anterior funiculi are interconnected by the

white commissure

The outer region of the spinal cord, composed primarily of myelinated axons, is called the

white matter

Reticular formation

· Network of interconnected nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem involved in maintaining the wakeful state · exists in the medulla and pons

What part of the diencephalon functions as the main visceral control center? What is meant by the phrase visceral control?

-hypothalamus main visceral control center -visceral control is regulation of activities of the visceral organs, including autonomic motor activity and endocrine functions

Name the 2 nuclei that make up the corpora quadrigemina, and state function.

1. SUPERIOR COLLICULUS Function-VISUAL REFLEXES & TRACKING 2.INFERIOR COLLICULUS Function-SOUND LOCALIZATION

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

COGNITION, ABSTRACT IDEAS, REASONING, JUDGEMENT, IMPULSE CONTROL, SOCIAL SKILLS, PROBLEM CONTROL, HUMOR APPRECIATION, EMPATHY

The subarachnoid space contains ________, and the epidural space contains ________.

CSF; fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels

Which of the following statements is false about the choroid plexus?

It forms the blood-brain barrier.

List the spaces cerebral spinal fluid would flow starting with the lateral ventricles

LATERAL VENTRICLES, INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN, THIRD VENTRICLE, CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, FORTH VENTRICLE, LATERAL & MEDIAN APERTURES

Pyramids

are the longitudinal ridges on the ventral medulla which carry motor tracts (corticospinal tracts).

Which structures would not be found in the anterior horns of the spinal cord?

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of motor neurons only.

hypothalamus (homeostasis control center)

- Control of body Temperature Hunger Thirst - Control of pituitary via Releasing Hormones or Releasing Factors

thalamus

- relay station for sensory information on way from spinal cord to cerebral cortex - mood - generalized pain

Cerebrospinal fluid performs which of the following functions?

A) provides buoyancy for the brain B) cushions neural structures from sudden movements C) delivers nutrients and chemical messengers and removes waste products

Name the 4 major division of the brain.

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, DIENCEPHALON, BRAIN STEM, CEREBELLUM

Medulla Oblongata

Various nuclei regulate numerous reflexes - heart rate (cardioregulatory center) - vasoconstriction (vasomotor center) - breathing (respiratory center) - swallowing - vomiting - coughing - sneezing

Which of the following areas is most likely to store visual memories?

Visual association area

Which structure produces cerebrospinal fluid in each ventricle?

choroid plexus

Which term describes the specific region of skin monitored by a single spinal nerve?

dermatome

The tough, protective ____________ extends between adjacent vertebrae to fuse with the connective tissue surrounding the spinal nerves.

dura mater

The spinal cord meninges, in order from the outermost to the innermost, are the

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Within the cauda equina is a thin strand of pia mater called the

filum terminale

The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11

form the cervical plexus

The tetrahedron-shaped cavity between the pons and cerebellum is the

fourth ventricle

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are actually produced by the ____________, which also controls the activities of the anterior pituitary as well as numerous autonomic functions, emotions, drives, and natural rhythms.

hypothalamus

Which region of the diencephalon controls the ANS and endocrine system, body temperature, circadian rhythms, and various emotions and behavioral drives?

hypothalamus

control of temperature, autonomic nervous system, hunger, and water balance

hypothalamus

part of diencephalon with vital centers controlling heart rate, some aspects of emotion, and blood pressure

hypothalamus

Which cerebral lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?

parietal lobe

Nerves from the brachial plexuses innervate the

pectoral girdles and upper limbs

Of the following, which nerve ranges farthest from its roots in the cervical plexus and is most vital to your health?

phrenic

If a reflex arc involves a single interneuron, it is classified as

polysynaptic

Diencephalon

thalamus hypothalamus (homeostasis control center)

The roots of the brachial plexus are actually

the anterior rami of spinal nerves

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and provides sensory information from the face, mouth, and anterior scalp?

trigeminal

Which cranial nerve plays the largest role in the autonomic control of visceral functions?

vagus

What is the corpora quadrigemina?

4 barnacle located at the roof of the midbrain involved with auditory (inferior colliculi) and visual (superior colliculi) reflexes

Components of the limbic system

A) conduct and process olfactory sensations B) collectively process and experience emotions C) are essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory

Within each intervertebral foramen, an anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite to form a

A) spinal nerve

What is function of the thalamus?

ACTS AS A RELAY STATION FOR THE SENSORY INFORMATION ASCENDING TO THE PRIMARY SENSORY AREAS OF THE CORTEX

Name the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

DURA MATER, ARACHNOID, PIA MATER

Name the 4 major lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

FRONTAL, PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL

Brainstem, Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Spinal Cord

Five general areas of the CNS:

Cerebrum

Largest portion of the brain Consists of: Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Cerebral White Matter

Corpora quadrigemina, four nuclei that form mounds on the dorsal surface - The superior two nuclei are called the superior colliculi which provides for optic tracking - The inferior two nuclei are the inferior colliculi which localize sound.

Midbrain

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

Where is the primary somatic motor cortex located?

PRECENTRAL GYRUS

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

THE MAIN VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER OF THE BODY

Name the three white fibers tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem. Which tract connects to which portion of the brain stem?

The superior cerebellar peduncles connect the midbrain in the cerebellum; - the middle cerebellar peduncles extend from the medulla to the cerebellum

Name the structure that connects the third ventricle to the fourth, in what part of the brain stem is this structure located?

The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct, located in the midbrain

In regions where the two layers of the dura mater separate, the gap between them is called

a dural venous sinus

Of the three general functions of the brain stem described, which does each of the following structures perform a)pyramids, b) vestibular and cochlear nuclei, c) cerebral peduncles, d) periaqueductal gray matter e) trigeminal nuclei

a) pyramids-of the medulla are white fiber tracts connecting the cerebrum with the spinal cord b) vestibulocochlear nuclei are involved w innervation of the head-receive sensory impulses from cranial nerves that innervate inner ear c) cerebral peduncles-white fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting cerebrum w brain stem d) periaqueductal gray matter-involved w autonomic behaviors associated with the fight-or-flight response and mediates the response to visceral pain-2 cranial nerve nuclei located here e) trigeminal nuclei-sensory innervation of face and motor innervation of the chewing muscles

The first step involved in a typical neural reflex is

activation of a receptor by a stimulus

Which branches of spinal nerves innervate the limbs and the anterolateral portions of the trunk?

anterior rami

Which structure contains motor axons only?

anterior root

Identify the meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space.

arachnoid

The posterior and anterior roots of the ____________ must elongate because the spinal cord stops growing before the vertebral column does.

cauda equina

brain area that has folia and coordinates movements

cerebellum

The four major regions of the brain are the

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum

The blood-brain barrier of the CNS is missing or markedly reduced in which of the following locations?

choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

Myelinated axons that extend between the cerebral hemispheres are called

commissural tracts

Which statement does not describe the parietal lobe?

contains the functionally important precentral gyrus

Which sequence lists the cranial meninges in order from superficial to deep?

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

a patient suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that damaged the post central gyrus in her right cerebral hemisphere. As a result she..

feels NO sensation on the LEFT side of her body

Although extending from the end of the spinal cord, the ____________ contains no neural fibers, only fibrous connective tissue.

filum terminale

In the spinal cord, a ____________ is to a tract as a horn is to a nucleus.

funiculus

cranial nerve nuclei(G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?

gray

red nucleus (G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?

gray

Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through a gray matter region called the

gray commissure.

Which description of the cerebellum is incorrect?

has prominent folds called gyri covering the left and right hemispheres

The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure

Which body regions are innervated by the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?

lower limbs

houses the substantia nigra and red nucleus

midbrain

Which structure contains some autonomic centers involved in regulating respiration?

pons

associated with fourth ventricle and contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII

pons

Which two parts of the brain most directly control normal breathing?

pons and medulla oblongata


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