BIO 231 Ch. 13 Central Nervous System
Cortex of cerebellum..(G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?
Gray
Cerebral peduncles
carry tracks from the brain stem to the cerebral hemispheres
brain region that contains the cerebral aqueduct
midbrain
Which cortical region is responsible for the conscious awareness of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?
primary somatosensory cortex
Which term describes masses of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere?
cerebral nuclei
The substance that fills the subarachnoid space is
cerebrospinal fluid
Branches of which plexuses innervate anterior neck muscles, the skin of the neck, and parts of the head and shoulders?
cervical
The four principal nerve plexuses are the
cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
Corpus callosum is to commissural as ____________ is to projection tracts.
internal capsule
If its receptor and effector are on the same side of the body, a reflex arc is termed ____________; if on opposite sides, it is ____________.
ipsilateral; contralateral
Which thalamic nuclei relay visual information from the optic tract to the visual cortex and mesencephalon?
lateral geniculate nuclei
Because of its major roles in controlling emotions, drives, and memory, damage to the ____________ could drastically alter an individual's personality.
limbic system
Region where there is a crossover of fibers of pyramidal tracts
medulla
The white matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of
myelinated axons
Cranial nerves with purely sensory functions include which of the following?
olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear
Which cerebral cortical area coordinates learned, skilled motor activities?
premotor cortex
What type of sensory information does the flocculonodular love receive?
receives sensory information from the vestibular nuclei about equilibrium
A familiar type of monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates the length of skeletal muscle is the
stretch reflex
The visceral reflex center is housed within the
superior colliculus.
all inputs to cerebral cortex must first synapse in one of its nuclei
thalamus
Decussation of the pyramids
where descending tract cross over to the opposite side of the brain
Pyramids (G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?
white
cerebellar peduncle(G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?
white
Pons
Relay information between cerebrum and cerebellum
From the subarachnoid space, excess cerebrospinal fluid flows into the dural venous sinuses through the
arachnoid villi
The central white matter consists of which three groups of axons?
association, commissural, and projection tracts
Which adjective best describes reflex responses?
automatic
What is the collective name for all of the axons that project inferiorly from the spinal cord?
cauda equina
The lateral horns found in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord contain
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
Coordinating skeletal muscle movements and maintaining equilibrium are two of several important functions of the
cerebellum
The subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements, but rather coordinates and fine-tunes those movements is the
cerebellum
define contralateral projection
contralateral (opposite side) projection refers to the crossing over of nerve fibers right side of the body, the right of the body is controlled by the left side of brain
The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the
conus medullaris.
thick tract between the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
Basal ganglia involved in motor activities; related to Huntington's disease
corpus striatum
White matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into ____________, each containing both ascending and descending ____________.
funiculi; tracts
Reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound is controlled by the ____________ of the mesencephalon.
inferior colliculi
Which of the following is not generally involved in a reflex?
inhibition of an effector by a stimulus from a motor neuron
Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement
destruction of the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord results in loss of
motor control
Which spinal cord components contain cell bodies of interneurons and axons of sensory neurons?
posterior horns
Which structure provides motor innervation to the deep back muscles and receives sensory information from the skin of the back?
posterior ramus
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are housed in each
posterior root ganglion
The primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure?
precentral gyrus
name the white fiber tracts that connect the cerebral cortex to more caudal regions of CNS
projection fibers
involved in visual and auditory reflects; found in midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi
The ____________ nerve monitors sensations of balance and equilibrium as well as hearing.
vestibulocochlear
The word root vagus, as in "vagus nerve," most nearly means
wandering
internal capsule and corona radiata (G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?
white
medial lemniscus (G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?
white
The anterior funiculi are interconnected by the
white commissure
The outer region of the spinal cord, composed primarily of myelinated axons, is called the
white matter
Reticular formation
· Network of interconnected nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem involved in maintaining the wakeful state · exists in the medulla and pons
What part of the diencephalon functions as the main visceral control center? What is meant by the phrase visceral control?
-hypothalamus main visceral control center -visceral control is regulation of activities of the visceral organs, including autonomic motor activity and endocrine functions
Name the 2 nuclei that make up the corpora quadrigemina, and state function.
1. SUPERIOR COLLICULUS Function-VISUAL REFLEXES & TRACKING 2.INFERIOR COLLICULUS Function-SOUND LOCALIZATION
What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
COGNITION, ABSTRACT IDEAS, REASONING, JUDGEMENT, IMPULSE CONTROL, SOCIAL SKILLS, PROBLEM CONTROL, HUMOR APPRECIATION, EMPATHY
The subarachnoid space contains ________, and the epidural space contains ________.
CSF; fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels
Which of the following statements is false about the choroid plexus?
It forms the blood-brain barrier.
List the spaces cerebral spinal fluid would flow starting with the lateral ventricles
LATERAL VENTRICLES, INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN, THIRD VENTRICLE, CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, FORTH VENTRICLE, LATERAL & MEDIAN APERTURES
Pyramids
are the longitudinal ridges on the ventral medulla which carry motor tracts (corticospinal tracts).
Which structures would not be found in the anterior horns of the spinal cord?
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of motor neurons only.
hypothalamus (homeostasis control center)
- Control of body Temperature Hunger Thirst - Control of pituitary via Releasing Hormones or Releasing Factors
thalamus
- relay station for sensory information on way from spinal cord to cerebral cortex - mood - generalized pain
Cerebrospinal fluid performs which of the following functions?
A) provides buoyancy for the brain B) cushions neural structures from sudden movements C) delivers nutrients and chemical messengers and removes waste products
Name the 4 major division of the brain.
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, DIENCEPHALON, BRAIN STEM, CEREBELLUM
Medulla Oblongata
Various nuclei regulate numerous reflexes - heart rate (cardioregulatory center) - vasoconstriction (vasomotor center) - breathing (respiratory center) - swallowing - vomiting - coughing - sneezing
Which of the following areas is most likely to store visual memories?
Visual association area
Which structure produces cerebrospinal fluid in each ventricle?
choroid plexus
Which term describes the specific region of skin monitored by a single spinal nerve?
dermatome
The tough, protective ____________ extends between adjacent vertebrae to fuse with the connective tissue surrounding the spinal nerves.
dura mater
The spinal cord meninges, in order from the outermost to the innermost, are the
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
Within the cauda equina is a thin strand of pia mater called the
filum terminale
The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
form the cervical plexus
The tetrahedron-shaped cavity between the pons and cerebellum is the
fourth ventricle
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are actually produced by the ____________, which also controls the activities of the anterior pituitary as well as numerous autonomic functions, emotions, drives, and natural rhythms.
hypothalamus
Which region of the diencephalon controls the ANS and endocrine system, body temperature, circadian rhythms, and various emotions and behavioral drives?
hypothalamus
control of temperature, autonomic nervous system, hunger, and water balance
hypothalamus
part of diencephalon with vital centers controlling heart rate, some aspects of emotion, and blood pressure
hypothalamus
Which cerebral lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?
parietal lobe
Nerves from the brachial plexuses innervate the
pectoral girdles and upper limbs
Of the following, which nerve ranges farthest from its roots in the cervical plexus and is most vital to your health?
phrenic
If a reflex arc involves a single interneuron, it is classified as
polysynaptic
Diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus (homeostasis control center)
The roots of the brachial plexus are actually
the anterior rami of spinal nerves
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and provides sensory information from the face, mouth, and anterior scalp?
trigeminal
Which cranial nerve plays the largest role in the autonomic control of visceral functions?
vagus
What is the corpora quadrigemina?
4 barnacle located at the roof of the midbrain involved with auditory (inferior colliculi) and visual (superior colliculi) reflexes
Components of the limbic system
A) conduct and process olfactory sensations B) collectively process and experience emotions C) are essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory
Within each intervertebral foramen, an anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite to form a
A) spinal nerve
What is function of the thalamus?
ACTS AS A RELAY STATION FOR THE SENSORY INFORMATION ASCENDING TO THE PRIMARY SENSORY AREAS OF THE CORTEX
Name the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep
DURA MATER, ARACHNOID, PIA MATER
Name the 4 major lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
FRONTAL, PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL
Brainstem, Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Spinal Cord
Five general areas of the CNS:
Cerebrum
Largest portion of the brain Consists of: Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Cerebral White Matter
Corpora quadrigemina, four nuclei that form mounds on the dorsal surface - The superior two nuclei are called the superior colliculi which provides for optic tracking - The inferior two nuclei are the inferior colliculi which localize sound.
Midbrain
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
Where is the primary somatic motor cortex located?
PRECENTRAL GYRUS
What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
THE MAIN VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER OF THE BODY
Name the three white fibers tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem. Which tract connects to which portion of the brain stem?
The superior cerebellar peduncles connect the midbrain in the cerebellum; - the middle cerebellar peduncles extend from the medulla to the cerebellum
Name the structure that connects the third ventricle to the fourth, in what part of the brain stem is this structure located?
The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct, located in the midbrain
In regions where the two layers of the dura mater separate, the gap between them is called
a dural venous sinus
Of the three general functions of the brain stem described, which does each of the following structures perform a)pyramids, b) vestibular and cochlear nuclei, c) cerebral peduncles, d) periaqueductal gray matter e) trigeminal nuclei
a) pyramids-of the medulla are white fiber tracts connecting the cerebrum with the spinal cord b) vestibulocochlear nuclei are involved w innervation of the head-receive sensory impulses from cranial nerves that innervate inner ear c) cerebral peduncles-white fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting cerebrum w brain stem d) periaqueductal gray matter-involved w autonomic behaviors associated with the fight-or-flight response and mediates the response to visceral pain-2 cranial nerve nuclei located here e) trigeminal nuclei-sensory innervation of face and motor innervation of the chewing muscles
The first step involved in a typical neural reflex is
activation of a receptor by a stimulus
Which branches of spinal nerves innervate the limbs and the anterolateral portions of the trunk?
anterior rami
Which structure contains motor axons only?
anterior root
Identify the meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space.
arachnoid
The posterior and anterior roots of the ____________ must elongate because the spinal cord stops growing before the vertebral column does.
cauda equina
brain area that has folia and coordinates movements
cerebellum
The four major regions of the brain are the
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum
The blood-brain barrier of the CNS is missing or markedly reduced in which of the following locations?
choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Myelinated axons that extend between the cerebral hemispheres are called
commissural tracts
Which statement does not describe the parietal lobe?
contains the functionally important precentral gyrus
Which sequence lists the cranial meninges in order from superficial to deep?
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
a patient suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that damaged the post central gyrus in her right cerebral hemisphere. As a result she..
feels NO sensation on the LEFT side of her body
Although extending from the end of the spinal cord, the ____________ contains no neural fibers, only fibrous connective tissue.
filum terminale
In the spinal cord, a ____________ is to a tract as a horn is to a nucleus.
funiculus
cranial nerve nuclei(G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?
gray
red nucleus (G) Gray matter or (W) White matter?
gray
Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through a gray matter region called the
gray commissure.
Which description of the cerebellum is incorrect?
has prominent folds called gyri covering the left and right hemispheres
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
longitudinal fissure
Which body regions are innervated by the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?
lower limbs
houses the substantia nigra and red nucleus
midbrain
Which structure contains some autonomic centers involved in regulating respiration?
pons
associated with fourth ventricle and contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII
pons
Which two parts of the brain most directly control normal breathing?
pons and medulla oblongata
