Adolescent Psychology- Chapter 5

Which of the following statements can be used to explain why, at least during early and middle adolescence, cliques tend to be composed of adolescents of the same sex?

Cliques are formed largely on the basis of shared activities and interests.

Based on the findings published in The Adolescent Society, this author believed that age segregation in American society had created a separate and troublesome youth culture. Who is this researcher?

James Coleman

What happens when adolescents become more secure in their identity as individuals?

The need for affiliation with a crowd diminishes.

All of the following are ways that peer groups change in significance and structure during adolescence, except:

during adolescence, peer groups drastically decrease in size and crowds become almost nonexistent.

According to the textbook, girls are more likely to be _____, whereas boys are more likely to be _____.

members of cliques; isolates

Groups of people who are roughly the same age are:

peer groups.

In general, adolescents tend to exert ______ influences on their peers.

positive and negative

The percentage of the U.S. population comprising 15- to 19-year-olds reached its highest level in:

1975.

By the time a U.S. adolescent is a senior in high school, approximately what percentage of her waking hours will be spent with adults?

15

Which of the following statements about adolescent bullies is NOT true?

1. Online harassment is far more prevalent than in-person bullying.***** 2.Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying also frequently engage in cyberbullying. 3.Most Internet bullying is not anonymous. 4.Many of the same adolescents who report having been victimized also report bullying others.

What is one way that adolescent behavior is affected by their crowd membership?

1.Adolescents tend to imitate the behaviors of the crowd leaders. 2.Crowds establish social norms, values, and expectations that members strive to follow. 3.When members behave in ways that are consistent with the social norms of the crowd, they are reinforced for doing so. 4.All of these are reasons that crowd membership affects adolescent behavior.*****

Which of the following statements is NOT true about clique composition?

Adolescents' cliques typically are composed of people who are different from each other—"opposites attract."

Inclusion in which of the following adolescent groups is typically based on friendship and shared activity?

a clique

According to the viewpoint of the "separate youth culture," increases in the rate of all of the following except ________ can be attributed to the rise of peer groups in America.

academic achievement

Which of the following accurately describes one of the changes in peer groups during adolescence?

adolescence marks the emergence of larger collectives of peers known as crowds

Social scientists distinguish between several groups of unpopular adolescents. Unpopular adolescents who have difficulty controlling their hostility and are nervous about initiating social contact with others are known as:

aggressive and withdrawn.

Studies involving both girls and boys from different ethnic groups support which of the following conclusions regarding involvement in antisocial activity?

contrary to the popular belief that antisocial adolescents do not have friends, they have friends who also tend to be antisocial

Which of the following adolescent groups is based on reputation and stereotype rather than interaction?

crowd

In contemporary American society, "jocks," "nerds," "druggies," and "populars" are examples of social structures known as:

crowds

The qualitative research technique that involves observations of interactions and interviewing and writing field notes is commonly referred to as:

ethnography.

The most striking negative effect of being bullied in adolescence is that:

experiencing victimization by peers (bullying) is likely to undermine feelings of academic competence, which can persist well into adulthood.

What do we mean when we say that American society is very age-segregated?

from age 5 until high school graduation, children are grouped with children their own age

A deviant peer group that can be identified by name and common symbols is a:

gang

Membership in which of the following adolescent groups places adolescents at greater risk of psychological distress, exposure to violence, high-risk sexual behavior, and drug abuse?

gang

Although different in some respects, what characteristic does the crowds known as nerds, brains, and jocks have in common using Brown's social mapping model?

high involvement in adult institutions

Based on research from David Kinney's ethnographic study, what is one thing that contributed to the transformation of "nerds" to "normals" in high school?

high school peer structure is more differentiated and more permeable than elementary and junior high schools' peer structures

What is likely to be an effect of an intervention that groups delinquent adolescents together?

iatrogenic effects—delinquent adolescents may teach and reinforce each other to become more delinquent

Which of the following is true regarding the amount of time high school students spend with peers compared to their parents? High school students:

in the United States and Europe spend twice as much time with peers than with parents.

According to Brown's model for mapping the social world of adolescents, the crowds that are highly involved in both peer culture and adult institutions are the:

jocks and populars.

Individuals who are not part of a clique but who interact with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, are known as:

liaisons

Although different in some respects, what characteristic does the crowds known as toughs, druggies, and partyers have in common using Brown's social mapping model?

low involvement in adult institutions

Which research method did Cusick (1973) use when he established rapport with a group of high school students in order to infiltrate and eventually join the group?

participant observation

An example of the hostile attributional bias is when an unpopular child:

regards other children's behavior as deliberately hostile, even when it is not.

Although both genders employ it, psychologists, including Nikki Crick, believe that girls are more likely than boys to experience nonphysical aggression intended to harm others through deliberate manipulation of their social standing and social relationships. This form of aggression is called:

relational aggression.

Although it is widely agreed that popular adolescents are generally more ____ than their unpopular peers, there is surprising variability among popular teenagers with respect to other characteristics.

socially skilled

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents learn social skills have focused on each of the following strategies, except:

teaching bullying and victimizing behaviors to develop self-confidence.

As one progresses through adolescence, the permeability of the crowd system:

tends to increase.

The more unpopular withdrawn adolescents are teased and rejected:

the more they are likely to blame themselves for their own victimization.

What is the most prevalent type of bullying?

verbal bullying