ADULT ARC CPR/AED/First Aid Cert

SHOCK Signs and symptoms

- A rapid, weak heartbeat - Rapid breathing - Pale (grayish), cool, moist skin - Changes in levels of consciousness ranging from unresponsive to confused, restless or irritable - Nausea or vomiting - Excessive thirst

CARE for the person with STROKE

- After calling 9-1-1, note the time when the signs and symptoms first started. - Stay with the person and provide reassurance until help arrives. - If the person is responsive but not fully awake, drooling or having trouble swallowing put them the person in the recovery position. - Monitor the person until EMS arrives and begins their care.

When to apply direct pressure vs tourniquet

- Both: life-threatening bleeding from limb - Direct pressure: Non life threatening bleeding - Direct pressure: Life threatening bleeding on ABDOMEN

Opioid overdose Signs and symptoms

- Decreased breathing effort, for example, breathing slowly and perhaps only a few times a minute - Unresponsiveness - Bluish or greyish colored skin - Cardiac arrest

STROKE SIGNS and SYMPTOMS

- Facial weakness on one side of the body - Arm or grip weakness on one side of the body - Speech disturbances The FAST mnemonic can help you easily recognize the common signs of stroke and give EMS professionals crucial life-saving information. Signs that indicate possible stroke include: Facial weakness on one side of the body. Arm weakness or grip weakness on one side of the body. Speech disturbance. In addition, it is important to note the Time that signs and symptoms of stroke started in a person.

SHOCK Care

- Give care according to your training for the condition causing the shock. - Have them assume a position of comfort or have them lie flat on their back. - Maintain body temperature. - Don't give them anything to eat or drink. - Provide reassurance. - Continue to monitor the person's condition.

What 3 conditions cause trouble breathing while still responsive?

- Heart attack - asthma attack - anaphylaxis

ANAPHYLAXIS Signs and symptoms

- History of an allergy - Signs of an allergic reaction (e.g., hives, nausea, vomiting) - Swelling of the face, neck, tongue or lips - Trouble breathing - Shock - A change in responsiveness

How does life threatening bleeding in small children differ

In a small child or an infant, bleeding may be life-threatening when the amount of blood loss is even less than about half of what a soda can obtains.

PATIENT CARE WHILE ADMINISTERING TOURNIQUET

Warn the person that tightening the tourniquet may be painful, but it is necessary to control the bleeding.

If, after giving back blows, the person is unable to cough or speak, what next?

give abdominal thrusts.

Opioid Overdose Care

- If the person with a suspected opioid overdose is unresponsive and not breathing (cardiac arrest), IMMEDIATELY BEGIN CPR ---STEP NUMBER ONE - Then, as soon as possible, assist family members with administering or, if allowed and trained, administer NALOXONE. - You may assist a family member with administering naloxone to temporarily reverse the effects of opioids. - Naloxone may be given via the nose using a nasal atomizer or nasal spray or via injection using an auto-injector.

AED Fact Check

- In an adult, one AED pad must be placed on the upper right side of the person's chest and one must be placed on the lower left side of the person's chest. - Pediatric AED pads should never be used on anyone over 8 years of age or weighing more than 55 pounds (25 kilograms). - A person must be removed from water (puddle or body of water) before using the AED. - It is safe to use an AED on pregnant women, in rain and snow, and when the person is lying on a metal surface. - An AED is also safe to use on a person with an implantable medical device (e.g., pacemaker) but the AED pads should not be placed directly over the device. - It is not necessary to shave a person's chest hair before applying the AED pads nor remove jewelry or piercings before using the AED.

HEART ATTACK signs and symptoms

- Persistent chest pain, pressure or squeezing - Isolated, unexplained discomfort in the arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach - Dizziness or light-headedness - Trouble breathing, including shortness of breath - Pale, gray or bluish skin - Nausea or vomiting - Extreme fatigue - Sweating - A feeling of anxiety or impending doom - Unresponsiveness

Keep applying direct pressure UNTIL

- The bleeding stops. - A tourniquet is applied for life-threatening bleeding from an arm or leg. - Another person relieves you. - You are too exhausted to continue. - The situation becomes unsafe.

Diabetic Emergency signs and symptoms

- Trouble breathing - Fast and/or deep breathing - Feeling weak or different or unresponsive - Sweating - Fast heartbeat

ASTHMA ATTACK signs and symptoms

- Wheezing or coughing - Rapid, shallow breathing or trouble breathing - Being unable to talk without stopping for a breath in between every few words - Anxiety and fear - Change in behavior, including being unresponsive - Sweating

The three important steps when applying a windlass rod tourniquet are which of the following?

1. 2. 3.

Steps to apply DIRECT PRESSURE Correctly

1. 1. Use a Flat Surface - A hard, flat surface underneath the part of the body where you are applying pressure makes applying direct pressure more effective. 2. Hand Position - Place the dressing on the wound. Ensure good contact with the bleeding surfaces of the wound. Put one hand on top of the dressing and put your other hand on top. Press as hard as you can, directly over the wound. Hold the pressure until the bleeding stops. This may take at least 5 minutes and could take much longer. DO NOT REMOVE the original gauze pad, which is directly on the bleeding area! 3. Shoulder Position - position your shoulders over your hands 4. Elbow position - lock your elbows 5. Use Your Knee - If you need your hands, use your knee to keep applying pressure.

To remember with applying direct pressure:

1. A dressing is used when applying direct pressure. - A hemostatic dressing is best! - Otherwise, a gauze pad or clean piece of material, such as a T-shirt, can be used. 2. It takes a lot of pressure to stop life-threatening bleeding. - You need to push hard! - It might be painful for the person, but that's ok!

When you recognize that an adult, child or infant has life-threatening bleeding, it is important to do two things immediately:

1. Call 9-1-1 or tell someone to do so. 2. Get a bleeding control/first aid kit and an AED or tell someone to do so. An adult, child or infant with life-threatening bleeding can lose their life before EMS arrives. By taking action and providing immediate care, you can save a life!

What to do if you think someone is in cardiac arrest

1. Call or instruct someone to call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number immediately and get the AED and first aid kit. 2. Begin CPR immediately. 3. Use an AED as soon as possible.

Call (Step 2)

1. Call or send someone to call 9-1-1 for a person who is:Unresponsive or responsive but not fully awake.Not breathing.Experiencing life-threatening bleeding or another life-threatening condition (e.g., difficulty breathing, choking). Note: When you ask someone to call 9-1-1 for you in an emergency situation, look directly at one person and say, "You, call 9-1-1" so that you know who made the call and that help is on the way. 2. Get or send someone to get an AED, a first aid kit and a bleeding control kit (if necessary).

Check (Step 1)

1. Check the scene for safety. 2. Check the person.Form an initial impression. (Does the person appear unresponsive or appear to have life-threatening bleeding or another life-threatening condition?)Obtain consent from the person or parent/guardian if they are present. Check the person who appears unresponsive (use SHOUT-TAP-SHOUT and check for breathing, life-threatening bleeding or another obvious life-threatening condition).Continue to check the person who is experiencing non-life-threatening illness or injury (ask questions using SAM and do a focused check). Note: If, during the initial impression, you determine that the person appears to be experiencing a life-threatening sudden illness, immediately call 9-1-1, get the equipment and give general care for the condition found. Then, continue your check (as appropriate) to determine if additional care is needed.

In depth steps to take when Bleeding Stops before EMS arrive

1. First, check for circulation beyond the injury. Note the TEMPERATURE and color of the skin and ask the person if there is any TINGLING or NUMBNESS 2. Place the end of a (roller) bandage on the dressing at a 45-degree angle and continue wrapping the bandage over the dressing. Tape to secure the dressing. 3. Check again for circulation beyond the injury. If there is any change, the bandage may be too tight, and you will need to carefully loosen the bandage.

To Give Breaths with a Face Shield:

1. First, place the face shield over the person's face, ensuring the one-way valve is over their mouth. 2. Open the airway to a past-neutral position using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique. 3. Pinch the nose shut, take a normal breath and make a complete seal over the person's mouth. 4. Blow into their mouth for about 1 second, while looking to see that the chest begins to rise. 5. Allow the person's chest to fall and the air to exit while you take another breath, make a seal and give a second breath.

If a bandage is applied, it is important to do the following:

1. Monitor for bleeding through the dressing. 2. If bleeding recurs, DO NOT apply an additional dressing or bandage; instead remove the bandage and leave only the single dressing on the wound in place, and apply direct manual pressure.

WINDLASS ROD TOURNIQUET

1. Only use a tourniquet for life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg. 2. Position the tourniquet at least 2 to 3 inches ABOVE the wound on the side closest to the heart. DO NOT PLACE THE TOURNIQUET DIRECTLY ON THE WOUND OR ON A JOINT When using a windlass rod tourniquet, think PULL-TWIST-CLIP. PULL the free end of the strap until the tourniquet is as tight as possible around the arm or leg. TWIST the rod until the bleeding stops or until you cannot twist the rod anymore. CLIP the rod in place to prevent the rod from untwisting and to keep the tourniquet tight.

To Give Breaths with a Pocket Mask:

1. Place the mask over the person's nose and mouth; it should not go past the chin. 2. Seal the mask to the face with your hands. 3. Lift the person's face into the mask and open the airway to a past-neutral position. 4. Maintain a good seal.

Give Chest Compressions

1. Position of Person Ensure that the person is on their back on a firm, flat surface. 2. Body Placement Kneel beside the person with your knees near the person's body and spread about shoulder width apart. 3. Hand Placement Place the heel of one hand in the center of the person's chest, with your other hand on top. Interlace your fingers and make sure the fingers are up off the chest. 4. Body Position Position your body so that your shoulders are directly over your hands and lock your elbows to keep your arms straight. 5. Compression Rate and Depth Keeping your arms straight, use your body's weight to compress the center of the chest to a depth of at least 2 inches and a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, or one about every half second. After each compression, let the chest return to its normal position.

When applying direct pressure, it is important to do which of the following? Select 2 answers.

1. Press Hard 2. Press directly over the wound When applying direct pressure, press as hard as you can, directly over the wound.

RATCHETING TOURNIQUET

1. There is a pediatric version of a ratcheting tourniquet, which is designed for the smaller limb size of young children. 2. Remember, position the tourniquet at least 2 to 3 inches above the wound on the side closest to the heart. Do not place a tourniquet directly on the wound or a joint! 3. When using a ratcheting tourniquet, think PULL-LIFT. - PULL tight on the loop to tighten the strap as tight as possible around the arm or leg. - LIFT the buckle to tighten the tourniquet. Keep lifting up on the buckle until the bleeding stops or you cannot lift it up anymore. Ratcheting tourniquets are self-securing. Remember, you can apply a second tourniquet if you've tightened the tourniquet as much as you can but the bleeding hasn't stopped. Apply the second tourniquet above the first, closer to the heart. Also, remember, once you have applied a tourniquet, do not loosen or remove it.

Types of tourniquets

1. Windlass Rod 2. Ratcheting

Continue giving CPR cycles until: while using AED

1. You notice an obvious sign of life, like breathing. 2. The AED prompts you to analyze again. 3. Another trained responder is available to take over compressions. 4. EMS personnel arrive and begin their care of the person. 5. You are alone and too tired to continue. 6. The scene becomes unsafe.

Emergency Action Steps

1. check 2. Call 3. Care

General steps to using an AED include: *****

1Turn on AED. 2Remove clothing covering the chest and wipe chest dry if necessary. 3Place pads correctly. 4Plug the pad connector cable into the AED if necessary. 5CLEAR everyone from touching the person while AED analyzes the heart rhythm. 6CLEAR everyone from touching the person if a shock is advised. (SAY CLEAR) 7Push the shock button to deliver a shock. 8After the shock is delivered, immediately start CPR beginning with compressions. --- continuous cpr in between aed is given

Recovery Position

A recovery position is used if the person is: Unresponsive but breathing. Responsive but not fully awake. A recovery position is used to lower a person's risk for choking and aspiration.

For someone in cardiac arrest, deciding to act is the most important first step. Calling 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number, starting CPR immediately and using an AED as soon as possible gives the person the best chance for survival.

ALERT Use the AED as soon as possible, but do not delay compressions to find or use the AED!

A 14-month-old toddler has life-threatening bleeding from a wound on her upper arm. After calling 9-1-1, which of the following is the appropriate care for this child?

APPLY DIRECT PRESSURE TO STOP THE BLEEDING Tourniquets currently are not recommended for children under approximately 2 years of age. Instead, use direct pressure to stop the bleeding.

When giving abdominal thrusts, how should you position her hands?

After finding the person's navel with two fingers and moving behind them, make a fist and place the thumb side against the person's stomach, right above your fingers. Then, take your first hand and cover your fist with that hand.

What is it important to do between giving the first and second breath?

Allow the chest to fall and the air to exit

Volume (bleeding)

Amount of blood present bleeding may be life threatening when the amount of blood present is equal to about HALF OF A WHAT A SODA CAN CONTAINS

Rules of thumb in stopping bleeding

Anyone with any type of bleeding, whether it is life-threatening or not, should have direct pressure applied to stop the bleeding. Anyone with life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg should also have a tourniquet applied as soon as one is available.

A child was running around the house and crashed into a full-length mirror, breaking the glass. You see that she has a wound on the back of her head and there is blood flowing steadily from it and starting to pool on the ground. After calling 9-1-1, what should you do?

Apply Direct pressure Never use a tourniquet to stop bleeding from the head, neck or trunk. Instead, use direct pressure.

A first aid responder is applying direct pressure to a person with life-threatening bleeding on the lower leg. A bystander has returned with a bleeding control kit. What should the responder do next?

Apply a Tourniquet IMMEDIATELY Because the person's bleeding is life-threatening and the injury is on the leg, a tourniquet should be applied as soon as one is available.

What would be the best thing to do if applying a tourniquet did not stop the person's bleeding?

Apply a second tourniquet, between the first tourniquet and the heart. If you have tightened the tourniquet as much as possible but the bleeding has not stopped, apply a second tourniquet above the first, closer to the heart. Once a tourniquet is applied, only a trained medical professional should loosen or remove it.

Examples of medications that you may assist with when the person is experiencing a sudden illness include:

Aspirin for heart attack Quick-relief (rescue) medications for asthma Epinephrine for anaphylaxis Naloxone for an opioid overdose Sugar or glucose tablets, gel or liquid for diabetes

General CARE steps for Sudden Illness (after check call care)

Assist the person with their medication. For some sudden illnesses, you can assist the person with their medications. To assist the person with their medication: - Explain to the person or family member what you are going to do. - Offer to get their medication. - Ask them to confirm that you have the right medication. - Assemble the medication device, if necessary. - Give them the medication to self-administer. In some cases, you can administer their medications if it is allowed by state laws and regulations and if you are trained and authorized to do so. *Do not administer medications unless it is allowable by state laws and regulations and you are trained and authorized to do so. But, remember, assisting with medications is always allowed.

Adult choking position when giving back blows

Bending the person at the waist so that their upper body is as parallel to the ground as possible helps both to remove the object and helps you to brace yourself if the person becomes unresponsive.

Which of the following is best to use when applying direct pressure to control life-threatening bleeding?

Bleeding control kits and first aid kits often contain special dressings called hemostatic dressings. They contain a substance that promotes clotting and can help stop bleeding faster. When there is life-threatening bleeding, use a hemostatic dressing if you have one. Otherwise, use a gauze pad or other available material—such as a clean T-shirt—as a dressing.

You have been applying direct pressure to a wound on the person's lower back for several minutes, but the bleeding hasn't stopped, and EMS has not arrived. What should you do?

CONTINUE APPLYING DIRECT PRESSURE Continue applying direct pressure until the bleeding stops, another person relieves you, you are too exhausted to continue, or the situation becomes unsafe. Never use a tourniquet to stop bleeding from the head, neck or trunk.

cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to keep blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs. Cardiac arrest frequently happens suddenly, without any signs and symptoms. A person in cardiac arrest is not responsive, not breathing (or only has gasping breaths) and has no heartbeat.

Heart attack care

Care for the person experiencing a heart attack by assisting with ASPIRIN Make sure the person is awake, can follow simple commands, and can chew and swallow. Follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration. - Give the person two to four 81-milligram low-dose aspirin tablets OR one 325-milligram regular-strength aspirin tablet. - Tell the person to chew the aspirin completely. - if the person takes a prescribed medication for chest pain, such as nitroglycerin, assist them with it.

ASTHMA ATTACK Care

Care for the person experiencing an asthma attack by assisting with administering quick-relief medication via an inhaler: - First, follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration. - Shake the inhaler. - Remove the mouthpiece cover and attach a spacing device if necessary. - Give the device to the person. - Encourage the person to use it as directed by their healthcare provider.

ANAPHYLAXIS Care

Care for the person experiencing anaphylaxis by assisting with administering epinephrine via an auto-injector: - First, follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration. - Hold the person's leg firmly to limit movement. - Encourage them to use the epinephrine auto-injector as directed by their healthcare provider. - Massage or have the person massage the injection area for 10 SECONDS

Diabetic emergency care

Care for the person with diabetes who is experiencing a diabetic emergency by giving sugar: - Make sure the person is awake, can follow simple commands and can chew and swallow. - Follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration. - Give the person 15 to 20 grams of sugar. The recommended amount of sugar is 20 grams for adults and 15 grams for children. If possible, give glucose tablets, liquid or gel. Other acceptable forms of sugar include: - 7 ounces of orange juice - 14 ounces of milk - Candy with fructose or sucrose such as 20 to 25 skittles, 2 strips of fruit rolls, or 10 to 20 jelly beans

Keys with noticing changes in skin color in sudden illness

Changes in skin color, including pale, gray (ashen) or flushed skin, happens in all people and is simply a degree of change from the person's baseline skin color. To look for changes in skin color, it can be helpful to look at less pigmented areas of the skin, such as lips or mucous membranes. In addition, a person with a sudden illness will just not "look right" and will have other signs and symptoms of sudden illness, such as sweating, trouble breathing, nausea, and so on.

General approach to sudden illness

Check the scene for safety and check the person. Call 9-1-1 and get equipment or tell someone to do so if the person is experiencing a life-threatening sudden illness. Care according to the condition found and your level of training.

Which of the following would lead you to suspect a person is in cardiac arrest? Select 2 answers.

Chest pain Not breathing or only gasping

SHOCK Common Causes

Common causes of shock include: - Life-threatening bleeding - Infection - Anaphylaxis - Any serious injury or illness

Continue giving CPR cycles until:

Continue giving CPR cycles until: You notice an obvious sign of life, like breathing. An AED is ready. Another trained responder is available to take over compressions. EMS personnel arrive and begin their care of the person. You are alone and too tired to continue. The scene becomes unsafe.

Can you always administer medications for sudden illness?

Do not administer medications unless it is allowable by state laws and regulations and you are trained and authorized to do so. But, remember, assisting with medications is always allowed.

Cardiac arrest is often due to a blockage of the blood vessels supplying oxygen to the heart muscle (heart attack). However, it can also occur due to the effects of which of the following? Select 2 answers.

Drowning Breathing emergency

CPR Cycles

Each CPR cycle consists of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths. 30 Compressions Push hard and fast at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute and a depth of at least 2 inches. Allow the chest to return to a normal position between each compression. 2 Breaths Each breath should last about 1 secondand make the chest begin to rise. Pause between the breaths to allow the person's chest to fall and the air to exit.

Examples of sudden illnesses

Examples of life-threatening sudden illnesses include: Heart attack Asthma attack Anaphylaxis Diabetic emergency Seizures Shock Opioid overdose Stroke High fever in young children and infants Vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration in young children and infants

How should an AED be placed on someone with a pacemaker

Fine as long as not DIRECTLY over device

Care (Step 3)

Give care consistent with your knowledge and training as needed. Giving care in an emergency situation is stressful. After giving care, you may want to talk about your feelings with family members, consult with your human resources department about your company's employee assistance program or consult with your personal healthcare provider for counseling or referral to a professional.

How to reduce risk of catching disease giving first aid care

Handwashing and using personal protective equipment (PPE), such as latex-free disposable gloves and breathing barriers

High quality cpr for adults

High quality cpr can double or triple a person's chance of survival - Rate: 100 to 120 compressions per minute - Depth: AT LEAST 2 inches - Allow the chest to return to its normal position - Minimize interruptions to <10 seconds - Avoid excessive breaths - Breaths - Last about 1 second; chest begins to rise

What to do IF THE BLEEDING STOPS

If the bleeding stops before EMS arrives, apply a roller bandage over the dressing to hold it in place and maintain pressure on the wound.

If the chest does not begin to rise with breaths...

If the chest does not begin to rise on the first breath, reopen the airway and give a 2nd breath. If the chest does not begin to rise after reopening the airway and giving a breath, an object might be blocking the airway; that is, the person may be in cardiac arrest due to choking. You will learn about caring for an unresponsive person who is choking in the choking module.

Handwashing

If time allows, wash hands with soap and water before giving care with warm water for at least 20 seconds ALWAYS washing

Hygiene while caring for life threatening bleeding

If you have gloves, wear them and always wash your hands thoroughly after giving care!

What is crucial information to determine in stroke patient

It is important to note the time when signs and symptoms of stroke first started because this is important information to give to EMS professionals. Some of the medications and procedures used to treat stroke in the hospital are only effective within a certain time frame after the onset of signs and symptoms.

Flow (bleeding)

Movement of blood Signs of life threatening bleeding indicated by flow: 1. SPURTING 2. FLOWING CONTINUOUSLY

Do you use the same ratcheting tourniquet on children?

No, There is a pediatric version of a ratcheting tourniquet, which is designed for the smaller limb size of young children.

Before giving breaths to the adult, you should open their airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique to which position?

Past-neutral

SAM

S = Signs and Symptoms A = Allergies M = <e

Washing your hands with soap and warm or cold water for at least 20 seconds is the best approach to lowering your risk for infection. Remember to wash your hands before giving care, if possible, and as soon as possible after giving care. If soap and water are not available, you may use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer to decontaminate your hands.

QQQ

You are using a tourniquet to control life-threatening bleeding when the injured person cries out in pain. What should you do?

Reassure the person but continue to tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops or you cannot tighten it anymore. - Tightening the tourniquet is likely to be uncomfortable for the person, but you must tighten the tourniquet as much as possible to stop the bleeding. If the person complains of pain, reassure the person and continue to tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops or you cannot tighten it anymore.

You are using an AED on an older adult in cardiac arrest. They are wearing a sweatshirt. You need to remove the sweatshirt before you place the pads on the chest. True or False?

Remove all clothing covering the chest as needed to place the AED pads. The shock should be delivered from the pads directly to the person's skin.

Recovery Position Steps

STEP 1 Extend the person's arm that is closest to you above their head. STEP 2 Roll the person toward you onto their side so that their head rests on their outstretched arm. STEP 3 Bend both of the person's knees to stabilize the person's body.

When giving compressions, how should the first aid responder position their body and arms?

Shoulders directly over the hands and elbows locked

Signs and symptoms of sudden illness

Signs and symptoms of sudden illness vary widely, depending on the cause of the illness and may include: - Trouble breathing. - Pain, such as chest pain, abdominal pain or a headache. - Changes in level of responsiveness, such as being confused or unaware of one's surroundings, or becoming unresponsive. - Extreme fatigue. - Light-headedness or dizziness. - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or stomach cramps. - A fever. - Pale, ashen (gray) or very flushed skin, which may be excessively sweaty or dry, or excessively hot or cold. - Problems seeing or speaking (e.g., blurred vision or slurred speech). - Numbness, weakness or paralysis. - Seizures.

Things to remember with cpr cycles

Smoothly transitionbetween compressions and breaths. Minimize interruptions to as short as possible, taking less than 10 seconds.

After recognizing that a person is in cardiac arrest (unresponsive and not breathing), you call 9-1-1 and send someone to get an AED. What is your next step?

Start CPR by giving chest compressions and breaths

You have just given a shock to a person in cardiac arrest. You should check to see if the person is breathing before starting CPR again. True or False?

TRUE: As soon as the shock is delivered, or if no shock is advised, immediately start CPR, beginning with compressions. Even after a successful shock, a person will still have low flow and starting CPR immediately will help.

How to prioritize life threatening bleeding care

The person may have more than one wound. FIND THE SOURCE of any life-threatening bleeding and care for that wound first!

Where on this person's arm should a tourniquet be applied? (mid forearm wound)

The tourniquet should be applied about 2 to 3 inches above the wound, on the side closest to the heart. Avoid placing a tourniquet directly on the wound or on a joint.

Placement of AED

Upper right side of the chest and lower left side of the chest, a few inches below the left armpit

USING A TOURNIQUET

Use a tourniquet for life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg as soon as it is available. Continue to apply direct pressure until the tourniquet is in place.

Risk of catching disease when giving first aid care

Very low

Shout Tap Shout

When a person appears unresponsive, you should always check for responsiveness by shouting the person's name if you know it, tapping them on the shoulder or arm for an adult or a child or the bottom of the foot for an infant, and shouting their name again. While checking for responsiveness, you should also check for breathing, life-threatening bleeding and other life-threatening conditions. Consent is implied when an adult appears unresponsive. If the unresponsive person is a minor, you need to obtain consent from a parent or guardian before doing the shout, tap, shout.

What stops bleeding?

When a person has life-threatening bleeding, you must control the bleeding as quickly as possible to save the person's life. *Applying FIRM, CONTINUOUS PRESSUREstops bleeding. *Depending on the situation and the location of the wound, you can apply pressure using DIRECT PRESSURE, A TOURNIQUET, or BOTH

Applying DIRECT PRESSURE with life threatening bleeding

When bleeding is life-threatening and the wound is on the HEAD, NECK, OR TRUNK use direct pressure to stop the bleeding. You should also use direct pressure to stop life-threatening bleeding from an arm or a leg UNTIL a tourniquet can be applied, or if no tourniquet is available. You can use direct pressure to stop non-life-threatening bleeding too.

begin cpr right away

When someone is unresponsive and not breathing or only gasping, it is critical to begin CPR right away.

Using an AED: Two or More First Aid Responders

When using an AED and there are two or more first aid responders, keep in mind the following points: 1. Teamwork minimizes interruptions to CPR and increases the person's chances of survival. 2. One person does CPR while the other operates the AED = no pause of CPR. 3. Switch roles but remain in position after pushing the shock button or if no shock is advised (about every 2 minutes).

Symptoms of heart attack in WOMEN

Women may experience the signs and symptoms of heart attack differently than men. For example, in women, the classic signs of a heart attack, like chest pain or pressure may be milder or accompanied by more of the general signs and symptoms, like dizziness, shortness of breath, extreme fatigue and so on.

If, during your check, you recognize signs and symptoms of a sudden illness that is potentially life threatening, such as stroke, shock, asthma attack, anaphylaxis, heart attack, opioid overdose, diabetic emergency or high fever, vomiting, diarrhea or dehydration in young children and infants,

call 9-1-1 and get equipment or tell someone to do so. Then give care according to the signs and symptoms that you find and your level of training. For some sudden illnesses, giving first aid care may involve assisting a person or their family member with their medication.

Volume and Flow

indicators of life threatening bleeding