Adult Development Final

Homogamy

marriage based on similarity of values and interests

vigilance performance, are

# of targets identified correctly there ___ age related declines in vigilance performance

Feeling of equality (in marital success)

(Exchange theory) marriage based on each partner contributing something to the relationship that the other would be hard pressed to provide

Rowe and Kahn Model of Successful Aging

1. Avoid disease and disability: factors include heritability, lifestyle, and age related risk 2. Maintain high cognitive and physical function Stay involved with life and living: maintain interpersonal relationships and continue productive activities

Bereavement

A condition caused by loss through death

Openness to experience

A vivid imagination and active dream life, appreciation of art and beauty; sensitivity to pure experience for its own sake; entails a willingness to try something new; curious and value knowledge for the sake of knowing; open-minded

Glass Ceiling

Level to which women will rise in a company but won't get past this level

Source Information

Ability to remember the source of a familiar event Whether the event was imagined or actually experienced declines with age

event based prospective memory

Action is performed when a certain external event happens Phone rings so you remember: "now I pick up the phone"

working memory

Active processes and structures involved in holding info in mind and using it, sometimes in conjunction with incoming info, to solve a problem, make a decision or learn new info Critical for encoding, storage, retrieval Limited span capacity Info with specific meaning is easier to remember long term Shows greater age-related decline in comparison to passive short term memory

Instrumental ADLs

Activities that require some intellectual competence and planning like paying bills, taking meds, shopping Frail adults that need help with these increase with age

death of a spouse

Age of survivor matters: YA experience more intense grief immediately after loss of partner OA show more intense grief after 18 months Death of younger spouse is less likely Opportunities for remarriage of younger survivor Gender matters: Widowhood is more depressing for men than women

encoding and retrieval

Age related decrement caused by difficulty in ability to make connections with incoming info Once connections are made, they are maintained at the same rate as YA's Memory strategies: when we are confronted with large amounts of info that we need to remember, we tend to use various techniques, called strategies that make the task easier and increase the efficiency of storage Strategies which make tasks easier Age differences in use of strategies OA's do not spontaneously organize incoming info or make meaningful links as well as YA

Passive Euthanasia

Allows a person to die by not providing treatment

plasticity

Although there are declines in aging, one can improve on one's skills with practice Ex: typing accuracy and speed improve with age

Stereotype Threat

An evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong When negative stereotype is activated, can negatively influence older adults' performance on different tasks and their well-being

Neuroticism:

Anxiety, hostility, self-consciousness, depression, impulsiveness, and vulnerability Anxiety and hostility form underlying traits for two fundamental emotions: fear and anger Self-consciousness and depression relate to the emotions shame and sorrow Impulsiveness and vulnerability are most often manifested as behaviors rather than emotions

useful field of view (UFOV), text, icon

Assesses visual attention in OAs, has proven helpful in identifying drivers at risk for accidents Can predict 13% of accident in a sample of OAs and 21% of intersection accidents Attentional processes identified with UFOV can improve with training OAs need to be closer to ______ to identify them, especially at dusk But, no differences found with .______ signs

Age-based Double Standard

Attributing an older person's failures in memory as more serious than a memory failure observed in young adults YAs generally judge older adults who are forgetful more harshly than older adults judge other older adults

attitudes

Awareness about one's OWN identities, biases, power/privilege

Sandwich Generation

Being caught between 2 generations; middle-aged parents can be squeezed by competing demands of children, who want to gain independence, and their parents, who want to maintain independence

Risk factors for depression in OAs

Being female, unmarried, widowed, experiencing stressful life events, lacking social support Having a chronic illness, living in a nursing home, being a caregiver Ethnic minority: African American, Hispanic, non-Hispanic of other races, or multiple races

domains of environmental press model

Biological health Sensory-perceptual functioning Motor skills Cognitive skills Ego strength (interpersonal or social)

disability

Chronic conditions' effects on people's ability to engage in activities that are necessary, expected, and personally desired in their society

episodic memory

Conscious recollection of information from a specific event or time Includes day-to-day activities Learning and then recalling info at a later point

Trait Stability

Costa & McCrae believe that personality traits stop changing by age 30 and then appear to be "set in plaster" Research evidence shows high stability in personality traits across long time period (up to 30 years) and across a wide range of ages (20 to 90 years) Baltimore longitudinal study of aging: correlations fairly high over time in 114 men measured at baseline, 6 years from baseline, and 12 years Research evidence suggests that dispositional traits (shy, bold) are relatively stable across adulthood when average across many different kinds of people

illumination adjustment

Decrease in light amt that passes through the eye, so increased light is often required With age, adaptability to changes in light takes longer and leads to slower light and dark adaptation (like driving in and out of tunnels)

Active Euthanasia

Deliberately ending someone's life through an intervention or action, which may be based on a clear statement of the person's wishes or a decision made by someone else who has the Legal authority to do so Not legally common because it is seen as a bioethical issue. In California, there's an End of Life option Act that allows terminally ill to self-administer a pill, but must see a mental health specialist beforehand

Age Discrimination

Denying a job or promotion based on age → Employers cannot segregate workers based on age

time of measurement effects

Differences in sociocultural, environmental, historical, or other events at the time the data is obtained can confound age effects and impact aging research Ex: during the data collection a new supreme court ruling happens where aging adults are going to receive less health insurance coverage

Loevinger's Theory of Personality

Ego is the chief organizer and entegrator of our morals, values, goals, and thought processes, influenced by personal experiences and the primary source of individual differences at all ages beyond infancy Includes ego develpment

Terror management theory

Ensuring that one's life continues is primary motivation underlying behavior People engage in certain behaviors to achieve certain psychological states (e.g., avoiding confronting death of loved ones, or putting one's life at risk/challenging death)

Comparable Worth

Equalizing Pay in Jobs that Are Equivalent but Differ in the Gender Distribution - the push to eliminate pay disparities between occupations that have majority one gender, even if the jobs are of similar value and require similar skill

Death anxiety

Essentially a reflection of one's concern over dying Fear of death is related to lower religiosity, less social support, and greater external locus of control

Causal Attributions

Explanations people construct to explain their behavior When confronted with ambiguous situations, older and younger adults make interactive attributions When confronted with negative relationship situations, older adults tend to display a dispositional bias blaming the primary character more for causing the negative outcome

eye yellowing

Eye lens becomes more yellow as one ages causing poorer discrimination of green blue violet spectrum

divorce

Factors predicting early vs. late: Negative emotions displayed during conflict predicts early divorce, but not later divorce Later divorce is predicted by lack of positive emotions during discussions and conflicts

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Family disease: chronic bronchitis and emphysema 3rd highest cause of death in the US

Risk Factors for elder abuse

Female, low SES, no spouse, dementia, experienced previous traumatic events People over the age of 80 are 2-3x more often to experience abuse, however, more recently lower ages (60-70) were strongly related to increased risk of physical, emotional, and stranger-perpetrated financial mistreatment of older adults

seattle longitudinal study

Found that there are increases in primary mental ability until late 30s or early 40s Scores stabilize until mid-50s or early 60s By late 60s, declines on all primary mental abilities, although declines tend to be small until mid-70s Within-individual differences show that very few people decline equally in all primary mental abilities

Treatment considerations for OAs

Half-life of medications are longer than young adults (note for treatment of depression) Anxiety drug therapy (like benzodiazepines [Valium, Ativan]): must be used carefully in older adults because they can cause decreased mental functioning and older adults require lower doses Psychotherapy with a range of approaches is the treatment of choice Antipsychotics for psychotic disorders must be used with caution due to potential toxic side effects Psychotherapy can be difficult with OAs with psychotic disorders, tends to focus on adaptive rather than curative functions

marital satisfaction

Highest at start (i.e., everything new and interesting), falls until kids leave home (stress of raising a family), and rises again in later life (perhaps to its highest level)

Mourning

How grief is expressed; influenced culturally

route learning in spatial memory

In familiar environments, OA's do as well as YA's But not in unfamiliar environments OA's and YA's are equally able to learn routes, but gender and age differences exist when using a map Older men do more poorly when provided with no aids, with a map, they are no different from younger men Older women do more poorly with a map, but when map was called a "diagram" there were no differences between OA women and YA women

ADLs (activities of daily living)

Include basic self-care tasks like bathing, toileting, dressing Considered frail if one needs helps with these tasks

Time-based prospective memory

Involves performing an action after a fixed amount of time or a fixed point in time Remembering an appointment Age differences are less likely on event-based prospective memory because there are more contextual cues than on time based prospective memory tasks

Generativity

It has received more attention due to centrality in development It results form complex interconnections between societal and inner forces Leads to concern for next generation and belief in goodness of the human enterprise Research indicates: Middle/older adults have greater preoccupation with generativity themes Middle-aged adults make more generative comments than YAs Generativity may be a stronger predictor of emotional wellbeing in midlife adults

limited capacity of attention

Key assumption of info processing: we have a ____ _____ __ _______ and activities vary in the amount of attention they require

lifespan perspective

Key features of this: multidirectionality plasticity historical context multiple causation

B = f(P,E)

Kurt Lewin's Person-Environment Interaction Formula refers to the fact that behavior (B) is a function of both the person (P) and the environment (E). Person's perception of the environment is most important

Clinical Death

Lack of heartbeat and respiration

mandated reporting procedures

Law requires reporting of abuse of people 65+, or any dependent adult (a person over age 18 who has physical or mental/development limitations which restrict his or her ability to carry out normal activities, or who has been admitted as an inpatient to a 24-hour health facility) Mandated reporters: Any person who has assumed full or intermittent responsibility for the care or custody of an elder or dependent adult. A care provider, regardless of whether they receive compensation for their services A health practitioner: physicians, psychiatrists, dentists, nurses, podiatrists, chiropractors, pharmacists, psychologists, licensed nurses, religious practitioners, paramedics, and EMTs In-Home Supportive Services providers Law enforcement personnel Dept. of social and employment services staff What must be reported: Physical abuse Neglect by others Neglect by self Financial abuse Abandonment Isolation Report: As soon as possible by telephone Mandated reporters should file an SOC 341 within 48 hours Call APS Hotline; SOC 341 Form

Semantic memory

Learning and remembering word meanings and concepts not tied to specific occurrences of events in time Random memories, deliberate and effortful system of long term memory Very small changes in this with increased age No difference in language comprehension - can draw from prior experience (less taxing on working memory) Accessibility in memory is a major area in semantic decline

expected vs unexpected death

Levels of Grief: OA death is seen as less tragic OA have more experience with death MA have less experience and are dealing with their own mortality and more likely to report physical health problems during grief YA better equipped to handle the stress Unexpected death is more tragic Normal grief reactions of sadness, anger, guilt, loneliness Abnormal grief reactions include a longer duration and intensity of grief

Eating right

Lifestyle factor for optimal aging: a balanced diet is important. Nutritional needs remain the same across adulthood, but OAs need fewer calories, more water, and more protein. BMI predicts health and mortality (higher BMI = greater risk for serious medical conditions and mortality)

Staying fit

Lifestyle factor for optimal aging: this is important to prevent, delay onset of, or ease several diseases and chronic conditions; walking is quite successful. Exercise increases self-efficacy and improves mood

immune system changes

Longer to build up defenses against specific diseases --> more prone to serious consequences from illness

Final Scenario

Making choices about how a person does and does not want his/her life to end Bringing closure to relationships (e.g., helps family and friends process death)

Vulnerability stress adaptation model of marriage

Marital quality is a dynamic process resulting from the couples' ability to handle stressful events in the context of their vulnerabilities and resources

retirement

Married men are happier in retirement than unmarried men, but can be difficult to readjust being at home Being in good health, having enough income and having retired voluntarily is associated with high satisfaction in early retirement In general: Men are satisfied with their retirement, as long as they have financial security, health, & supportive network of relatives and friend

Memory for Discourse

Memories for things, such as: reading books, magazines, newspapers, and pamphlets; watching TV or movies

gender differences in occupations

Men and women socialized in jobs differently Increase in women working outside the home since 1970. 60.6% of women work outside of the home

Widowhood

Men are more likely to die soon after their spouse, either by suicide/natural causes Many women's widowhood results in poverty Widowed men are typically older than widowed women

Vocational Identity

Men higher on Realistic, Investigative, Enterprising, and Conventional vocational interests. Women higher on Artistic and Social vocational interests.

Glass Elevator

Men occupying predominantly women position will advance in a company at a faster rate than women as a result of discrimination

Brain Death

Most widely used definition in the U.S. and other industrialized societies → has 8 criteria

complex tasks

No age differences found on easy divided attentino tasks, but there are differences in _____ _______ OAs given extensive practice will have comparable performance to YAs

Primary factors (mental abilities)

Numerical facility: basic skills underlying mathematical reasoning Word fluency: ease in producing verbal descriptions of things Verbal meaning: vocabulary ability Inductive reasoning: ability to extrapolate from particular facts to general concepts Spatial orientation: ability to reason in 3D world where we live Perceptual speed: ability to rapidly and accurately find visual details and make comparisons Verbal memory: ability to stare & recall meaningful language units

driving and highway safety

OAs account for 13% of all traffic fatalities and 17% of all pedestrian fatalities OAs experience the environment differently than YAs OAs have several problems including: Reading highway signs Reading instrument panels Seeing road Reaching for seatbelt Backing up Changing lanes Noting signs and warnings Turning properly Yielding the right of way Redesigning vehicles with OAs in mind could solve many of these problems

greater decreases

OAs had _______ _________ in speed or accuracy compared on selective attention tasks to YAs when distractors are present, suggesting that OAs have more trouble filtering out distractors

processing resource hypothesis

OAs have fewer processing resources than YAs Age decrements are greatest when tasks are complex and little info is available to assist performance Possible reason for age differences in selective attention: amount of attention to apply to a particular situation may be reduced in OAs

tip of the tongue effect

OAs have more trouble finding words

sleep and aging

OAs: take longer to fall asleep more awake at night more easily awakened major shifts in circadian rhythms 2 phase rhythm --> multiphase rhythm (more naps during the day, shorter night time sleep)

Implicit Stereotypes

Of OAs: automatically activated unconscious negative stereotypes about aging that guide our behavior

Negativity Bias

Older adults let their initial impressions stand because negative information was more striking to them and affected them more strongly Older adults weigh emotional information more heavily, and are less likely to use detailed specific information when forming impressions, than young adults Older adults are at a disadvantage when the social context is demanding

hearing loss

One of the most well known normative changes with age

Euthanasia

Only legal if patient has made known their wishes about medical intervention

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)

Patients include a "do not resuscitate" order in their will. Medical staff consider this when patient is in need of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Midlife Crisis and midlife correction

People go through predicatible age related crises, and afterwards have relative stability Very little data supports the claim that all people inevitably experience a crisis in middle age Most middle-aged people do point to both gains and losses, which should be viewed as change transition may be better characterized as this; reevaluating ones' roles and dreams and making the necessary corrections

Change in Cohabitation in Adulthood

People in committed, sexual relationships who live together → an increasingly popular lifestyle As marriage decreases, cohabitation increases

types of elder abuse

Physical Sexual Emotional or psychological Financial or material Neglect Self-neglect

menopause

Point at which ovaries stop releasing eggs May experience hot flashes, headaches, mood changes, longer time/more stimulation to reach orgasm, ethnic/cultural differences in sxs

lower, cognitive impairment

Prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in OAs versus younger age groups: Everything is ___________ (schizophrenia, affective dx, MDD, dysthymia, anxiety, substance use) BESIDES _______ ________, which is highest in OAs

effortful processing

Processing of specific information that goes beyond sensory memory after the encoding process that needs to be consciously attended to for a task Uses more attentional resources that are limited in capacity, like driving in an unfamiliar city during rush hour 3 important, interdependent aspects: Selective attention, divided attention, and sustained attention of vigilance

Nursing homes

Provide 24 hr care Predominantly European Americans (NOT representative of U.S. population) extremely expensive Most OA 2 types that differ by # of staff (skilled care & intermediate care)

presbycusis

Reduced ability to hear high pitched tones (like women and children -_-) Results from: 1. sensory changes due to atrophy and degeneration of receptor cells 2. neural changes due to loss of neurons in auditory pathways to the brain 3. metabolic changes due to diminished supply of nutrients to receptor area 4. mechanical changes due to atrophy and stiffening of vibrating structure of receptor area

Crystallized intelligence

Refers to knowledge you have acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture Ex: knowing answers on Jeopardy like word definitions, facts Age differences Doesn't normally decline with age until very late life Lowest in the youngest age group and increases with each older age group Performance on IQ tests remains stable with age

False Memory

Remembering things that didn't occur OAs more susceptible to this → more susceptible to deceptions and scams

Patient Self Determination Act (PSDA)

Requires patients to complete advance directives (AD) when admitted to a health care facility that receives Medicare & Medicaid

Ego development

Results from dynamic interaction between the person and the environment, consists of fundamental changes in the ways in which thoughts, values, morals, and goals are organized Transitions from one stage to another depends on both nature and nurture to which person must adapt 8 stages are proposed, 6 in childhood Conformist: obedience to external social rules Conscientious-conformist: separation of norms and goals; realization that acts affect others Conscientious: beginning of self-evaluated standards Individualistic: recognition that the process of acting is more important than the outcome Autonomous: respect for each person's individuality, tolerance for ambiguity Integrated: resolution of inner conflicts Most don't go through all stages 4 important areas to developmental progression at each stage: Character development: reflects a person's standards and goals Interpersonal style: represents the person's inner pattern of relations with others Conscious preoccupations: reflects the most important things on the person's mind Cognitive style: characteristic ways in which a person thinks

kinesthesis

Sense of body position: involves sensory feedback from passive and active movements As you age, somesthesia (the ability/system that conveys info about touch, pressure, temperature, pain, movement, body position) becomes disjointed

Other signs of elder abuse

Shame and embarrassment Reluctant and uncommunicative Lack of interest in social contacts Physical (bruises, bed sores, sunken eyes, repeated and unexplained injury)

Kübler-Ross 5 stage theory of dying

Some don't go through all the stages, some go in different orders and pace. Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Grief

Sorrow, anger, guilt that arises when one loses a loved one

Change of Personality

Specific aspects of personality in specific kinds of people → evidence of both stability and change Certain personality traits (self-confidence, cognitive commitment, outgoingness, dependability) show some change over a 30-40 year period Evidence suggests that neuroticism may increase and extraversion may decrease as we get older Due to life events, like loss of a spouse or transition between old and very old age Changes found in adults btwn 74 and 80 years of age are more frequent in men than women Srivastava et al. (2003) found that none of the Big Five personality traits remained stable after age 30 Cohort differences in personality characteristics exist: more anxiety and neuroticism in recent decades in the US, indicating societal trends impact personality development Longitudinal studies show change and move beyond the Big Five at the intra-individual level Individual differences in personality change across the adult lifespan

presbyopia

Stiffening of the lens --> harder to adjust and focus --> difficult to see nearby objects

age related declines (in working memory)

Storage capacity Declines in ability to allocate capacity to more than one task Slower rates of info processing Spatial working memory declines = greater than verbal working memory declines Declines show more in evening than in morning On more complex tasks relative to simpler ones

Assisted living facilities

Supportive living arrangements Not 24 hour care Smaller and cost less than nursing homes

Geriatric Depression Rating scale

Sxs removed, yes/no format easier for OAs Dx should NEVER be made based simply on test score

selective attention

Tasks involve multiple sources available for processing, but only a subset of info is relevant How we choose which info will be processed further into a small attention capacity store; the rest of is irrelevant and dumped (number of dollar but not the color)

Change in Singlehood

There is a rise in young adults never getting married, and a decrease in young adults getting married.

Costa and McCrae

They developed a model of personality with five independent domains: Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

experience and exercise

This allows for OAs to compensate for slowing speed, especially on real world tasks by anticipating what is likely to happen Regular aerobic ____ and fitness training helps speed up performance, possibly due to improved cerebrovascular, and/or neurological functioning

Filial Obligation

To care for one's parents if needed

Persistent Vegetative State

When brain stem functioning continues and cortical functioning stops

40

U.S. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1986 Protects workers over the age of _______ Employers are banned from rejecting employment or from discharging employees based on age

Beck Depression Inventory

Used with adults commonly Questions focused on feelings and sxs Confound: physical sxs of depression is similar to normal aging

Hospice

Utilized when no treatment or cure is possible An approach to assisting dying people that emphasizes pain management, or palliative care, and death with dignity Emphasizes quality of life and keeping patients pain free Inpatient in hospitals; Outpatient in their homes

Environmental press

Varying demands (physical, interpersonal, social) environments place on a person

Adult foster care

Very small Houses ppl in generally good health

Eden Alternative

Views skilled care environments as habitats for people rather than facilities Includes pets and other approaches to make it more homelike.

Extraversion

Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement seeking, and positive emotions

neglect, physical abuse, financial

What are the most common types of abuse? 60% 16% 12%

Gay and Lesbian couples

When compared to heterosexual couples: Similarities: Similar on many dimensions, including finances/average household income, household chores, power differentials, average age, proportion with children; show the same changes over time, patterns of satisfaction, and predictors of relationship success as different sex couples Differences: Gay/lesbian couples tend to be more egalitarian, different sex couples seem to be slightly more equal in their relationships, gay men and lesbians seem to be slightly less equal in the same time period (mixed results/data!!)

Sticky Floor

When one's gender or ethnic group is discriminated against they are kept at entry level positions.

false fame effect

When previous observed non-famous name is mistakenly identified as a fame name at testing OA's show larger false fame effects for conscious recollection, while nonconscious automatic retrieval/familiarity of information does not decline with age

aging male reproductive system

With increasing age... Men show a gradual decline in testosterone levels beginning the mid 20s Sperm production declines gradually with age However, even at the age of 80, men are still half as fertile as they were at 25 Prostate gland enlarges, becomes stiffer, and may interfere with urination Annual screenings are important for men over 50 years of age Psychological changes in men's sexual performance include: Longer time and the need of more stimulation to achieve an erection and orgasm A failure to achieve an orgasm A much longer resolution time The loss of erection during intercourse

Family obligations, workplace issues

Women's Reasons for Leaving Well-Paid Occupations

Young, middle aged, older

_______ adults report feeling "cheated by death," still in a phase of believing in their immortality ______ _______ adults think more about their mortality. Think of time lived and time left before death __________ adults are more accepting of death having reached ego integrity

Dementia

a brain related disorder caused by diseases and other conditions Causes: many including Alzheimer's, stroke, brain tumors, etc. Duration: permanent damage in stages Typical age of onset: 65+ Sxs: issues with memory, attention, focus, visual perception, reasoning judgement, comprehension 50% over 85 have dementia: since more people are living longer, dementia prevalence is increasing

Intelligence (psychometric approach)

a hierarchy of skills, where each level in the hierarchy organizes abilities at the lower levels Lowest level: individual test questions 2nd level: organized tests made up of level 1 questions 3rd level: primary mental abilities - relations between performance on intelligence tests 4th level: secondary mental abilities - relations between primary mental abilities 5th level: third-order relations between secondary mental abilities 6th level: general intelligence: top level or the relations between third-order relations Each step up the hierarchy takes one farther away from an individual's performance on intelligence tests

vigilance decrement, no

decrease in detection accuracy over time There are ___ age related declines ni vigilance decrement

Fluid intelligence

abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, allows one to draw inferences, and enables you to understand the relations among concepts independent of acquired knowledge and experience Ex: solving puzzles Age differences: Tends to show normative age-related decline Very high in the youngest age group, and sharply declines with each older age group

sustained attention (vigilance)

ability to attend over long periods of time How we maintain attention or focus while performing a task over a long period of time Aerobic fitness increases performance on these tasks

divided attention

ability to successfully perform more than 1 task at the same time Degree in which diff info can be processed simultaneously at any given time; looks at how well people can perform multiple tasks simultaneously (driving and talking on cell phone) OAs have difficulty with dividing attention

knowledge

about multiple identities, biases, power/privilege, and of scientific literature related to individual and cultural differences

change in age demographics

advances in medical care birth control hygiene

distant (grandparent style)

appears mainly on holidays or other formal occasions with ritual gifts

dispenser of family wisdom (grandparent style)

assumes authoritarian position, offering info and advice

sensoriomotor period

babies and infants gain knowledge by using sensory and motor skills

intraindividual factors

behavioral and personality based, like exercise programs and positive outlooks

forces of development

biological, psychological, sociocultural, life-cycle forces

Secondary factors (mental abilities)

broad-ranging skills that reflect clusters of several primary mental abilities

glaucoma

build up of pressure on the eye due to fluid not draining correctly; can lead to vision loss; structural change to the eye

Age

can affect marital stress: ____ at time of marriage (divorce 50% less likely for someone who is 25 years old when they wed; getting married after your mid-30s is riskier than getting married in your late 20s; best age to get married: 28-32 y/o

painful intercourse

change in women's sexual performance: smaller and thinner vaginal walls, smaller vagina, reduced/delayed vaginal lubrication

Personality (in marital success)

changes in wives' neuroticism were negatively associated with changes in husbands' and wives' marital satisfaction; changes in husbands' personality traits weren't significantly associated with changes in their marital satisfaction or their wives' marital satisfaction

fun seeker (grandparent style)

characterized by informal playfulness and is second most common

cross sectional designs

development differences are identified by comparing groups of people varying at a single time

cohort effects

differences caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation to which belongs can confound age effects and impact aging research ex: growing up with social media

neural networks

due to age related neuronal loss, it takes more connections among neurons to make decisions, thereby slowing the decision prcoess

Epigenetic principle

each psychosocial strength has its own special time of ascendancy or period of particular importance and that each must be resolved one way or another

cognitive structural approach

emphasizes the ways in which people conceptualize and solve problems rather than scores on tests (like Piaget's stages in development); focuses on the way people think, de-emphasizes whether the answer is correct or not

formal operational period

endpoint of cognitive development acquired during adolescence; characterizes all adult thought. This mode of thinking emphasizes hypothetico-deductive thought or hypothesis-testing

Pragmatic intelligence

everyday cognitive performance and adaptation, such as verbal knowledge, wisdom, and practical problem solving

stability change controversy

examines the degree to which people stay the same or change over time

nature nurture controversy

examines the extent to which hereditary/nature and environmental/nurture influences determine who we are

surrogate parents (grandparent style)

filling in for working parents

Pikes model for training in geropsychology

five foundational knowledge areas: 1. attitudes towards OAs and aging 2. general knowledge about adult dev. and aging 3. knowledge of foundations of clinical practice of OAs 4. Knowledge of the foundations of assessment of OAs 5. knowledge of the foundations of intervention, consultation, other service provision

Psychometric approach

focuses on standardized test performance with an emphasis on whether answers are correct - how do answers relate to each other?

biological forces

genetic and health related factors

Alzheimer's symptoms

gradual changes in cognitive functioning declines in memory, learning, attention, & judgment disorientation in time and space difficulties in word finding and communication declines in personal hygiene & self-care skills inappropriate social behavior changes in personality

Major Predictors of Retirement

health, gender, layoffs, financial stability

life cycle forces

how the same event or combination of forces affect people at different points in their lives

multiple causation

how we develop results from a variety of forces

extraindividual factors

include environment and healthcare (surgery, medications)

biopsychosocial framework

includes biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces

automatic processing

information processing after encoding that is fast, reliable, and insensitive to increased cognitive demands Minimal demands on attentional capacity, like driving a familiar route Automatic attention response: processing a specific and well-trained stimulus can automatically capture attention, like hearing one's name Ease of task components become more/less automized in people of different ages; may account for OAs poorer performance

sociocultural forces

interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors

Mechanics of intelligence

involves the neurophysiological architecture of the mind, including basic information processing components, problem solving, spatial orientation, and perpetual speed

universal vs context specific controversy

is there one pathway (universal) of development or several (context-specific) pathways?

cultural competency in aging

knowledge, skills, attitudes

Erikson's Theory of Personality

lifespan theory of personality development, emphasizes the interaction between inner maturational plan (nature) and external social demands (nurture) Stages: Infancy: trust vs. mistrust Early childhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt Preschool: initiative vs. guilt School age: industry vs. inferiority Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion Young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation Middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation Maturity: integrity vs. despair Successful resolution of struggles establish the basic areas of psychosocial strength; unsuccessful resolutions impair ego development in an area and adversely impact resolution of future struggles It takes a lifetime to develop and acquire all strengths, three are developed in adulthood

Concrete operational period

logical reasoning emerges; but still unable to deal with abstract concepts

risk factors

long-standing behaviors or conditions that increase one's chances of functional limitation or disability

cardiovascular disease

men have high rates of this initially, but then women have higher rates from the mid-80s to 100

chronic bronchitis

more prevalent in people over age 45, especially those exposed to high levels of dust and pollen

emphysema

most serious type of COPD, destruction of membranes around air sacs in lungs 82% from smoking

controversies in development

nature vs. nurture stability vs. change continuity vs. discontinuity universal vs. context specific

age effects

occur as a result of the underlying age related changes ini biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors ex: hearing loss

cataracts

opaque spots on the lens that limit how much light is transmitted through the eye; a structural change to the eye

psychological forces

perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors (e.g. having a hot temper)

primary

prevention of disability: prevents a disease or condition (like an immunization)

tertiary

prevention of disability: efforts to avoid development of complications or secondary chronic conditions, manage pain associated with primary chronic condition, and sustain life through medical intervention (sitting up in bed to reduce chance of contracting other diseases)

quaternary

prevention of disability: efforts to improve the functional capacities of people who have chronic conditions (PT, OT)

secondary

prevention of disability: instituted early after a condition has begun, sometimes before dx, and before significant impairments (like cancer screenings)

Competence

theoretical upper limit of a person's capacity to functioning

resilience

regaining (more) normal levels of functioning of after developmental setbacks Avoiding negative outcomes, despite presence of risk factors in person or in environment, with or without external interventions

Recall, worse

remembering info without hints OAs perform ______ than YAs on test of episodic memory because they omit info, include more intrusions, repeat previously recalled items

Verbrugge and Jette's model of disability

risk factors & 2 types of intervention strategies (extraindividual and intraindividual)

longitudinal designs

same people are observed repeatedly at different points in their lives

recognition, more

selecting previously learned info from among several items, like a multiple choice test OAs struggle ____ on recognition tests More likely to accept never presented items, less spontaneous in their memory strategy use Age differences can be reduced by slowing presentation rate

skills

self reflection and awareness Application of self awareness and diversity competencies into clinical practice

causes of sleep disturbance

sleep apnea leg jerks heartburn frequent need to urinate poor physical health depression

vision

structural changes in the eye

information loss

suggests that more info is lost at each step in the process for OAs than YAs 4 assumptions: 1) Information processing occurs in discrete steps, and overall processing speed is the total of how long it takes to accomplish each step (similar to neural networks) 2) How long each step takes depends on how much info is available at the beginning of the step 3) Information is lost during processing 4) There are age-related increases in the rate at which information is lost

sundowning

sxs typically are worse in the evening than in the morning

Piaget's theory of intelligence

thought developed through 4 stages Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

formal (grandparent style)

traditional roles with hands-off attitude toward child rearing; most common

perimenopause

transition from 40s ending in the menstrual cycles become irregular; by the end of menstruation there is a reduction in hormone levels, changes in reproductive organs, and changes in sexual functioning

climacteric

transition from being able to bear children to not being able to

sequential designs

using more than one cross-sectional or longitudinal design simultaneously

historical context

we develop within a historical time and culture in which we grow up with and are born into (someone growing up during the Vietnam War will have a different experience than someone growing up while Donald Trump is president)

Factors

when performance on one test is highly related to performance on another test; several factors make up intelligence (primary and secondary)

multidirectionality

with age there are growths and declines in different life areas and aspects Ex: with age, one may decline in memory but experience growth in vocabulary

Preoperational period

young children's thinking is not logical and often egocentric