advanced imaging unit 3

Tc 99 M has a half-live of _________.

6 hours

On average ________ percent of cancer patients are treated with radiation. 35 55 75 95

75

What is the percentage of patients that are typically treated with radiation therapy after being diagnosed with cancer?

75%

Term commonly applied to malignant disease; abnormal growth of cells; neoplasm (new growth) or -oma (tumor).

Cancer

Cancer that arises from epithelial tissue—either glandular or squamous epithelium.

Carcinoma

Shielding device used to limit the angle of entry of radiation; usually made of lead.

Collimator

Cyclatron: Creates PET radionuclides Measures half-life PET camera Creates radiation therapy isotopes

Creates PET radionuclides

Device for accelerating charged particles to high energies. Creates the PET radionuclides.

Cyclotron

Device that is a combination of a scintillator and photomultiplier tube used to detect x-rays and gamma rays.

Detector

Division of total planned dose into numerous smaller doses to be given over a longer

Fractionation

13.3 Hours Half life of I-10 Half life of FDG Half life of I-123 The amount of time I've been studying!

Half life of I-123

Nuclide of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Isotope

Attached to the scintillation crystal to convey the emitted light to the photomultiplier tube

Light pipe

Cancerous tumor or lesion.

Malignancy

three or more fields to deliver tumor dose

Mulitfield

Two fields where treatment method used to protect a non-involved structure

Opposing ports

positively charged particle emitted from neutron-deficient radioactive nuclei

Positron

FDG: Group which governs radiation therapy Fluoroscopy Diagnostic Group Isotope used in radiation therapy Radiotracer used in PET

Radiotracer used in PET

employed for centrally located lesions and tumors located at axis of rotation such as prostate cancer

Rotational field

Material that transforms high-energy photons such as x-rays or gamma rays into visible or nearly visible light (ultraviolet) photons for easy measurement.

Scintillator

Lead alloy blocks are employed for a specific field

Shaped field

one treatment port (ex. used in skin cancer)

Single field

Identify the radionuclides: (clue: there are 3 total here)

Technetium 99m Fluorine- 18 Fluoride Ions (FDG)

the field will alter the primary beam ex. head and neck therapies

Wedge field

Which stage of cancer: Carcinoma in situ 0 1 3 4

0

Amount of ionizing radiation absorbed per unit of mass of irradiated material.

absorbed dose

Radioactivity is the ability of certain nuclides to: 1. emit penetrating radiation 2. undergo spontaneous decay 3. to emit x rays

1 and 2 only

Removal of a small piece of tissue for examination under the microscope.

biopsy

- Placement of radioactive nuclide or nuclides in or on a neoplasm to deliver a cancericidal dose.

brachytherapy

Radioactive seeds implanted into the prostate are an example of: Mold technique Bradytherapy Mold technique Brachytherapy

brachytherapy

This form of radiation is through delivery of low intensity radiation over an extended period to a small volume of tissue after being implanted into the patient:

brachytherapy

If a structure appears hyperechoic, which statement is relevant to the finding:

calcium will appear white

Dose of radiation that results in the death of cancer cells: cancericeidal dose Carcinomal Acute Cell killing dose

cancericeidal dose

Dose of radiation that results in the death of cancer cells.

cancericidal dose

Usually a 5-year period after completion of treatment during which time the patient exhibits no evidence of disease.

cure

Radioactive disintegration of the nucleus of an unstable nuclide.

decay

Device that is a combination of a scintillator and photomultiplier tube used to detect x-rays and gamma rays: Gamma Camera Detector Cyclotron Collimator

detector

The velocity of an ultrasound beam is:

determined by the density of material.

Measurement of radiation dose in an absorbing medium.

dosimetry

What refers to a medium that contains echo producing structures?

echogenic

Which type of tissue represents the area where carcinoma begins: Connective Sarcoidal Epithelial Endothelial

epithelial

Cells that line the surfaces of serous and mucous membranes, including the skin.

epithelial tissue

Study of causes of diseases.

etiology

Delivery of radiation to a patient from a unit such as a linear accelerator in which the radiation enters the patient from the external surface of the body

external-beam treatment

true or false An extensive lesion that is greater than 5 cm with metastasis having occured would best describe Stage 3 cancer.

false

true or false The grouping of cancer that presents the least aggression with no evidence of the lesion clinically, (where carcinoma is in situ) is categorized as stage1.

false

Geometric area defined by collimator or radiotherapy unit at skin surface.

field

Type of radiation used in Nuclear Medicine X-ray Gamma Nuclear Cyclotron

gamma

A __________ is the equipment that is used to transform emissions into images recording function and anatomical areas of interest.

gamma camera

Device that uses the emission of light from a crystal struck by gamma rays to produce an image of the distribution of radioactive material in a body organ

gamma camera

Term used to describe the time elapsed until some physical quantity has decreased to.

half-life (T½) -

Brachytherapy involves delivering ________ intensity radiation.

high

Type of radiation most appropriate for radiation therapy: High kVp High LET High ionization Low ionization

high LET

A normal liver scan should have a _____ echo pattern.

homogeneous

A normal liver scan should have a _____ echo pattern. hyperechoic hypoechoic homogeneous heterogeneous

homogeneous

If an echo pattern is similar throughout a structure or mass it is termed:

homogenous

A change in tissue in the body is referred to as a(an) _______in Ultrasound.

interface

A change in tissue in the body is referred to as a(an) _______in Ultrasound. interface transmission reflection echo

interface

Contains the equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons, all in the same element: Isomere Isotope Nuclide Radiopharmaceutical

isotope

Morbid change in tissue; mass of abnormal cells.

lesion

Device for accelerating charged particles, such as electrons, to produce high-energy electron or photon beams.

linear accelerator (linac)

Rate at which energy is deposited as it travels through matter.

linear energy transfer (LET)

Which of the following is related to cancer staging?

lymph node involvement tumor size Distant metastasis

Person responsible for calculation of proper radiation treatment dose who assists the radiation oncologist in designing individual treatment plans.

medical dosimetrist

Specialist in the study of the laws of ionizing radiation and their interactions with matter.

medical physicist

Transmission of cells or groups of cells from primary tumor to sites elsewhere in body.

metastasis

When three or more fields are used to deliver a tumor dose: Single port Multifield Opposing port Rotational field

multifield

Physician specializing in the study of tumors.

oncologist

Study of tumors.

oncology

The study of tumors: Perontology Oncologist Gerentology Oncology

oncology

PET isotopes work on the interaction of matter called: Compton Scatter Photoelectric Photodisintegration Pair Production

pair production

To relieve symptoms; not for cure.

palliation

Specialist in the study of the microscopic nature of disease.

pathologist

The principle on which the ultrasound transducer operates is the _____ effect.

piezoelectric

Physician specializing in use of ionizing radiation in treatment of disease.

radiation oncologist

Medical specialty involving the treatment of cancerous lesions using ionizing radiation.

radiation oncology

Person trained to assist and take directions from the radiation oncologist in the

radiation therapist

FDG: Radioactive water Radioactive fluorine Radioactive sodium Radioactive sugar

radioactive sugar

Spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus resulting in the emission of ionizing radiation.

radioactivity

Susceptibility of neoplastic cells to cure (destruction) by ionizing radiation.

radiocurable

Unstable nucleus that transmutes via nuclear decay: Isotope Positron Radionuclide Negatron

radionuclide

Ultrasonic sound waves are:

reflected at tissue interfaces

Nuclear Medicine scanners works on the principle of : Pair Production Scintillation Compton Absorption

scintillation

Immobilization masks would be made during which step in radiation therapy? Dosimitry Port images Dosimetry Simulation

simulation

In radiation therapy, verification images are taken weekly to ensure accuracy. These are known as:

simulations

Diagnostic x-ray machine that has the same geometric and physical characteristics as a radiation therapy treatment unit.

simulator

Scintillation detectors in nuclear medicine use thallium activated ____________crystals. Sodium iodide Cesium iodide Sodium fluoride Cesium fluoride

sodium iodide

The gamma cameras in nuclear medicine utilize:

sodium iodide

A method for delivering external high-energy x-rays to a patient's tumor:

teletherapy

Iodine 123 would most likely be employed for what type of study?

thyroid function

Radioactive isotope used to allow a biologic process to be seen. The tracer is introduced into the body, binds with a specific substance, and is followed by a scanner as it passes through various organs or systems in the body.

tracer

Radionuclides are tagged with ________ to target organs. Radiation water Nuclides Transpondsters Tracers

tracers

If a structure appears hyperechoic, calcium will appear white. True False

true

true or false In NM, radiation safety and protection for the technologist is given by having preparation areas with isolated ventilation, protective lead shielding for vials and syringes, and radiation monitors to be worn for the whole body and fingers.

true

true or false In cancer staging, TNM stands for tumor, node, and metastatic spread.

true

Beam attenuating device used to absorb beam preferentially to alter the shape of the isodose curve in radiation therapy? Wedge filter Alloy filter Collimator Attenuating wedge

wedge filter

shaped beam attenuating device used to absorb beam preferentially to alter the shape of the isodose curve

wedge filter Wedge

A patient must be cancer free for how many years to be considered "cured". 2 5 10 15

5