advanced imaging unit 3
Tc 99 M has a half-live of _________.
6 hours
On average ________ percent of cancer patients are treated with radiation. 35 55 75 95
75
What is the percentage of patients that are typically treated with radiation therapy after being diagnosed with cancer?
75%
Term commonly applied to malignant disease; abnormal growth of cells; neoplasm (new growth) or -oma (tumor).
Cancer
Cancer that arises from epithelial tissue—either glandular or squamous epithelium.
Carcinoma
Shielding device used to limit the angle of entry of radiation; usually made of lead.
Collimator
Cyclatron: Creates PET radionuclides Measures half-life PET camera Creates radiation therapy isotopes
Creates PET radionuclides
Device for accelerating charged particles to high energies. Creates the PET radionuclides.
Cyclotron
Device that is a combination of a scintillator and photomultiplier tube used to detect x-rays and gamma rays.
Detector
Division of total planned dose into numerous smaller doses to be given over a longer
Fractionation
13.3 Hours Half life of I-10 Half life of FDG Half life of I-123 The amount of time I've been studying!
Half life of I-123
Nuclide of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Isotope
Attached to the scintillation crystal to convey the emitted light to the photomultiplier tube
Light pipe
Cancerous tumor or lesion.
Malignancy
three or more fields to deliver tumor dose
Mulitfield
Two fields where treatment method used to protect a non-involved structure
Opposing ports
positively charged particle emitted from neutron-deficient radioactive nuclei
Positron
FDG: Group which governs radiation therapy Fluoroscopy Diagnostic Group Isotope used in radiation therapy Radiotracer used in PET
Radiotracer used in PET
employed for centrally located lesions and tumors located at axis of rotation such as prostate cancer
Rotational field
Material that transforms high-energy photons such as x-rays or gamma rays into visible or nearly visible light (ultraviolet) photons for easy measurement.
Scintillator
Lead alloy blocks are employed for a specific field
Shaped field
one treatment port (ex. used in skin cancer)
Single field
Identify the radionuclides: (clue: there are 3 total here)
Technetium 99m Fluorine- 18 Fluoride Ions (FDG)
the field will alter the primary beam ex. head and neck therapies
Wedge field
Which stage of cancer: Carcinoma in situ 0 1 3 4
0
Amount of ionizing radiation absorbed per unit of mass of irradiated material.
absorbed dose
Radioactivity is the ability of certain nuclides to: 1. emit penetrating radiation 2. undergo spontaneous decay 3. to emit x rays
1 and 2 only
Removal of a small piece of tissue for examination under the microscope.
biopsy
- Placement of radioactive nuclide or nuclides in or on a neoplasm to deliver a cancericidal dose.
brachytherapy
Radioactive seeds implanted into the prostate are an example of: Mold technique Bradytherapy Mold technique Brachytherapy
brachytherapy
This form of radiation is through delivery of low intensity radiation over an extended period to a small volume of tissue after being implanted into the patient:
brachytherapy
If a structure appears hyperechoic, which statement is relevant to the finding:
calcium will appear white
Dose of radiation that results in the death of cancer cells: cancericeidal dose Carcinomal Acute Cell killing dose
cancericeidal dose
Dose of radiation that results in the death of cancer cells.
cancericidal dose
Usually a 5-year period after completion of treatment during which time the patient exhibits no evidence of disease.
cure
Radioactive disintegration of the nucleus of an unstable nuclide.
decay
Device that is a combination of a scintillator and photomultiplier tube used to detect x-rays and gamma rays: Gamma Camera Detector Cyclotron Collimator
detector
The velocity of an ultrasound beam is:
determined by the density of material.
Measurement of radiation dose in an absorbing medium.
dosimetry
What refers to a medium that contains echo producing structures?
echogenic
Which type of tissue represents the area where carcinoma begins: Connective Sarcoidal Epithelial Endothelial
epithelial
Cells that line the surfaces of serous and mucous membranes, including the skin.
epithelial tissue
Study of causes of diseases.
etiology
Delivery of radiation to a patient from a unit such as a linear accelerator in which the radiation enters the patient from the external surface of the body
external-beam treatment
true or false An extensive lesion that is greater than 5 cm with metastasis having occured would best describe Stage 3 cancer.
false
true or false The grouping of cancer that presents the least aggression with no evidence of the lesion clinically, (where carcinoma is in situ) is categorized as stage1.
false
Geometric area defined by collimator or radiotherapy unit at skin surface.
field
Type of radiation used in Nuclear Medicine X-ray Gamma Nuclear Cyclotron
gamma
A __________ is the equipment that is used to transform emissions into images recording function and anatomical areas of interest.
gamma camera
Device that uses the emission of light from a crystal struck by gamma rays to produce an image of the distribution of radioactive material in a body organ
gamma camera
Term used to describe the time elapsed until some physical quantity has decreased to.
half-life (T½) -
Brachytherapy involves delivering ________ intensity radiation.
high
Type of radiation most appropriate for radiation therapy: High kVp High LET High ionization Low ionization
high LET
A normal liver scan should have a _____ echo pattern.
homogeneous
A normal liver scan should have a _____ echo pattern. hyperechoic hypoechoic homogeneous heterogeneous
homogeneous
If an echo pattern is similar throughout a structure or mass it is termed:
homogenous
A change in tissue in the body is referred to as a(an) _______in Ultrasound.
interface
A change in tissue in the body is referred to as a(an) _______in Ultrasound. interface transmission reflection echo
interface
Contains the equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons, all in the same element: Isomere Isotope Nuclide Radiopharmaceutical
isotope
Morbid change in tissue; mass of abnormal cells.
lesion
Device for accelerating charged particles, such as electrons, to produce high-energy electron or photon beams.
linear accelerator (linac)
Rate at which energy is deposited as it travels through matter.
linear energy transfer (LET)
Which of the following is related to cancer staging?
lymph node involvement tumor size Distant metastasis
Person responsible for calculation of proper radiation treatment dose who assists the radiation oncologist in designing individual treatment plans.
medical dosimetrist
Specialist in the study of the laws of ionizing radiation and their interactions with matter.
medical physicist
Transmission of cells or groups of cells from primary tumor to sites elsewhere in body.
metastasis
When three or more fields are used to deliver a tumor dose: Single port Multifield Opposing port Rotational field
multifield
Physician specializing in the study of tumors.
oncologist
Study of tumors.
oncology
The study of tumors: Perontology Oncologist Gerentology Oncology
oncology
PET isotopes work on the interaction of matter called: Compton Scatter Photoelectric Photodisintegration Pair Production
pair production
To relieve symptoms; not for cure.
palliation
Specialist in the study of the microscopic nature of disease.
pathologist
The principle on which the ultrasound transducer operates is the _____ effect.
piezoelectric
Physician specializing in use of ionizing radiation in treatment of disease.
radiation oncologist
Medical specialty involving the treatment of cancerous lesions using ionizing radiation.
radiation oncology
Person trained to assist and take directions from the radiation oncologist in the
radiation therapist
FDG: Radioactive water Radioactive fluorine Radioactive sodium Radioactive sugar
radioactive sugar
Spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus resulting in the emission of ionizing radiation.
radioactivity
Susceptibility of neoplastic cells to cure (destruction) by ionizing radiation.
radiocurable
Unstable nucleus that transmutes via nuclear decay: Isotope Positron Radionuclide Negatron
radionuclide
Ultrasonic sound waves are:
reflected at tissue interfaces
Nuclear Medicine scanners works on the principle of : Pair Production Scintillation Compton Absorption
scintillation
Immobilization masks would be made during which step in radiation therapy? Dosimitry Port images Dosimetry Simulation
simulation
In radiation therapy, verification images are taken weekly to ensure accuracy. These are known as:
simulations
Diagnostic x-ray machine that has the same geometric and physical characteristics as a radiation therapy treatment unit.
simulator
Scintillation detectors in nuclear medicine use thallium activated ____________crystals. Sodium iodide Cesium iodide Sodium fluoride Cesium fluoride
sodium iodide
The gamma cameras in nuclear medicine utilize:
sodium iodide
A method for delivering external high-energy x-rays to a patient's tumor:
teletherapy
Iodine 123 would most likely be employed for what type of study?
thyroid function
Radioactive isotope used to allow a biologic process to be seen. The tracer is introduced into the body, binds with a specific substance, and is followed by a scanner as it passes through various organs or systems in the body.
tracer
Radionuclides are tagged with ________ to target organs. Radiation water Nuclides Transpondsters Tracers
tracers
If a structure appears hyperechoic, calcium will appear white. True False
true
true or false In NM, radiation safety and protection for the technologist is given by having preparation areas with isolated ventilation, protective lead shielding for vials and syringes, and radiation monitors to be worn for the whole body and fingers.
true
true or false In cancer staging, TNM stands for tumor, node, and metastatic spread.
true
Beam attenuating device used to absorb beam preferentially to alter the shape of the isodose curve in radiation therapy? Wedge filter Alloy filter Collimator Attenuating wedge
wedge filter
shaped beam attenuating device used to absorb beam preferentially to alter the shape of the isodose curve
wedge filter Wedge
A patient must be cancer free for how many years to be considered "cured". 2 5 10 15
5