Adv.Chemistry Chapter 1
Organic
(carbon) developing a new carbon-based fiber for clothing
Inorganic
(no carbon) comparing the hardness of copper and silver
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What are the eight big ideas listed in this section?(list 4)
1. Chemistry as a central science 2. Electrons and the structure of atoms 3. Bonding and interactions 4. Reactions 5. Kinetic theory 6. The mole and quantifying matter 7. Matter and energy 8. Carbon chemistry
What are the central themes of chemistry?
1. Chemsitry as the central science 5.Kinetic theory 2.Electrons and the structure of atoms 6.the mole of quantifying matter 3.Bonding and interactions 7. Matter and energy 4.Reaction 8. carbon chemistry
2 ways that chemists can help to meet the demand for energy:
1. Conserve it 2. Produce more
Pros of PLA:
1. Made from reuseable resources 2. Less energy 3. better for environment
3 new materials that chemists have developed that have medical implications?
1. Materials to replace or repair body parts 2. diseased arteries can be replaced with plastic tubes 3. Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics can replace worn out joints
Applying scientific method:
1. Observation: Flashlight will not light 2. Hypothesis #1: Batteries are dead 3. Experiment #1: try new batteries -independent variable-new batteries -dependent variable-flahslight still will not light 4. Hypothesis #2- Light bulb is burnt out 5. Experiment #2: Try a new lightblub -Independent variable: new light bulb -Dependent variable-Flashlight will light
what are the 2 skills that you may need to use as you calculate an answer to a problem?
1. convert a measurement from 1 unit to another 2. rearrange an equation before solving
Cons of PLA
1. melts at low temp 2. Made from corn 3. difficult to dispose of
What are 3 reasons to study chemistry?
1. useful in explaining the natural world 2. Prepares people for career opportunities 3. Produces informed citizens
Chemsitry, technology, and society(4)
1.Materials and environment-protect and conserve 2. Energy- make more, store, conserve 3.Medicine and biotechnology, Artificial limb/body parts/ arteries 4. The universe-we use earthly chemistry and apply it there
Scientific Method
1.Observation 2.Hypothesis 3.Experiment 4.Theory 5.Scientific law
what are the 5 traditional areas of study in chemistry?
1.Organic 2. Inorganic 3. Biochemistry 4. Analytical 5. Physical
Carbon chemistry:
10m carbon-cantaining compounds
Volcanized rubber-
1830's-Chareles Goodyear. Thoams hancock re-invented it in 1843. named after the roman God of Fire, Vulcan
In _____ granulated
1957
sticky noyes---
1968-spencer silver
Chemists have analysed more than _____
850pds of moon rocks(similar to volcanic rocks)(might have been volcanoes on moon's surface
what are some problems that chemists must consider when developing new technologies?
Bad chemical reaction and chemicals that could be harmful to yourself and/or the enviornment
Why does chemistry affect all aspects of life?
Chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events because all living and non-living things are made of matter
What is chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
What is chemistry also known as?
Chemsitry is also known as the central science because it is fundamental to the understanding of all other sciences
What is the role of chemistry in the development of medicines?
Chemsitry supplies medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients
Sacchari-1879-
Constantine Fahlberg-looking for new use for coal but didn't wash his hands after working in the lab. Ate substance on hands. Sold as a tablet from 1890-1940.
Analytical ex:
Determining the amount of mercury present in a soil sample
What is involved in effective problem solving?(2)
Developing and implementing a plan
Carrers that require chemistry knowledge
Ex: Truf managers/fire fighters/reporter
Ex:
Matches, the compounds in the match head and h2o are the reactants and new compounds are the products
what is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space
Ex:
Plastics and synthetic fibers (from petroleum)
why won't the method used to discover the chemical composition of stars work for the moon and planets?
The moon and planets do not emit light
what did the chemists learn about the moon's surface by analyzing moon rocks?
There might have been volcanoes on the moon's surface at one point in time
what is a scientific law?
a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
what is the scientific method?
a logical systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
what are the 3 steps for solving numeric problems?
a. analyze b. calculate c. evaluate
pure chemistry can lead to directly to an application, but ....
an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works
Chemistis usually work in more than one area at a time Ex:
an organic chemist using analytical chemistry to determine the composition of an organic chemical
Elements are composed of
atoms
The field that applies science to the production of biological products is:
biochemistry
Most chemicals found in organisms contain:
carbon
Organic chemistry was originally defined as the study of
carbon-based chemicals found in organisms
a ______ variable is observed during an experiment
dependent
Biochemistry ex:
developing a better insulin delivery system for diabetics
Lactic acid is also found in:
exercising muscles
Analytical
focuses on the composition of matter
name an everyday situation that requires problems-solving skills
food shopping/comparison shopping/tips
How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?
he designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram
pierre janssen discovered
helium
In 1895 Wiliam Ramsay discovered
helium on earth
Ex:
if you go to the moon you may weight less, but you still take up the same amount of space
a ______variable is changed during an experiment
independent
Physical Chem ex:
investigating ways to slow down the rusting of steel
Polylactic acid(PLA)
is a bioplastic made from corn. can be used as a plastic substitute.
helium was named by
joseph norman(on the sun's surface)(helios-sun)
scientists can learn about the chemical composition of stars by analyzing the __ transmitted to earth
light
In the early 1800'sscientists began to study the composition of stars by analyzing the..
light they transmitted to earth
Matter is anything with : (2)
mass and volume
mass
measure of the amount of matter
Alchemists developed processes for separating
mixtures and purifying chemicals
atoms contain
nuclei and electrons
Carbon compounds are the basis
of life in all living organisms
another name for a big idea is
organizing principle
lavoisier Demonstrated that _____ is necessary for materials to burn
oxygen
kenetic theory
particles in matter are in constant motion
Most plastics are made by using/ derived from
petrochemicals which are chemical products derived from petroleum
Applied chemistry:
research that is directed to a particle goal or application
Polytetrafluereothy lene, 1938-
roy J. Plunkett used from nonstick products, stain repellent, electrical cables, and soil
Practical alchemy focused on
searching for a way to change metals such as lead into gold (europe) (asia-elixer of life)
motions vary with change in
temperatur and pressure determine whether a substance will be a solid, liquid, or gas
Physical
the area of chemistry that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes change
the type of products obtained in a chemical reaction is largely determined by
the electrons in the reacting chemicals
Weight
the force of gravity on an object
technology:
the means by which a society provides it member with the things needed and desired
Pure chemistry:
the pursuit of chemical knowledge for it's own sake
Organic?
the study of chemicals that contain carbon
Inorganic
the study of chemicals that do not contain carbon
Biochemistry
the stuy of processes that take place in living organisms
How are journals helpful to scientists?
they help them keep up with new discoveries
weak bonds between particles of an element or compound can also contribute
to the properties of the material
Mole???
used to specify the amount of material
what must you determine first when solving a word problem?
where you are starting from and where you are going
Chemical reactions envolve processes in
which reactants produce products
