age of revolutions test

What was society divided into and how and what were they?

classes: -peninsulares -creoles -mestizos -mulattos -africans -indians

What sparked the political and economic movements throughout the entire Latin America?

the Enlightenment, American and French Revolutions. Liberty , equality and other democratic ideals found their way into the hearts of great freedom fighters like Simón Bolívar and Toussaint L'Overture.

Mulatto

Mulattos are people of mixed European and African ancestry

What would European bloodline guarantee?

European bloodline would guarantee a person more power and wealth while people of African and Indian ancestry were the most oppressed and poverty stricken

How many estates were France divided in? What type of people were in each estate?

France was divided into 3 estates. The 1st estate was made up of the clergy of the Catholic Church, the 2nd estate was made up of the nobility, and then 3rd estate was made up of the common people/ everyone who was not a member of the first two estates.

"By entering into a social contract people are agreeing to be ruled by the will of the majority."

Rousseau

What did all of these individuals achieve?

Independence movements (nationalist movements). These leaders and other helped move forward great reforms for the people of Latin America and win independence from the colonial powers of western Europe.

Argentina

José de San Martín helped win independence in 1816 for Argentina but worked to free neighboring Chile to end the constant threat of Spain

peninsulares

Peninsulares are the men born in Spain and were the highest class and held the most powerful political positions

Transfer of thinking during the Enlightenment

Scientific Revolutionaries tactics of questioning, along with using reason, observation, and logic Scientific Revolutionaries transferred over to other thinkers who dared to use similar tactics in questioning authority, power, government, and law.

When did the Age of Reason begin?

The Age Of Reason began in the mid 1600's

What did the members of the 3rd estate decide to do at the meeting of the Estates General? Why?

The members of the 3rd estate decided to form the National Assembly at the meeting of the Estates General because they wanted equal power and to rebel against their new government.

Describe what happened during the Reign of Terror and who the leader of this movement was.

What happened during the Reign of Terror was almost 40,000 people were killed and the guillotine killed about 16,000 people of this population. People of all classes were killed, but most of them were from the third estate. The leader of this movement was Maximilien Robespierre, who was the leading member of the Committee of Public Safety.

Descartes

Wrote a book called "Discourse on Method" which emphasized the power of human reason over existing traditional ideas. Rationalism

What were the causes of reform?

Causes for reform included Napoleon's conquests, America 's independence, the French Revolution and the Enlightenment

Why did Copernicus possibly wait to publish his theory until he was on his deathbed?

Copernicus waited to publish this theory until he was on his deathbed because his theory went against the Church and anyone who goes against the Church, is killed.

human anatomy

Much work done by individuals such as Andreas Vesalius on the study of the human body.

Mary Wollstoncraft

Name of Book: A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 to support education for women. Inspires feminists still today. Views on Gender: -Rights for women. -Women were not allowed an education, to vote, or to work. She felt that women should be educated to reach their full potential -Women were considered too emotional to gain an education -Women should not give in to love and undergo rational development -EDUCATION

Who was Napoleon and describe his rise and fall as emperor.

Napoleon was the first emperor of the French who brought an end to the French Revolution in a sense. Within his empire, he spread the ideas of religious tolerance, legal equality, and economic freedom and he tried to destroy the old order of what each estate got. He made it so the 1st and 2nd estate had to lose their special privileges and be equal with the common people. The spread of these principles helped develop many liberal traditions these countries experienced. The fall of Napoleon was when the Battle of Waterloo happened. Napoleon led his army of 72,000 troops against the British army, and ended up losing in the end and had 33,000 casualties. Napoleon then rode away, knowing his military career was over.

Congress of Vienna

November 1814. The Congress of Vienna formed on November, 1814 to reorganize all of the chaos caused by Napoleon's conquests and wars he had created. The members in this Congress did not like the idea of how strong France was is they created border states. The congress was held to determine the political ownership of the land of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. As a result of this congress, Russia was able to expand through its territory and increase their power, and the French ended up returning land that Napoleon conquered.

Napoleon Takes Over

November 9th, 1799 Napoleon took over on November 9th, 1799. Napoleon Bonparte brought an end to the French Revolution in a sense, when he came into power in 1799. He was the first emperor of the French. This was after the French Revolution and the majority of the people in France approved of him. Within his empire, he spread the ideas of religious tolerance, legal equality, and economic freedom and he tried to destroy the old order of what each estate got. He made it so the 1st and 2nd estate had to lose their special privileges and be equal with the common people. The spread of these principles helped develop many liberal traditions these countries experienced.

Declaration of Rights

On August 26th, 1789, the National Assembly adopted the Declaration of Rights, also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. This declaration stated that all men are free and equal in rights with the law. It also stated that men should have their basic rights, such as liberty, property, security, and the pursuit of happiness. It also stated how that all people should pay taxes, not just the 3rd estate, and that people should be appointed into the government through talent, not social standing. It gave the right to freedom of speech and press. This Declaration was based off the Enlightenment ideas from people such as John Locke, and it was inspired by the Bill of Rights, and the Declaration of Independence and Constitution.

Voltaire

Religious Toleration: freedom of speech, free trade, church, civil liberty, tolerance Freedom of Speech: You should have the right to speak up for what you believe in

Baron de Montesquieu

Separation of Powers: -Every human has (some) rights -Separate the government into 3 branches- legislative, executive, and judicial- this would create checks and balances -limited monarchies -didn't understand absolute monarchy. -The Spirt Law -Climate Theory

The Reign of Terror

September 5th, 1793 The Reign of Terror were policies that were adopted by the Committee of Public Safety to defend France from the control of the government and domestic threats. The Reign of Terror was happening for about 6 months and it was where most executions happened during the time period. 40,000 people were killed during the Reign of Terror and about 16,000 people of this population were killed by the guillotine. People of all classes were killed, but most of them were in the 3rd estate. The Committee of Public Safety just considered that this bloody war would only be temporary, even though it killed thousands of people.

Chain Reaction

A chain reaction is when an event happens, which leads and directly causes even more events to happen. An example is the food chain. Let's say that one animal goes extinct in the food chain; this would make the others follow since that gets rid of a food source. Mercantilism and exploration

Before (causes)

American Revolution & Independence • the American fight for independence was a model for Latin America French Revolution • the ideas of " Liberty , Equality and Fraternity" inspired the leaders of Latin America to break from European control

_ "I believe the power in government should be balanced into 3 separate branches."

Baron de Montesquieu

Jose de San Martin

- Together with Simon Bolivar in the north, San Martin regarded as one of the liberators of Spanish South America. -National hero of Argentina -Won independence in Argentina.

Why were many people in France frustrated?

-Abuses of the monarchy: lack of freedom, of speech and religion, lavish expenses. -Everyone had to pay taxes accept for the rich/ 1st estate, making the 3rd estate have to pay. -Will of the majority is not in France. -3% of the population is outweighed by 97% of the population. Because each estate counted as one vote. -Political, Social, and Economic inequality of the estates. -Enlightenment ideas -Economic Problems: Economic depression, bad harvests, bankrupt national treasury.

What were the results the French Revolution?

-Although the Congress of Vienna restored the "balance of power" to Europe after Napoleon was defeated, monarchs returned to the throne and their power was forever changed. -Enlightenment ideas continued to spread and grow. There was a mass support, especially among the colonial peoples. -Liberalism: Individuals continued to challenge traditional authority and ideas. -Nationalism: The belief that each nationality (ethnic group) is entitled to its own government and national homeland. Increasingly, Europeans under foreign rule or that of a single leader, began to yearn for more unification (or dis-unification) of people.

Explain the impact of the Scientific Revolution (500 years ago) still has on today's world

-Copernicus's book made people believe in planets orbiting the sun and the heliocentric theory, which is what we believe in. -Telescope influenced our more advanced technology in space. We still have the telescope today. -Existence of gravity -Today's Church accepts Copernicus's ideas.

Bernardo O'Higgins

-He was the leader of the Chilean independence from the first leader of Spain. -When Napoleon conquered Spain, O'Higgins seized the opportunity and revolted for his independence, which was eventually achieved. -One of the foremost leaders in the Chilean struggle for independence. -Head of the first permanent national government.

John Locke

-Man had natural rights -democracy and self-government Natural Rights: life, liberty, possession/property, happiness -government's power comes from people -people has the right to overthrow a government that doesn't protect their basic rights -Tabula Rasa

Explain the shift in thinking that characterized the Scientific Revolution

-People began to believe in hard science instead of "magic." -Started to use mathematical data. -Idea of the universe expanding, the Big Bang Theory -Earth is Flat Earth is round

What actions did people of France take?

-The 3rd estate leaves the meeting of the calling of the estates together. -3rd estate demands that they are going to form their own government, and make their own Constitution. -They then made themselves known as the National Assembly, and would meet at a tennis court to work on the Constitution. -Pledges to not disband by making the Tennis Court Oath. -3rd estate feared that King Louis XVI was going to dissolve the national assembly citizens revolted. They then stormed the prison of Bastille and overtook it. This led to the formation of a revolutionary government in Paris. -The National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaiming that the government rested on the consent of the people, not on the divine right of the king.

Toussaint L'Overture

-The general and leader of the Hattian revolution -Emancipated slaves on the island of Hispaniola, saint Dominque. -Slaves revolted against the French Revolution using words of liberty, equality and brotherhood. -At the end of the 18th century, Self-educated slave with no military training drove Napoleon out of Haiti and led his country to independence

Simon Bolivar

-Venezuelan military leader- One of SA greatest generals. Called El Liberator of the South. Won Independence for Bolivia, Panamá, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Venezuela. -Revolted against the Spanish Empire - Became involved in the resistance movement, which gained independence in 1810. -Played a key role in the Spanish American fight for independence. -"Republic of Bolivia" created for him -Letter of Jamaica, vision of SA republic w/parliamentary setup - United much of SA in a federation free from Spanish control. -Declared himself dictator in 1828, resigned in 1830 and made plans to exile Europe.

3 Points of Interest about the Scientific Revolution

-geocentric heliocentric and Copernicus going against the Church. -Kepler Laws- planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits no circular. -Einstein Helped develop the Big Band Theory

Haiti 1. 2. 3.

1. Caribbean French colony of Saint Domingue on the western part of Hispaniola 2. Majority of population made up of African slaves terrorized and controlled by plantation owners 3. Toussaint L'Overture led a revolt leading to the abolishment of slavery and an independent country of Haiti

1. Where does independence come from to Latin American nations? 2. What took place of European powers for future decades? 3. What did Latin American independence movements do in the long run?

1. Independence comes to Latin American nations from a range of methods and events, from violent battles to bloodless revolutions 2. Unfortunately, poverty and disunity takes the place of European powers for future decades 3. Latin American independence movements were triumphant in putting to action the ideas of the Enlightenment modeled earlier from America and France

Mexico 1. 2. 3.

1. Popular uprising from the Mestizos and peasants led first by Miguel Hidalgo and later Padre José María Morelos 2. Mexico 's leaders were greatly influenced by the Enlightenment 3. Mexico 's revolution suffered several defeats until it declared independence in 1821

South America 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Wealthy charismatic Venezuelan Creole general, Simón Bolívar, led a freedom fight that earned him the name " Liberator " 2. Led daring battles and won Venezuela 's independence from Spain in 1811 3. Teamed with José de San Martín to defeat Spanish forces in Ecuador 4. Bolívar says "I will not rest until I have broken the chains that binds us to the will of Spain "

Napoleon Takes Over Calling of the Estates Together Congress of Vienna Storming of the Bastile The Reign of Terror Battle of Waterloo Declaration of Rights Tennis Court Oath In chronological order:

1. calling of the estates together 2. Tennis Court Oath 3. Storming of the Bastille 4. Declaration of Rights 5. The Reign of Terror 6. Napoleon Takes Over 7. Congress of Vienna 8. Battle of Waterloo

Who was Copernicus and what was his theory of the universe? How was his theory different from theories of the past?

Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who created the heliocentric theory that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets revolve around it. His theory was different from theories of the past because it contradicted the geocentric theory that said the planets revolved around the Earth, and his theory went against the church.

Who was Copernicus?

Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who created the heliocentric theory, that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets revolve around it.

Copernicus and Galileo

Copernicus: Suggested that the universe was heliocentric/sun-centered. Galileo: Provided evidence for Copernicus's theory. Caused uproar because this went against the Church. Telescope

Creoles

Creoles are Spaniards born in Latin America and often were army officers

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon- Developed a method based on experimentation and observations rather than on past authorities.

After (effects)

Independence but at a Cost • Mexico and South America took heavy casualties battling for independence Nationalism & Division • disagreement and inequality plague the political and social structure of many Latin American nations Poverty • despite independence and winning freedoms the majority of Latin Americans live in poverty following independence

Issac Newton

Issac Newton: Built knowledge on Copernicus and Galileo. Discovered gravity kept planets in orbit around the sun.

Mestizos

Mestizos are mixed European and Indian ancestry

Know each enlightenment thinker we studied in class and their main ideas.

John Locke: John Locke believed in the natural rights of life, liberty, possession/property, and happiness. He also believed in democracy and self-government, and that people should have the right to overthrow a government that does not protect their basic rights. Voltaire: Voltaire's main ideas were religious tolerance and freedom of speech. He also believed in freedom of trade, church, and civil liberty. Baron de Montesquieu: Montesquieu believed in the separation of powers, and created the government into three branches, which included the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This also created checks and balances. He did not understand the absolute monarchy, created the climate theories and believed in limited monarchies. Rousseau: He created the social contract, and the will of the majority (General Will). He believed in personal freedom, the right to life, murder is illegal, will of the majority to rule, and he was concerned with political leaders. In addition, he believed in all civil and moral freedom, civil liberty, that there should be no individual liberty, he believed in liberty as a whole, he wanted to succeed as a whole. Thomas Hobbes: He believed in an absolute monarchy, non-violence, and that you need a leader to keep everyone in place. He argued the social contract and created "Leviathan" which was published to show that an absolute monarchy was the best way to get rid of chaos.

Storming of the Bastille

July 14th, 1789. The Storming of the Bastille was another way that the 3rd estate revolted and fought for their rights. On this day, 900 Parisians formed around the Bastille, which was a prison at the time, and stormed it. The mob was angry and aggressive and they came to the Bastille hoping to find weapons and ammunition that were kept in the prison. After four hours of fighting, the prison warden surrendered and the Parisians cut off the warden's head. They then started to take down the Bastille and demolish it stone by stone. The reason they stormed the Bastille is because the Bastille was a symbol of power and the monarchy rule during the French Revolution.

Battle of Waterloo

June 18, 1815 The Battle of Waterloo happened on June 18th, 1815 in Belgium, which marked the end and the fall of Napoleon's rule. Napoleon led his army of 72,000 troops against the 68,000-man British army. Napoleon's troop were strong during their attack however, the Prussians joined the British forces and outnumbered the French. The French had around 33,000 casualties while the British has 22,000. Napoleon, devastated by the loss, rode away knowing that his military career was over.

Tennis Court Oath

June 20th, 1789. The Tennis Court Oath was made by the National Assembly when they boldly declared that they would make their own constitution. When they went to their meeting place, it ended up being locked and was guarded by soldiers. They started to fear the worst that the royal attack by King Luis XVI was about to happen so they ended up going to an indoor tennis court to work. There, they swore that they would meet there every day until they finish their new constitution. This idea that they swore to was known as the Tennis Court Oath. This Oath contributed to the significance of the protests of the 3rd Estate.

"Life, liberty, and property are fundamental rights people are entitled to at birth"

Locke

"People are entitled to natural rights and may overthrow the government if those rights are not extended to them"

Locke

Explain how "enlightened" thinkers contributed to later revolutions?

Many enlightened thinkers, such as John Locke, Volitare, and Montesquieu, contributed to later revoultions. Locke believed in freedom of the press, religious tolerance, humans basic rights that people should be able to choose who governs them, which contributed to The Glorious Revolution. Voltaire championed the idea of Freedom of Speech and Montesquieu created the three branches of government.

Why do many historians point to 1642 as the start of age of reason?

Many historians point to 1642 as the start of the age of reason because Issac Newton was born at this time in England. Newton had many advancements in the mathematics and sciences that is considered to be the best accomplishments of the age of reason. 1642 was also the year that the English Civil War began, which led to the execution of the king and the abolition of the monarchy.

__ "Equality for women is just as important as equality among men."

Mary Wollstoncraft

Calling of the Estates Together

May 5th, 1789: Louis XVI called an Estates General meeting at Versailles, where all the estates could come and speak their concerns to him. The First and Second Estates each had about 300 representatives when the Third Estate had 600 representatives. One of the topics they talked about was voting because the third estate wanted to vote based on the majority, but the king still favored their current system. The 3rd estate alsoTe argued how it is unfair that they have to pay taxes, but the 2nd and 1st estate don't have to. The 3rd estate ended up getting locked out and forming their own government.

"The absolute monarchy should dissolve and government power should have separation of powers into the executive, legislative, and judicial"

Montesquieu

Rousseau

Social Contract: -Concerned with political leaders -personal freedom -Influential role in the French Revolution -Right to life, illegal to murder -Will of majority rule Will of the Majority (General Will): -All of civil and moral freedom -The will of all citizens as a whole -Civil liberty -Wanting to succeed as a whole -No individual liberty, liberty as a whole.

List the various achievements of Sir Isaac Newton.

Some achievements of Sir Isaac Newton includes calculus, discoveries in the science of light, the Laws of Gravity, the Laws of Motions and he published one of his most well-known works, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

Identify future events/revolutions that enlightenment ideas played a major role in?

Some future events/revolutions that enlightenment ideas played a major role in the French Revolution. All of these enlightenment thinkers were fighting against the monarchy, and the freedoms of speech and religion, which caused lots of chaos among the people in France. They began to become frustrated with the monarchy and not getting a lot of freedom, and started to act out after seeing the enlightenment thinkers go fight for what they wanted.

In your own words summarize 3 main principles of Copernicus's heliocentric theory

The 3 main principles of the heliocentric theory is, the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, the Earth's center is not the center of the universe and the motions of the Earth include a daily axial rotation, an annual rotation about the sun and a movement similar to precession.

What was the Congress of Vienna and what were the outcomes of this meeting?

The Congress of Vienna was formed to reorganize all of the chaos caused by Napoleon's conquests and wars he had created. The members in this Congress did not like the idea of how strong France was is they created border states. The congress was held to determine the political ownership of the land of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The outcomes of this congress were that Russia was able to expand through its territory and increase their power, and the French ended up returning land that Napoleon conquered.

What was the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen?

The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was made by the National Assembly. The King accepted this Declaration as the new Constitution of France. It gave citizens their basic rights. Most of the National Assembly felt that the French Revolution was over, but it was very far from being over.

Identify what the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen was and determine which enlightenment ideas influenced this document.

The Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen was made by the National Assembly, which gave citizens their basic rights and freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers. The enlightenment ideas that influenced this document were the ideas of Rousseau, Baron de Montesquieu, and John Locke. These ideas included the separation of powers, democracy, and man and their basic rights.

Explain what the Enlightenment was and when it took place?

The Enlightenment was the period in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported the belief in human reason. This period took place in the 1700's and it introduced new ways of viewing authority, power, government, and law.

Reason why the French were mad

The French 3rd were very dissatisfied with how they were being treated by the monarchy. The French believed there was political, economic and social inequality among the 3 estates. The 3rd estate stormed a prison started a revolution against the monarchy, by using violence.

When and where did the French Revolution occur?

The French Revolution began on May 5th, 1789 and ended on November 9th, 1799. This Revolution took place in France.

Summary of Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans looked at the world. People began to make conclusions based on experimentation and observation instead of merely accepting traditional ideas. This scientific revolution would lead to the ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe.

What role did the colonies play for the "mother country" What is this system called?

The role that the colonies play for the mother country is they colonies provided materials for the mother country. This was called Mercantilism.

How could the Scientific Revolution be considered "the stepping stone" to the Age of Enlightenment in Europe?

The Scientific Revolution could be considered "the stepping stone" to the Age of Enlightenment in Europe because the scientific revolution led to the ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe. For example, the ideas from Copernicus of rejecting the Church's ideas, contributed to the enlightenment when people began to reject traditional ideas and supported the belief in human reason.

What was the Scientific Revolution?

The Scientific Revolution was a series of inventions and events in Europe that began in the 1500's and 1600's, that caused people to change their view about the universe. The many revolutionaries that contributed to these changes helped Europeans see the world in a different way, and start to make conclusions based on experimentation and observation, and not just excepting the church's ideas.

What does the architectural term, "Neo-Classicism", refer to?

The architectural term, Neo-Classicism refers to the revival of the classical looks in architecture, literature and the arts. It is overall the revival in all the classical styles.

Nationalism

The belief that each nationality (ethnic group) is entitled to its own government and national homeland. Increasingly, Europeans under foreign rule or that of a single leader, began to yearn for more unification (or dis-unification) of people.

Explain the commonalities that all of these modern day Scientific Revolutionaries have in seem to share?

The commonalities that all of these modern day Scientific Revolutionaries have in seem to share is that all of these people are using ideas that were built, and expanding on them.

What was the culmination of his research?

The culmination of his research was when he studied astronomy and then distributed a manuscript, the little commentary, based on his observations of astronomy.

Identify what existing theory of the universe Copernicus's theory contradicted and challenged?

The existing theory of the universe contradicted the geocentric theory that said all the planets revolved around the Earth.

In your own words, what was the outcome of the Meeting of the Estates General?

The outcome of the Meeting of the Estates General caused the establishment of the National Assembly. In the meeting, the 3rd estate was trying to argue to the king about topics such as voting, but the king kept turning them down. Then the 3rd estate got locked out of the meeting and as an outcome of this, they ended up forming their own government, known as the National Assembly.

Be able to describe what the political spectrum is and how people are placed on it.

The political spectrum is a sequence representing a range of political attitudes from the left wing and right wing, which refers to the seating arrangement in the National Assembly. The people who don't want something, or want it kept the same are on the right, and the people who are in favor of the change are on the left.

What technologies allowed people during this age to look "outward" and "inward"?

The technologies that allowed people during this age to look "outward" and "inward" was the Scientific Method, the telescope, Analytic Geometry, The Laws of Gravity, and the microscope.

What were the three basic causes of the revolution?

The three basic causes of the revolution was the worsening financial condition of the government, economic depression, and new ideas of the enlightenment movement.

What were the three estates of France and explain the differences that separated them.

The three estates of France were the 1st estate, 2nd estate, and 3rd estate. These were the groups of people France was split up into, which created chaos that caused the French Revolution. The First Estate was made of the clergy, the second state was made up of the nobility, and the third estate was made up of the common people. The 1st and 2nd estate had more rights than the 3rd estate in voting, and many other rights. The First Estate were very wealthy abbots who lived in luxury. The second estate were the members of the nobility that had little money, but had all the privileges of noble rank and lastly, there was the third estate, who were wealthy merchants who got no rights compared to the other estates, and made up most of France's population.

Identify the various causes of the French Revolution.

The various causes of the French Revolution was there was worsening financial condition of the government, economic depression, the new ideas of the enlightenment movement, the lack of freedom for the third estate, the abuses of the monarchy, only the third estate has to pay taxes, etc.

Identify the various changes that occurred during the Renaissance and paved the way for the Age of Reason/Enlightenment to take place?

The various changes that occurred during the Renaissance that paved the way for the Age of Reason/ Enlightenment is the improvements in the understanding of mathematics and science and basic ideas of human rights and democracy were developed. For example, Francis Bacon created the Scientific Method.

Brazil

Through a bloodless revolution, Brazil wins independence from Portugal in 1822

Although the Industrial Revolution did not occur well into the 1800s, what types of technology were being developed as early as the 1700s?

Types of technology that were being developed in the 1700s is the telescope, the study of chemistry, biology, electricity, the microscope, classifying, which found the science of taxonomy.

Thnomas Hobbes

View on Personal Freedom: -Believed in absolute monarchy. -non-violence -need of a leader to keep everyone in place What is a "Leviathan": -Published to show that absolute monarchy is the best way to not cause chaos. -Argument of social contract

"I may not agree with what you have to say but, I will defend to the death your right to say it."

Voltaire

"Religious tolerance is a crucial to an individual's freedom"

Voltaire

The Enlightenment

a period in the 1700's in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason. The Enlightenment introduced new ways of viewing authority, power, government, and law. REASON>FAITH SCIENCE>RELIGION

Napoleon's Conquest

• as Napoleon conquered Europe he took with him the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution • these ideas came to the colonies of Latin America

Enlightenment conclusion

• the ideas of social equality, democracy, justice from the Enlightenment greatly influenced the people of Latin America to fight for freedom