Agriculture, Industry, and Development Test Review HG
Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons.
A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States?
Vietnam
All of the following experienced sharp, sustained economic growth in the early 1990s EXCEPT ( Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Vietnam, Hong Kong)
Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming. Most lettuce is produced, processed, and packaged for sale in supermarkets that are a significant distance from where the product was grown
Based on the map above, which of the following best explains the production of lettuce in the United States?
Both forms of transportation accelerated production and distribution of goods.
Each image shows a different way that products of the Industrial Revolution were transported. Which of the following statements best compares the impacts of the two forms of transportation? (steamboat and train)
primary economic activities
Economic activities that involve the extraction of natural resources, such as lumbering, fishing, mining, and agriculture, are called?
livestock feed
Grain raised in the US is used today primarily as
the development of high yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas
Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modern agriculture?
Because the global financial system is interconnected, banks in other countries were negatively affected by the crisis in the United States.
In 2008, a debt crisis within the United States housing market triggered a global economic crisis. Which of the following best explains how this process occurred?
United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.
In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain?
major corporate centers such as NY, London, and Tokyo
In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in
Microfinance loans enable people to start small businesses, which contributes to the goal of ending poverty.
Microfinance is a form of banking whereby financial institutions issue small loans to people with low incomes, generally in less developed countries. Which of the following best explains how microfinance loans are intended to contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals?
Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.
More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources?
in the dry regions of Africa and Asia
Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced
places emphasis on developed nations having less developed nations to exploit for resources
Rostow's stages of development can easily be applied to countries such as the United States and Japan, but not so easily to countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Bolivia, because the theory
Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.
Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa?
Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.
Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges?
The stone bridge predates the Industrial Revolution. The technology for steel bridgework became available through the diffusion of steel manufacturing processes.
Which of the following best explains how the diffusion of industrialization relates to the two images shown? (stone bridge and san Francisco bridge)
Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources
The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries?
a shift to animal raising
The clearing of tropical rain forest for agriculture frequently results in
Panama
The country that the US helped to create in the early 20th century in order to facilitate oceanic commerce is
manufacturing output and service industry employment
The higher gross domestic product per capita in some less developed countries such as Brazil, South Africa, and Malaysia is best explained by increases in the value of the country's
It does not indicate patterns of restructuring that have resulted in a decrease in coal mining jobs.
The image shows an open-pit coal mine in the United States. Which of the following best explains a limitation of the image in analyzing economic patterns of coal mining?
Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields.
The images show examples of agricultural technology developed during different time periods. Which of the following statements is best supported by the images?
The conversion from manual thread spinning to an industrial processing approach led to increased demand for raw cotton in the agricultural sector.
The images shown illustrate the differences in scale of production for two methods of producing thread. Which of the following best describes advances in the production of textiles during the Second Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution?
The map shows economic productivity as GDP per capita in each country for a single year, but does not show change over time that would indicate a level of economic growth or decline.
The map shows GDP per capita by country, with darker shading indicating higher GDP per capita. Which of the following best explains a limitation of the map in answering questions about the world's changing economic landscape?
a bulk reducing industry
The reason for the concentration of copper smelters, refineries, and foundries close to Arizona's copper mines is that copper production is
The increased crop yield produced more food for a growing global urban and industrial population.
The two images show an agricultural transition that occurred in the twentieth century. Which of the following best explains how this transition helped meet a challenge of contemporary agriculture?
extensive grain or large livestock raising
Which of the following activities is most likely to be found in the outermost zone of Von Thunen's model of agricultural land use?
Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.
Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries?
Rostow made the inaccurate assumption that all countries want modernization as defined in the model and would pass through the outlined stages in order.
Which of the following best explains a political-economic weakness or limitation of Rostow's stages of economic growth?
Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.
Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits?
Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.
Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture?
Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.
Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown?
Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable.
Which of the following best explains why in the model the amount of land used for dairying is much smaller than the pasture used for beef cattle?
Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of feedlots, increasing profits for the farmer.
Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures
competition from foreign imports
Which of the following has contributed most to the deindustrialization of regions like the English Midlands and the North American Manufacturing Belt?
The development of small, locally owned lodges near ecological preserves in the Brazilian Amazon due to tourists' desire to benefit the local economy and minimize their environmental impact
Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the increasing global popularity of ecotourism?
were engaged in collecting plant resources
Women played a crucial role in the domestication of plants and animals because they
The increased access to microlending institutions for women, such as the Grameen Bank
By tradition it is uncommon for women to hold personal bank accounts in Pakistan, and until the 1990s this was much the same in Bangladesh. Which of the following best explains the significant change in the percent of women with bank accounts in Bangladesh?
many people work in the informal sector
In Latin America, data for employment in many large urban areas are most likely to be incomplete because
Women in Libya have more equality with men than do women in other African countries.
In a number of countries there remains significant inequality between men and women. Based on a comparison of the patterns on the map, which of the following statements draws an accurate conclusion?
Global ecotourism does not necessarily lead to local economic sustainability, as workers might not be paid a living wage at ecotourism resorts.
In less developed countries, ecotourism blends environmental sustainability with the travel and hospitality service industry. This combination attracts global tourists to locations such as Mount Kilimanjaro, the Serengeti Plain, and Victoria Falls in Africa. Which of the following best explains the relationship between global ecotourism and economic sustainability at the local scale?
Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.
Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice?
Different population sizes, such as China, Japan, and the United States
The map shows gross domestic product (GDP) by country. Which of the following factors best explains a limitation of GDP by country in comparing the level of productivity among countries?
Image 1 shows traditional beef production, which has regained popularity because of perceived environmental and ethical benefits compared to the beef production shown in Image 2.
The two images each show a different form of beef production. Which of the following statements explains a primary difference between the agricultural practices?
II and III only
Which of the following arguments help explain why 75% of those employed in Export Processing Zones, such as maquiladoras are women? I. women have better educational qualifications than men II. women are paid less than men III. many employers consider women to be more dexterous (skillful with their hands) than men IV. many employers consider women more likely to organize unions than men
Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.
Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries?
While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.
Which of the following best explains patterns of subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire?
countries with large percentages of female employment in agriculture tend to be mostly rural and are reliant on subsistence agriculture.
Which of the following best explains the differences between countries with higher and lower percentages of women working in agriculture?
Core countries have the highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector and the lowest percentage of workers in the primary sector because of the economic emphasis on services.
Which of the following best explains the relationship of a country's economic sector employment to its development level?
Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa.
Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards?
Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.
Which of the following best explains the spatial patterns illustrated in von Thünen's model?
Early adopters of the two innovations began to increase colonization in search of new sources of raw materials for manufacturing goods.
Which of the following changes in global economic patterns occurred because of the innovations depicted in the two images?
Invention of the plow eased the intensive use of labor, and the innovation of mechanized farm equipment led to improved food production.
Which of the following correctly compares the significance of the different technologies shown in the images? (tractor and plow pulled by cattle)
Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.
Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication?
Females take primary responsibility for harvesting and cooking food in less developed countries.
Which of the following explains a reason why education and employment rates for women are lower in less developed compared to more developed countries?
Increased funding opportunities for individuals in less developed countries have led to increased economic stability on a local level and trade opportunities with other countries.
Which of the following explains how microlending policies can lead to interdependence in the world economy?
The country has access to shipping lanes and inexpensive transport options that lead to establishment of factories close to raw materials or to markets, depending on the manufacturing process.
Which of the following explains the development patterns for a country that has a large proportion of its economy engaged in the secondary economic sector?
World system theory provides little explanation about how a country like South Korea could rise from a peripheral country to a core economy.
Which of the following explains the most significant weakness of Wallerstein's world system theory?
Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.
Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America?
Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East
Which of the following includes the world's earliest centers of plant domestication?
it is pursued by less than one % of the contemporary human populations
Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering as an activity?
Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.
Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange?
The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.
Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers?
Using gross national income per capita as a measure of development puts too much importance on economic production as the sole measure of development.
Based on the data in the table, which of the following statements explains a limitation of using gross national income per capita compared to the Human Development Index as a measure of development?
A description of how the area's research institutions, including Stanford University and the NASA Ames Research Center, served as growth poles for development
California's Silicon Valley is an example of a high-technology region. Which of the following would best accompany the map shown to help explain the origins of this high-technology region?
the economic principle of comparative advantage
Chile is able to grow and harvest grapes and strawberries in the months of October through April, while in the United States such fruit is harvested from April through October. The United States has a much larger manufacturing capacity and ships durable goods such as cars and trucks to Chile. These examples can best be explained by
The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.
Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions?
spatial disaggregation of the production process
Contemporary manufacturing is characterized by
sharp spatial contrasts is social and economic development exist between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate areas
Core Periphery models are generally based in the idea that
Central Mexico
Corn (maize) was first domesticated in
