AICP 2014 Glossary - HB

BOOMBURBS (Robert Lang)

...Boomburbs are "accidental cities." Not because they lack planning, for many are filled with master planned communities. But when one MPC runs into another, the result is not necessarily a well-planned city. Instead it is a series of independent pods, each built around its own autonomous set of services and amenities. In this antisynergistic environment, the whole is often less than the sum of the parts. Boomburbs are found mostly in the Sun Belt, especially in the West. Mesa is the largest, but there are many others, including Plano, Texas; Irvine, California; Henderson, Nevada; Aurora, Colorado; and Coral Springs, Florida.

CROWDSOURCING

"Crowdsourcing" — sending out an open call for design ideas via social media — is another tool that makes it easy to deal with groups. In Washington, D.C., Cooltown Beta Communities, a crowdsourcing consulting firm, and The Menkiti Group, a real estate developer, are using social media to ask for predevelopment input on design decisions for affordable, green condominiums slated to be built in a renovated apartment building. "the act of taking development traditionally performed by real estate institutions and sourcing it to a large, undefined community with shared values in the form of an open call, to transform the places we find ourselves into the places where we live, as 'places of the soul' that uplift and help us connect to each other." For developers, crowdsourcing is a way of allowing the public to participate in the design of a project more specifically and intimately and in a more sustained manner than in the past. For planners, crowdsourcing means new forms of citizen participation using the latest social networking technology, with the public playing a greater role in shaping the planning and design process.

FUTURE FIRST PLANNING

"Future First Planning" is finding new uses for environmental cleanup sites. Now future first planning has its own acronym (F2P) and is taking on a life of its own. In 2003, the Air Combat Command (ACC) Civil Engineer did $2.4 billion worth of planning, design, building, housing, environmental remediation, and facility maintenance and repair. Of that amount, $48 million was spent on environmental remediation alone. Three F2P efforts are now under way at three ACC bases. All of them involve remediation efforts, but the scope of F2P is being expanded to also involve planning efforts. F2P is a comprehensive framework designed to synchronize the Air Force's land-use planning, environmental planning, and eventual construction activities. F2P's major objectives are to improve the overall quality of Air Force facilities — places where Air Force people work, live, and play — while treating environmental restoration sites in a way that is consistent with future use. In other words, environmental restoration programs are being linked directly to future planning in order to ensure the Air Force can use its real estate effectively.

"Millennials"

"Millennials", also known as the Millennial Generation,[33] or "Generation Y", is the demographic cohort following Generation X. Commentators use birth dates ranging from the early 1980s to the early 2000s.

What are the Five "big" questions an envirnmental assessment must address?

(1) The environmental impact of the proposed action, (2) Any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented, (3) Alternatives to the proposed action, (4) The relationship between local short-term uses of man's environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity, and (5) Any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented. Source: The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.

weakness of the 1928 Standard City Planning Enabling Act

(A) There was no clear definition of master plan. (B) It provided for piecemeal adoption. (C) It confused general government powers and police powers. (D) It didn't include elements of plans.

ADVERSE POSSESSION

(aka Squatter's Rights; compare to Prescriptive Easement) a method of acquiring title to real property by possession for a statutory period under certain conditions By adverse possession, title to another's real property can be acquired without compensation, by holding the property in a manner that conflicts with the true owner's rights for a specified period.

The Silent Generation

, also known as the "Lucky Few", were born from 1925 until 1942.[22] It includes most of those who fought the Korean War and many during the Vietnam War.

Generation X

, commonly abbreviated to Gen X, is the generation born after the Western Post-World War II baby boom. Demographers, historians and commentators use birth dates ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s.[27][28][29][30][31] The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different subcultures or countercultures since the 1950s.[32]

CITY HUMANE (1930s Depression)

..Depression era 1930s New Deal. The City Humane Movement developed as a result of the Depression of the 1930s. It concentrated on social and economic issues and ways of alleviating the problems of unemployment, poverty, and urban plight.

HYBRID TOWN (Multi-functional; Calthorpe)

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CENSUS GEOGRAPHIES (Various unit sizes tabulated)

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neighborhood plan

A Neighborhood plan focuses on a specific geographic area of a local jurisdiction involving residential, commercial and institutional uses such as schools and parks. While a Neighborhood Plan may address similar topics as a Comprehensive Plan (General Plan), it will usually address land use issues in a more detailed manner for a more localized area, often with shorter timeframes than a comprehensive plan, much more like Sector Plans (Florida) or Specific Plans (California).

PERT

A PERT system graphically depicts the relationships among a project's constituent tasks as links in a web. PERT systems are capable of reallocating the available resources (e.g., time, labor, materials, etc...) among these tasks (where feasible) to keep the project on-time and on-budget. A probability technique - which involves estimations of the most optimistic, pessimistic, and realistic resource Comprehensive Planning Examination Study Notes 2007 Pennsylvania Planning Association Page 132 Professional Development Committee amounts needed to complete each task - is used to identify the constraining relationships among the tasks that will dictate the resource requirements of the project as a whole.

GREEN PORTFOLIO (vs. Renewable Portfolio Standard)

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a regulation that requires the increased production of energy from renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal. Other common names for the same concept include Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) at the United States federal level and Renewables Obligation in the UK. The RPS mechanism generally places an obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources. Certified renewable energy generators earn certificates for every unit of electricity they produce and can sell these along with their electricity to supply companies. Supply companies then pass the certificates to some form of regulatory body to demonstrate their compliance with their regulatory obligations. Because it is a market mandate, the RPS relies almost entirely on the private market for its implementation. Unlike feed-in tariffs which guarantee purchase of all renewable energy regardless of cost, RPS programs tend to allow more price competition between different types of renewable energy, but can be limited in competition through eligibility and multipliers for RPS programs. Those supporting the adoption of RPS mechanisms claim that market implementation will result in competition, efficiency and innovation that will deliver renewable energy at the lowest possible cost, allowing renewable energy to compete with cheaper fossil fuel energy sources

BACK-OFFICE & RELOCATION

A back office is a part of most corporations where tasks dedicated to running the company itself take place. The term "back office" comes from the building layout of early companies where the front office would contain the sales and other customer-facing staff and the back office would be those manufacturing or developing the products or involved in administration but without being seen by customers. Although the operations of a back office are seldom prominent, they are a major contributor to a business. Back offices may be located somewhere other than company headquarters. Many are in areas and countries with cheaper rent and lower labor costs. Some office parks such as MetroTech Center provide back offices for tenants whose front offices are in more expensive neighborhoods. Back office functions can be outsourced to consultants and contractors, including ones in other countries. Examples of back-office tasks include IT departments that keep the phones and computers running (operations architecture), accounting, and human resources. These tasks are often supported by back-office systems: secure e-commerce software that processes company information (e.g., databases). A back-office system will keep a record of the company's sales and purchase transactions, and update the inventory as needed. Invoices, receipts, and reports can also be produced by the back-office system.

BLUE ROOF (Roof water storage)

A blue roof is a roof design that is explicitly intended to store water, typically rainfall.[1] Blue roofs can provide a number of benefits depending on design. These benefits include temporary storage of rainfall to mitigate runoff impacts, storage for reuse such as irrigation or cooling water makeup, or recreational opportunities. Blue roofs can include open water surfaces, storage within or beneath a porous media or modular surface, or below a raised decking surface or cover. Blue roofs that are used for temporary rooftop storage can be classified as "active" or "passive" depending on the types of control devices used to regulate drainage of water from the roof. A number of blue roof pilot projects have been implemented around the country

KEYNESIAN

A branch of ECONOMICS, based, often loosely, on the ideas of KEYNES, characterised by a belief in active GOVERNMENT and suspicion of market outcomes. It was dominant in the 30 years following the second world war, and especially during the 1960s, when FISCAL POLICY became bigger-spending and looser in most developed countries as policymakers tried to kill off the BUSINESS CYCLE. During the 1970s, widely blamed for the rise in INFLATION, Keynesian policies gradually gave way to monetarism and microeconomic policies that owed much to the NEO-CLASSICAL ECONOMICS that Keynes had at times opposed. Even so, the idea that PUBLIC SPENDING and TAXATION have a crucial role to play in managing DEMAND, in order to move towards FULL EMPLOYMENT, remained at the heart of MACROECONOMIC POLICY in most countries, even after the monetarist and supply-side revolution of the 1980s and 1990s. Recently, a school of new, more pro-market Keynesian economists has emerged, believing that most markets work, but sometimes only slowly. ...

CENSUS BLOCK (Smallest unit with 100% tabulated data)

A census block is the smallest geographic unit used by the United States Census Bureau for tabulation of 100-percent data (data collected from all houses, rather than a sample of houses). The number of blocks in the United States, including Puerto Rico, for the 2010 Census was 11,155,486.[1] Census blocks are grouped into block groups, which are grouped into census tracts. There are on average about 39 blocks per block group. Blocks typically have a four-digit number; the first number indicates which block group the block is in. For example, census block 3019 would be in block group 3. Blocks are typically bounded by streets, roads or creeks. In cities, a census block may correspond to a city block, but in rural areas where there are fewer roads, blocks may be limited by other features. The population of a census block varies greatly. There are about 2,700,000 blocks with a population of 0, while a block that is entirely occupied by an apartment complex might have several hundred inhabitants. Census blocks covering the entire country were introduced with the 1990 census. Before that, back to the 1940 census, only selected areas were divided into blocks.

COHOUSING

A cohousing[1] community is a type of intentional community composed of private homes supplemented by shared facilities. The community is planned, owned and managed by the residents - who also share activities which may include cooking, dining, child care, gardening, and governance of the community. Common facilities may include a kitchen, dining room, laundry, child care facilities, offices, internet access, guest rooms, and recreational features. Cohousing facilitates interaction among neighbors for social and practical benefits, economic and environmental benefits.[2][3] In describing New York City's first co-housing project, a New York Times article said co-housing "speaks to people who want to own an apartment but not feel shut off by it, lost in an impersonal city."[4]

conflict of interest

A commission member with a conflict of interest in a particular matter cannot participate, to any extent, in that matter. This means that the member cannot participate in the discussions, ask questions, or vote on the matter. While it may be sufficient for the member to leave her seat and sit in the audience, it is recommended that the member leave the room entirely in order to remove any possibility of a challenge based on the members "silent" participation through body language, facial expressions, etc. An elected official must make public disclosure of all ``personal interests'' they may have regarding any decision to be made in the planning process in which they serve. "Personal interest'' must be broadly de-fined to include a spouse, family member or person living in their household. An elected official must abstain completely from direct or indirect participation as an advisor or decision-maker in any matter in which they have a personal interest. The member needs to leave the room entirely in order to remove any possibly of a challenge based on the member's "silent" participation through body language, facial expressions, etc.

AFFFORDABILITY STANDARD (30% of income)

A cost burden is defined as paying more than 30 percent of household income on housing, while a severe cost burden is defined as paying more than 50 percent of income on housing costs (including utilities). About 33 million households (31 percent of the total) suffer from this affordability burden. The problem is greatest among the poor with 68 percent of the poorest quartile of the population paying more than 30 percent of income on housing.

FLAT ORGANIZATION

A flat organization (also known as horizontal organization or delayering) is an organization that has an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives. The idea is that well-trained workers will be more productive when they are more directly involved in the decision making process, rather than closely supervised by many layers of management. This structure is generally possible only in smaller organizations or individual units within larger organizations. When they reach a critical size, organizations can retain a streamlined structure but cannot keep a completely flat manager-to-staff relationship without impacting productivity.[citation needed] Certain financial responsibilities may also require a more conventional structure. Some[who?] theorize that flat organizations become more traditionally hierarchical when they begin to be geared towards productivity. The flat organization model promotes employee involvement through a decentralized decision-making process. By elevating the level of responsibility of baseline employees and eliminating layers of middle management, comments and feedback reach all personnel involved in decisions more quickly. Expected response to customer feedback becomes more rapid. Contents [hide]

FLOODPLAIN (note cross-section terminology)

A floodplain or flood plain is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.[1] It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that actively carry flood flows downstream, and the flood fringe, which are areas inundated by the flood, but which do not experience a strong current. In other words, a floodplain is an area near a river or a stream which floods when the water level reaches flood stage.

FOCUS GROUP (Public Participation)

A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. Questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group members. The first focus group was held in Ernest Dichter's house in a room he built above his garage. The first focus groups were created at the Bureau of Applied Social Research in the USA, by associate director, sociologist Robert K. Merton.[1] The term itself was coined by psychologist and marketing expert Ernest Dichter.[

The Greatest Generation

Also known as the G.I. Generation, is the generation that includes the veterans who fought in World War II. They were born from around 1901 through 1924, coming of age during the Great Depression. Journalist Tom Brokaw dubbed this the Greatest Generation in a book of the same name

FORM-BASED CODE

A form-based code (FBC) is a means of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-based codes create a predictable public realm by controlling physical form primarily, with a lesser focus on land use, through municipal regulations. Form-based codes are a new response to the modern challenges of urban sprawl, deterioration of historic neighborhoods, and neglect of pedestrian safety in new development. Tradition has declined as a guide to development patterns, and the widespread adoption by cities of single-use zoning regulations has discouraged compact, walkable urbanism. Form-based codes are a tool to address these deficiencies, and to provide local governments the regulatory means to achieve development objectives with greater certainty.

LIFESTYLE CENTER (retail)

A lifestyle center is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities oriented towards upscale consumers. Lifestyle centers, which were first labeled as such by Memphis developers Poag and McEwen in the late 1980s[1] and emerged as a retailing trend in the late 1990s, are sometimes labeled "boutique malls". They are often located in affluent suburban areas. While modern-day lifestyle centers are fairly new, open-air malls have been around for decades. One such mall is Friendly Shopping Center in Greensboro, North Carolina. The open-air mall opened in 1957 and has adapted to the look and layout of today's modern-day lifestyle centers. An expanded section of Friendly Shopping Center called "The Shops at Friendly Center" includes upscale retail and restaurant establishments such as Brooks Brothers and PF Chang's.

MEGALOPOLIS (Mumford, 1938 & 1961; Gottman, 1957)

A megalopolis (sometimes improperly called a megapolis) or megaregion is typically defined as a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas. The term was used by Patrick Geddes in his 1915 book Cities in Evolution,[1] by Oswald Spengler in his 1918 book, The Decline of the West, and Lewis Mumford in his 1938 book, The Culture of Cities, which described it as the first stage in urban overdevelopment and social decline. Later, it was used by Jean Gottmann in 1954, to describe the chain of metropolitan areas along the northeastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston, Massachusetts through New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and ending in Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia.[2][3][4] The latter is sometimes called the "BosNYWash megalopolis".

Pro Forma

A real estate "pro forma," or financial statement, is a tool that is used to communicate all the relevant information about a real estate development project. It balances the costs of a project against the flow of income which the project will produce. Financial projections including an income statement for a real estate project that shows capital costs, operating revenues and ex¬penses, and return on investment over a sin¬gle year or for five or ten years or longer is a?

land transfer techniques

A sale at fair market value is the sale of property at the price a knowledgeable buyer would pay for the land. If the land is sold at full value and has appreciated in value since its purchase, the seller will be liable for income tax on the capital gain. There are no charitable deductions or other tax breaks associated with a sale at full value. Bargain sale is part donation and part sale. It may entitle the seller to an income tax deduction for a charitable contribution and to a reduction in capital gains tax. An installment sale allows an agency or organization to purchase property over a period of years. The seller benefits financially by spreading the income and the taxable gains over several years. A donation or outright gift affords the donor tax benefits in the form of federal income tax deductions, potential estate tax benefits, and relief from property taxes.

Delphi Method

A series of questionnaires sent out, to a pre-selected group of experts The Delphi method is an exercise in group communication among a panel of geographically dispersed experts. The technique allows experts to deal systematically with a complex problem or task. The essence of the technique is fairly straightforward. It comprises a series of questionnaires sent either by mail or via computerized systems, to a pre-selected group of experts. These questionnaires are designed to elicit and develop individual responses to the problems posed and to enable the experts to refine their views as the group's work progresses in accordance with the assigned task. The main point behind the Delphi method is to overcome the disadvantages of conventional committee action. The name "Delphi" derives from the Oracle of Delphi, and was developed in its basic present form by Project RAND during the 1950-1960s.

Disjointed incrementalism has been proposed as:

A) An alternative to synoptic rationality B) A way of getting additional information about a proposed project C) A scenario which envisions a series of actions by one actor in an interactive system

negative costs sometimes associated with citizen participation

A) The inefficiency created in government because of the longer time to make a decision when involving the public. B) The fear of parochialism. D) The representative form of government may be weakened. There are some problems and benefits associated with citizen participation. Some costs may be that due to a lengthened process, there may indeed some economic wastes. Another possible cost may be that this creates an inefficiency in government created because of the added groups. There is also the thought that it may weaken the representative form of government. SOURCE: 2011-2012 Chapter Presidents Council Study Manual for the AICP Examination of the American Institute of Certified Planners" Published by Chapter Presidents' Council American Planning Association, page 127.

Core principles of Smart Growth include:

A. Efficient use of land and infrastructure B. Creation and/or enhancement of economic value C. A greater mix of uses and housing choices D. Neighborhoods and communities focused around human-scale, mixed-use centers E. A balanced, multi-modal transportation system providing increased transportation choice F. Conservation and enhancement of environmental and cultural resources G. Preservation or creation of a sense of place H. Increased citizen participation in all aspects of the planning process and at every level of government I. Vibrant center city life J. Vital small towns and rural areas K. A multi-disciplinary and inclusionary process to accomplish smart growth L. Planning processes and regulations at multiple levels that promote diversity and equity M. Regional view of community, economy and ecological sustainability N. Recognition that institutions, governments, businesses and individuals require a concept of cooperation to support smart growth O. Local, state, and federal policies and programs that support urban investment, compact development and land conservation P. Well defined community edges, such as agricultural greenbelts, wildlife corridors or greenways permanently preserved as farmland or open space.

First president of the American Society of Planning Officials

ASPO was established in 1934; Alfred Bettman was elected its first president. On October 1, 1978, the American Planning Association emerged from the consolidation of the American Institute of Planners and the American Society of Planning Officials.

JOBS/HOUSING RATIO

According to the American Planning Association (APA), "Jobs-housing balance is a planning tool that local governments can use to achieve a roughly equal number of jobs and housing units (or households) in a jurisdiction. The notion of balancing jobs and housing goes well beyond trying to attain numerical equality. Ideally, the jobs available in a community should match the labor force skills, and housing should be available at 2 prices, sizes, and locations suited to workers who wish to live in the area. Hence, there is a qualitative as well as a quantitative component to achieving jobs-housing balance. Jobs-housing balance is a planning technique rather than a regulatory tool."

GREAT NEIGHBORHOODS (APA Criteria)

Among the great neighborhoods that APA has designated this year, many are socially, culturally, and economically diverse. Despite the new investment in the Eastern Market neighborhood in Washington, D.C., the area is home to many different racial and ethnic groups, people of varying incomes, and different family types. There are apartments as well as renovated row houses. The rich array of people and interests is obvious. The neighborhood is a great stew-pot of race, ethnicity, age, and income. Central locations Most of the 10 great neighborhoods are situated close to the city center. This means they have had many decades to mature and benefit from waves of people and influences and architectural styles. Shared ownership People who live in these neighborhoods feel very strongly about them, and not just because they have homes there. They identify with them. Robert Putnam has lamented the gradual erosion of group activities in the U.S. That may be the case nationally, but not in these places. They show that many people still put a lot of energy into looking after neighbors, sharing responsibility for maintenance and informal policing, along with seasonal events and celebrations Community spaces Most of the neighborhoods recognized in the APA program include at least one public spot where people spend time. Park Slope has Prospect Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. Parents with strollers walk along the meandering paths, while elderly folks pass the day watching passersby. In Park Slope, the streets themselves are terrific social spaces, with stoops and steps providing places to hang out. Nearby, the Grand Army Plaza hosts a terrific Saturday market where locals gather, schmooze, and queue up to snag the best fish from the colorful vendors. Local commerce The best neighborhoods provide residents with shops and services that can satisfy most of their daily needs. Businesses are often locally owned, and relatively few national chains are found on the shopping streets. Ongoing personal relationships are important here. Merchant and customer know each other's first names. Residents feel responsible for nurturing local businesses and ensuring their survival over time, even if the prices are higher than in typical suburban chain stores History and character Great neighborhoods usually take time to accumulate layers of richness. Multiple generations of people are needed to give a place roots and permanence, whether by planting trees, constructing buildings, or becoming local legends. A good neighborhood has a patina, as with a well-used, well-loved piece of furniture that has been cared for, repaired, and polished. New neighborhoods, no matter how well planned or designed, don't demonstrate the contributions of hundreds of people as they have come and gone. City actions Often neighborhoods that are widely valued also have the support of city-sponsored policies, programs, or projects. Not that this is automatic or easy. Most of the 10 neighborhoods celebrated by APA have had to maintain an active lobbying effort to ensure attention. Sometimes neighborhood groups have initiated their own efforts to strengthen regulations, add design standards, attract public and private investment, or seek out grants.

Amortization

Amortization is the practice of allowing a preexisting land use or structure that does not comply with newly adopted regulations to remain in place for a set period. A local government may establish a time frame within which a regulated nonconforming use, such as an adult use, must cease. This is known as an "amortization". The basis for doing so is to allow the property owner an opportunity to recover his economic investment before being required to cease the nonconformity. This approach has been used for many different types of uses, such as gas stations in residentially zoned areas, adult entertainment facilities, junk yards, concrete plants, commercial uses, and billboards. The length of the amortization period is based frequently upon the economic life of the nonconformity.

EDGE CITY (Joel Garreau)

An Edge City is an American term for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area. The term was popularized in the 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau, who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for the Washington Post. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown. Other terms for the areas include suburban activity centers, megacenters, and suburban business districts.Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city: Has five million or more square feet (465,000 m²) of leasable office space. Has 600,000 square feet (56,000 m²) or more of leasable retail space. Has more jobs than bedrooms. Is perceived by the population as one place. Was nothing like a "city" as recently as 30 years ago. Then it was just bedrooms, if not cow pastures."[2] Most edge cities develop at or near existing or planned freeway intersections, and are especially likely to develop near major airports. They rarely include heavy industry. They often are not separate legal entities but are governed as part of surrounding counties (this is more often the case in the East than in the Midwest, South, or West). They are numerous—almost 200 in the United States, compared to 45 downtowns of comparable size[citation needed]—and are large geographically because they are built at automobile scale. Nevertheless, roughly 6,500 residents live in Century City, and another 50,000 arrive there for work every day. Century City conforms to the criteria of the quintessential edge city as defined by journalist Joel Garreau in his 1991 book, Edge City. Garreau argued that the economic life of cities had shifted to necklaces of new quasi-urban commercial centers that were, both individually and collectively, outshining traditional downtowns.

ENTERPRISE ZONE

An Urban Enterprise Zone is an area in which policies to encourage economic growth and development are implemented. Urban Enterprise Zone policies generally offer tax concession, infrastructure incentives, and reduced regulations to attract investments and private companies into the zones. Urban Enterprise Zones are common in the United Kingdom and the United States.[1] Urban Enterprise Zones are areas where companies can locate free of certain local, state, and federal taxes and restrictions. Urban Enterprise Zones are intended to encourage development in blighted neighborhoods through tax and regulatory relief to entrepreneurs and investors who launch businesses in the area.[2] In other countries, regions with similar economic policies are often referred as export-procession zones, tax and duty-free zones, and Special Economic Zone most predominantly present in China and India

AQUIFER

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer,[1] and aquiclude (or aquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the aquifer pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer

ECODISTRICT

An ecodistrict or eco-district is a neologism associating the terms "district" and "eco" as an abbreviation of ecological. It designates an urban planning aiming to integrate objectives of "sustainable development" and reduce the ecological footprint of the project. This notion insists on the consideration of the whole environmental issues by attributing them ambitious levels of requirements. The National Capital Planning Commission accepted the SW Ecodistrict Plan in January 2013 and the plan's Addendum in September 2014. The plan is a comprehensive and forward looking approach to transform an isolated federal precinct in the nation's capital into a highly sustainable workplace and livable neighborhood. NCPC developed a plan detailing assumptions and technical information that influenced the plan, and also provides additional guidance on general development principles created through recent planning work. The SW Ecodistrict Plan provides a roadmap to prioritize and phase projects to realize core objectives: •Reduce carbon emissions, conserve resources, and reduce operating costs; •Protect the National Mall from overuse and expand the number of cultural opportunities beyond the Mall; •Establish a diverse mix of uses, including cultural, housing, retail and open space; •Remove visual and physical barriers between the National Mall and waterfront; •Improve walkability and animate streets; •Expand transit capacity; and •Use limited financial resources effectively to improve Goals •A revitalized neighborhood and cultural destination •A well-connected community •A high performance environmental showcase •An economically successful partnership

Power Towns

Anchor department stores with a lifestyle center Power Towns often have 0.6 to 1 million square feet, are typically larger than Power Centers, with three or more big-box anchors and lifestyle center amenities (i.e. multiplex cinema, restaurants or food courts and large format bookstores).

Section 404 of the Clean Water Act authorizes the:

Army Corps of Engineers to issue permits for the discharge of dredged or fill material into the navigable waters of the United States. Section 404 establishes three classes of permits: nationwide, general, and individual. Jurisdiction under this law is broad and extends to lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, mudflats, and sandflats, of which the use, degradation or destruction could affect interstate or foreign commerce.

MEGAREGIONS

As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these population centers together. As continued population growth and low density settlement patterns place increasing pressure on these systems, there is greater impetus to coordinate policy at this expanded scale.

BIOPHILIC DESIGN

As they define it, biophilic design seeks "positive experience of natural systems and processes in our buildings and constructed landscapes." In contrast, they write, sustainable design has "a narrow focus on avoiding harmful environmental impacts."

change to a local zoning regulation

Because adopting a zoning change (regulation not zoning district) is a legislative action, the member is free to discuss the matter outside of the public hearing process. While it would be helpful to the public to summarize the substance of those conversations during the public hearing, either orally or in writing, it is not legally required. In an alternative situation, discussions about pending adjudicatory matters must be conducted during the public hearing process.

BLUE URBANISM

Blue urbanism — an emerging set of ideas and perspectives — would mean that cities would seriously evaluate and carefully regulate their effects on marine environments; and city planners are potentially on the front lines of this new movement. Cities have jurisdiction over near-shore habitats and can extend zones of planning and management to offshore areas. Coastal states such as Oregon and Hawaii have already begun this process. So have some regional entities. Last year the Cape Cod Commission created an Ocean Management Planning District in order to extend its regional planning powers to include a half million acres of open ocean; currently its agenda includes evaluating the scale, location and efficacy of offshore wind turbines.

BRAINSTORMING

Brainstorming is a group or individual creativity technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its member(s). The term was popularized by Alex Faickney Osborn in the 1953 book Applied Imagination. Osborn claimed that brainstorming was more effective than individuals working alone in generating ideas, although more recent research has questioned this conclusion.[1] Today, the term is used as a catch all for all group ideation sessions.

BROADACRE CITY (Frank Lloyd Wright)

Broadacre City was an urban or suburban development concept proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright throughout most of his lifetime. He presented the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932. A few years later he unveiled a very detailed twelve by twelve foot (3.7 × 3.7 m) scale model representing a hypothetical four square mile (10 km²) community. The model was crafted by the student interns who worked for him at Taliesin, and financed by Edgar Kaufmann. It was initially displayed at an Industrial Arts Exposition in the Forum at the Rockefeller Center starting on April 15, 1935. After the New York exposition, Kaufmann arranged to have the model displayed in Pittsburgh at an exposition titled "New Homes for Old", sponsored by the Federal Housing Administration. The exposition opened on June 18 on the 11th floor of Kaufmann's store.[1] Wright went on to refine the concept in later books and in articles until his death in 1959. Many of the building models in the concept were completely new designs by Wright, while others were refinements of old ones, some of which had been rarely seen.

BUILT TO LINES (Build to Line)

Build-to line means a line with which the exterior wall of a building in a development is required to coincide. Minor deviations from the build-to line for such architectural features as weather protection, recesses, niches, ornamental projections, entrance bays, or other articulations of the facade are permitted, unless otherwise prohibited by the applicable Square Guidelines or the District of Columbia's codes and regulations.

Smart Growth Planning

By the mid 1990's there was concern about growth management, and a national movement called "smart growth" had grown. This growth management effort raised questions of regional planning, since because there was an absence of regional coordination, initiatives by local jurisdictions could be undercut by neighboring communities. JAPA, Summer 2002, "The New Regionalism" by Stephen Wheeler, page 269. According to the Smart Growth Network, there are 10 principles of smart growth: 1. Create Range of Housing Opportunities and Choices 2. Create Walkable Neighborhoods 3. Encourage Community and Stakeholder Collaboration 4. Foster Distinctive, Attractive Places with a Strong Sense of Place 5. Make Development Decisions Predictable, Fair and Cost Effective 6. Mix Land Uses 7. Preserve Open Space, Farmland, Natural Beauty and Critical Environmental Areas 8. Provide a Variety of Transportation Choices 9. Strengthen and Direct Development Towards Existing Communities 10. Take Advantage of Compact Building Design And 7 issues that concern smart growth: 1. Community Quality of Life 2. Design 3. Economics 4. Environment 5. Health 6. Housing 7. Transportation Smart growth is not about controlling or stopping growth. It is about encouraging development patterns that simultaneously promote environmental protection and economic development opportunities within a framework of neo-traditional design principles. Strategies include land use planning, mixed-use development, measures to increase public mass transit use, and the preservation of natural and agricultural lands.

GATEWAY CITY (e.g. Springfield, MA; see: "Cities in Transition")

CHICAGO, Ill. -- Cities with decaying infrastructure, high vacancies, and general disinvestment require a different way of planning. The previous planning efforts focusing on growth-oriented planning do not work for cities in transition, according to authors Joseph Schilling and Alan Mallach, FAICP. Schilling and Mallach co-wrote Cities in Transition: A Guide for Practicing Planners, published by the American Planning Association. This new report focuses on cities facing major challenges from short- or long-term economic, demographic, or physical changes. The authors identify four types of cities in transition: •Legacy or "shrinking" cities - Older industrial cities such as Detroit, Flint, or Buffalo. These cities are steadily losing population and jobs with a large inventory of vacant land and buildings. •Gateway cities - Northeastern cities such as Springfield, Mass., or Paterson, N.J. Older industrial cities following a different trajectory because of new generation of immigrants. •Boom-Bust Cities - Typically Sun Belt cities such as Las Vegas, Phoenix, Ariz., or San Bernardino, Calif., that have experienced a hard blow because of recession or collapse of the housing bubble. These cities cannot count on future growth to resolve their challenges. •First Suburbs - These municipalities, such as Euclid, Ohio; St. Clair Shores, Mich.; and Orange, N.J., have inherited the problems of their declining central cities; yet they often lack assets such as vital downtowns or universities that offer hope for improvement. The authors believe that traditional planning models provide little guidance for cities in transition, especially those that have little to no planning capacity. These cities must revise or realign existing polices and plans to be more responsive to contemporary conditions.

CHICANE (Traffic Calming)

CHICANE (Traffic Calming) Description: a series of narrowings or curb extensions that alternate from one side of the street to the other forming S-shaped curves also called deviations, serpentines, reversing curves, twists, and staggerings Applications: appropriate for midblock locations only most effective with equivalent volumes on both approaches typically, is a series of at least three curb extensions can use on-street parking to create chicane

Critical Path Method (CPM):

CPM is used to determine the "optimal solution:" i.e., the allocation of resources (e.g., time, labor, materials, etc...) among a project's constituent tasks that will complete the project using a minimal amount of each resource. CPM accomplishes this by estimating - for each task - a crash cost (finishing the task in a minimum amount of time by using unlimited labor and materials) and a crash time (finishing the task with minimum amounts of labor and materials by using an unlimited amount of time). CPM can be used within a PERT system.

Superblock housing

Center-of-the-block parks bounded by two-story single family houses, pedestrian paths to local schools, and nearby shopping centers are all designed elements of? A superblock is much larger than a traditional city block, with greater setback for buildings, and is typically bounded by widely spaced, high-speed, arterial or circulating routes rather than by local streets. Superblocks are generally associated with suburbs, planned cities, and the urban renewal of the mid-20th century; that is, in areas in which a street hierarchy has replaced the traditional grid. In a residential area of a suburb, the interior of the superblock is typically served by cul-de-sac roads. Urban planner Clarence Perry argued for use of superblocks and related ideas in his "neighborhood unit" plan, which aimed to organize space in a way that is more pedestrian-friendly and provided open plazas and other space for residents to socialize

LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION (Sherry Arnstein)

Characteristics and illustrations 3.1. Manipulation 3.2. Therapy 3.3. Informing 3.4. Consultation 3.5. Placation 3.6. Partnership 3.7. Delegated Power 3.8. Citizen Control

The First Planner

Cities arose in the ancient Middle East in Mesopotamia between 5,000 and 3,000 B.C. Several thousand years later in ancient Greece, formal city planning arose. Aristotle wrote about the first formal city planner in his work, Politics. The planner was Hippodamus (498-408 BC), who is credited with devising the orthagonal town plan that formally embodied a rational social order. More than just drawing plans, Hippodamus examined urban problems and believed they needed to be addressed by an administrative system. He is credited with the Urban Planning Study for Piraeus (451 B.C.), the plan for the harbor town that formally divided land into sacred, public, and private spaces.

Construction Industry of Sonoma Co. v City of Petaluma (1976)

Communities can restrict the number of building permits granted each year if reasonable. This does not violate the right ot travel. The law suit filed was in reaction to the "Petaluma Environmental Design Plan (1971-1972)". The plan's controversial system for phasing residential growth was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1976. The plan limited new housing to 500 units a year. It also established a 200-foot wide greenbelt and created a community board to evaluate proposed new development. The plan and court ruling had a major influence on the evolution of managed growth processes throughout the US.

ASSET MAPPING

Community Asset Mapping is a capacity-focused way of redeveloping devastated communities. This positive approach is proposed as a substitute for the traditional deficits focus on a community's needs and problems. Using problems to formulate human service interventions targets resources to service providers rather than residents, fragments efforts to provide solutions, places reliance on outside resources and outside experts, and leads to a maintenance and survival mentality rather than to community development.

COMPLETE STREETS

Complete Streets is a transportation policy and design approach that requires streets to be planned, designed, operated, and maintained to enable safe, convenient and comfortable travel and access for users of all ages and abilities regardless of their mode of transportation. Complete Streets allow for safe travel by those walking, bicycling, driving automobiles, riding public transportation, or delivering goods.[1] Benefits of Complete Streets can include improved safety, health, economic, and environmental outcomes. Complete Streets emphasize the importance of safe access for all users, not just automobiles, similar to the concepts of living streets, Woonerf, and home zones. The specific design elements of Complete Streets vary based on context and project goals, but they may include: Pedestrian infrastructure such as sidewalks; traditional and raised crosswalks; median crossing islands; Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 compliant facilities including audible cues for people with low vision, pushbuttons reachable by people in wheelchairs, and curb cuts; and sidewalk bulb-outs. Traffic calming measures to lower speeds of automobiles and define the edges of automobile travel lanes, including a road diet, center medians, shorter curb corner radii, elimination of free-flow right-turn lanes, angled, face-out parking, street trees, planter strips and ground cover Bicycle accommodations, such as protected or dedicated bicycle lanes, neighborhood greenways, wide paved shoulders, and bicycle parking. Mass transit accommodations, such as Bus Rapid Transit, bus pullouts, transit signal priority, bus shelters, and dedicated bus lanes.[12][13 For advocates of bicycling and walking, this state of affairs demanded a whole new paradigm — and a name to go with it. The term "complete streets" was coined in early 2003 by bicycle advocates as a way to describe — and sell — what had until then been referred to as routine accommodation.

Contribution to global unsustainability are:

Contributing to global unsustainability are the following: • OVERCONSUMPTION (Current consumption exceeds earth's carrying capacity by ~30%) • POPULATION GROWTH (U.S. population will double in 60 years) • DEPENDENCE UPON NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES (Oil, coal, many mined resources) • POLLUTION (70,000 chemical compounds accumulating in ecosphere) • ENVIRONMENTALLY & SOCIALLY DESTRUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS (e.g. suburbs) • INEQUITIES IN RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION (78:1 disparity in world's richest to poorest 20%) • LIMITED PUBLIC PARTICIPATION (disenfranchised from political & economic decision-making) See 2000 APA Policy Guide on Planning for Sustainability https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/sustainability.htm

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS (also known as BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS or BCA)

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes called benefit-cost analysis (BCA), is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives that satisfy transactions, activities or functional requirements for a business. It is a technique that is used to determine options that provide the best approach for the adoption and practice in terms of benefits in labour, time and cost savings etc. (David, Ngulube and Dube, 2013). The CBA is also defined as a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a project, decision or government policy (hereafter, "project"). Broadly, CBA has two purposes: 1.To determine if it is a sound investment/decision (justification/feasibility), 2.To provide a basis for comparing projects. It involves comparing the total expected cost of each option against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs, and by how much.[1] CBA is related to, but distinct from cost-effectiveness analysis. In CBA, benefits and costs are expressed in monetary terms, and are adjusted for the time value of money, so that all flows of benefits and flows of project costs over time (which tend to occur at different points in time) are expressed on a common basis in terms of their "net present value." Closely related, but slightly different, formal techniques include cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, economic impact analysis, fiscal impact analysis, and Social return on investment (SROI) analysis.

CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)

Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is a multi-disciplinary approach to deterring criminal behavior through environmental design. CPTED strategies rely upon the ability to influence offender decisions that precede criminal acts. Generally speaking, most implementations of CPTED occur solely within the urbanized, built environment. Specifically altering the physical design of the communities in which humans reside and congregate in order to deter criminal activity is the main goal of CPTED. CPTED principles of design affect elements of the built environment ranging from the small-scale (such as the strategic use of shrubbery and other vegetation) to the overarching, including building form of an entire urban neighbourhood and the amount of opportunity for "eyes on the street".

Compact fluorescent lights (CFL) can last up to how many times as long as a standard incandescent light?

D) 10 Compact fluorescents are an efficient form of lighting; CFL bulbs use one-quarter to one-third as much electricity to give the same light output as a standard incandescent bulb while creating much less heat, and last up to 10 times as long as a standard incandescent light (10,000 vs. 1,000 hours). LEDs (Light emitting diodes) last more than 6 times longer than CFLs and use about half the energy.

DOWNZONING

Down zoning is the process by which an area of land is rezoned to a usage that is less dense and less developed than its previous usage. This is typically done to limit sprawl and overgrowth of cities, and to help concentrate areas of development into smaller sections to prevent over zoning a community.

As a rule, which land use generates the most Average Weekday Trips per 1,000 square feet of GFA (gross floor area)

Drive-in Restaurant 550 trips/1000 sf General Office Building 12 trips/1000 sf Light Industrial 6 trips/1000 sf Single Family < 5 trips/1000 sf (10/du)

LOCATION QUOTIENT

Economic base analysis was developed by Robert Murray Haig in his work on the Regional Plan of New York in 1928. Briefly, it posits that activities in an area divide into two categories: basic and non-basic. Basic industries are those exporting from the region and bringing wealth from outside, while non-basic (or service) industries support basic industries. Because of data problems, it is not practical to study industry output and trade flows to and from a region. As an alternative, the concepts of basic and non-basic are operationalized using employment data. The basic industries of a region are identified by comparing employment in the region to national norms. If the national norm for employment in, for example, Egyptian woodwind manufacturing is 5 percent and the region's employment is 8 percent, then 3 percent of the region's woodwind employment is basic. Once basic employment is identified, the outlook for basic employment is investigated sector by sector and projections made sector by sector. In turn, this permits the projection of total employment in the region. Typically the basic/non-basic employment ratio is about 1:1. Extending by manipulation of data and comparisons, conjectures may be made about population and income. This is a rough, serviceable procedure, and it remains in use today. It has the advantage of being readily operationalized, fiddled with, and understandable

EDGELESS CITY (Robert E. Lang; Edgeless Cities: Exploring the Elusive Metropolis)

Edgeless Cities, a form of sprawling office development that never reaches the scale, density, or cohesiveness of Edge Cities, now account for the bulk of office space found outside of downtowns. The term draws on Garreau's Edge City, yet it is a new, albeit elusive, category. It captures the fact that most suburban office areas lack a physical edge. In contrast to Edge Cities, which combine large‐scale office development with major retail, Edgeless Cities feature mostly isolated office buildings spread across vast swaths of urban space. This article looks at the evolving geography of office space in 13 of the nation's largest office markets, which together contain more than 2.6 billion square feet of office space and 26,000 buildings. The data provide an empirical framework for examining competing theories of metropolitan form. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications resulting from the emergence of Edgeless Cities.

Environmental justice

Environmental justice is defined by two key federal actions. First, Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits intentional discrimination on the grounds of race, color, or national origin under any program receiving federal financial assistance. Second, in 1994, President Clinton signed an Executive Order that directed all federal agencies to ensure that their policies and practices do not have disproportionate adverse environmental or health impacts on low-income or minority communities. As a planner directed to investigate issues of airport expansion, and assuming the airport will rely, at least in part, on federal financial assistance, you should investigate whether the runway construction will violate either the spirit or intent of both federal actions discussed above.

GREAT STEETS (APA Criteria)

Factors taken into account include maintenance, sustainability, and safety. A key element of a great street is connectivity: whether it is linked to a larger street network. Great streets are those that take advantage of natural features and bow to fine architecture. They encourage social activities and take all types of users into account, not just drivers. Most important, great streets have some memorable feature — tall trees, pleasant houses, a row of small shops, a popular cafe.

Fishbowl Planning

Fishbowl Planning involves citizens addressing citizens regarding a proposal through a workshop format. Source: "2011-2012 Chapter Presidents Council Study Manual for the AICP Examination of the American Institute of Certified Planners" Published by Chapter Presidents' Council American Planning Association, "Citizen Participation in Planning" by Terry Langlois, page 122 A process involving citizens in restructuring a proposed plan before adoption. Fishbowl planning uses public meetings, public brochures, workshops, and a,citizens' committee: the brochures provide continuity between successive public meetings.

FISHBOWL PLANNING (Public Participation)

Fishbowls involve a small group of people (usually 5-8) seated in circle, having a conversation in full view of a larger group of listeners. Fishbowl processes provide a creative way to include the "public" in a small group discussion. They can be used in a wide variety of settings, including workshops, conferences, organizational meetings and public assemblies. Fishbowls are useful for ventilating "hot topics" or sharing ideas or information from a variety of perspectives. When the people in the middle are public officials or other decision-makers, this technique can help bring transparency to the decision-making process and increase trust and understanding about complex issues. Sometimes the discussion is a "closed conversation" among a specific group. More often, one or more chairs are open to "visitors" (i.e., members of the audience) who want to ask questions or make comments. Although largely self-organizing once the discussion gets underway, the fishbowl process usually has a facilitator or moderator. The fishbowl is almost always part of a larger process of dialogue and deliberation."

FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR)

Floor area ratio (FAR), floor space ratio (FSR), floor space index (FSI), site ratio and plot ratio are all terms for the ratio of a building's total floor area (Gross Floor Area) to the size of the piece of land upon which it is built. The terms can also refer to limits imposed on such a ratio. As a formula: Floor area ratio = (total covered area on all floors of all buildings on a certain plot, Gross Floor Area) / (area of the plot) Thus, an FSI of 2.0 would indicate that the total floor area of a building is two times the gross area of the plot on which it is constructed, as would be found in a multiple-story building.

GREEN PORTFOLIO

For non readers, the ever expanding universe of green, light green, and responsible ETFs are making it possible to start thinking out of the box when creating your green portfolio. In order to do it right and be properly diversified, the notion of green may have to be stretched, but it's well worth the effort to create a more fully sustainable investment portfolio that doesn't necessarily sacrifice performance. The obvious start to any green portfolio is the green energy options, some of which I laid out in my Beginner's Guide to Green Investing on Seeking Alpha. However, green energy is just a piece of the overall puzzle, albeit it an important one. The best way to start expanding the notion of a total green portfolio is to redefine asset allocation categories - instead of Small Cap, Mid Cap, Large Cap, and Bonds, Smug Investments' allocation classes look like this: A strategy of green investing means investing in companies that use "environmentally friendly" practices or that are involved in an industry, such as solar power, that aims to reduce humans' impact on the Earth. Green Investing is a subset of socially responsible investing. It makes a company's environmental impact and agenda major criteria when making investing decisions. There are many mutual funds or exchange-traded funds offering investors a one-stop way to invest in a broad range of stocks that meet "green" criteria. This is a more efficient way for individual investors to find green companies than wading through tons of company annual reports and annual 10-K filings to make comparisons

GENTRIFICATION

Gentrification is a shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values.[1] Gentrification is typically the result of investment in a community by real estate development businesses, local government, or community activists, and can often spur economic development, attract business, and lower crime rates. In addition to these potential benefits, gentrification can lead to population migration, which involves poorer residents being displaced by wealthier newcomers. In a community undergoing gentrification, the average income increases and average family size decreases. Poorer pre-gentrification residents who are unable to pay increased rents or property taxes may be driven out.[2] Old industrial buildings are often converted to residences and shops. New businesses, which can afford increased commercial rent, cater to a more affluent base of consumers—further increasing the appeal to higher income migrants and decreasing the accessibility to the poor.[3][4] Political action is often the community's response, either to promote the gentrification or oppose economic eviction.[5] Local governments may favor gentrification because of the increased tax base associated with the new high-income residents, as well as other perceived benefits of moving poor people

GREENBELT TOWNS

Given Greenbelt's history, it's not surprising that GHI has made such a commitment to planning as a revitalization tool. The community was one of three experimental new towns built by the Resettlement Administration between 1935 and 1937 for families of "modest means" and it is the only one of the three to remain true to its cooperative roots. Its physical plan was influenced by the British Garden City planning principles of Ebenezer Howard as well as by the later work of Clarence Stein and Henry Wright at Radburn, New Jersey. Town planner Hale Walker and architects Douglas Ellington and Reginald J. Wadsworth headed the Greenbelt design team. Greenbelt was also a social experiment, based on the "neighborhood unit" theory of sociologist Clarence Perry and the cooperative ideals of Rexford Guy Tugwell, President Roosevelt's undersecretary of agriculture. It was Tugwell who convinced FDR to create the Resettlement Administration (which Tugwell headed from 1935 to 1937). The agency provided financial aid to farmers, instituted land reform by moving farm families to better land, and embarked on the new town program to move poor urban residents out of congested city housing to new suburban communities.

delegate

Good management practice is founded on the ability to "delegate" responsibility. If the director has been delegating responsibility all along, the senior planner should have little trouble taking the community plan to hearing because she will be familiar with the issue of the project, will have been introduced to the committee mem¬bers and neighborhood representatives, and will understand any issues that may exists. Good management serves the public interest.

Grayfield development

Grayfields are urban/suburban properties that have been previously developed, and have infrastructure in place. They may consist of sites such as derelict shopping centers or "dead" malls, typically without complicating environmental concerns for their redevelopment.

GREAT PLACES (APA TYPES)

Great Neighborhoods Great Streets Great Public Spaces

COHOUSING Green with a Cohousing Twist

Green with a Cohousing Twist The Cohousing Association of the United States defines cohousing as a type of collaborative housing whose residents actively participate in the design and operation of their own neighborhoods. Residents own their homes but share common buildings and outdoor space. Each resident or family is expected to help maintain the property. The idea behind cohousing is to create a small-scale neighborhood where the residents share amenities — often including a common house or community center. As green building and sustainable living have become more mainstream, many cohousing developments are following that model. These developments often feature superior insulation, large windows, provisions for renewal energy sources such as solar panels, and low-toxin building materials such as bamboo flooring.

HOT LANES

High occupancy/toll lanes (HOT lanes) is a road pricing scheme that gives motorists in single-occupant vehicles access to high-occupancy vehicle lanes (or "HOV lanes"). Sometimes, entire roads are designated for the use of HOVs. Tolls are collected either by manned toll booths, automatic number plate recognition, or electronic toll collection systems. Typically, these tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increases, a policy known as congestion pricing. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.[1][2] Express toll lanes (ETLs) is a similar concept. The main difference between HOT and ETLs is that, in HOT lanes, HOVs are granted free access, whereas in ETLs all vehicles pay according to the same schedule. In a third type, called hybrid lanes, HOVs pay a reduced to

NATIONAL HOUSING ACT (1954)

Housing Act of 1954 Modified urban redevelopment and renewal by requiring communities engaged in such activities to adopt code enforcement, relocation, and other measures that would prevent the further spread of urban blight.

NATIONAL HOUSING ACTs

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 Established the Cabinet-level Department of Housing and Urban Development. Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 Created the Model Cities Program authorizing grants to plan the coordination of health, education, welfare, housing, and employment programs for revitalizing selected districts in urban areas. Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Created the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA, or "Ginny May") taking over certain FHA mortgage functions from the FNMA. Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970 Authorized greater outlays for housing subsidy programs and rent supplements to moderate-income households. Emergency Home Finance Act of 1970 Authorized the Home Loan Bank System to reduce interest rates on home mortgages by means of a federal subsidy. Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) is a federal law requiring banks to use affirmative action in lending to "help meet the credit needs of their entire community, including low-and moderate-income neighborhoods." The Homesteading and Neighborhood Restoration Act of 1995 provided grants to organizations that help facilitate the development of self-help home ownership opportunities .

HEALTHY CITIES & COMMUNITIES

How Can Planning Departments Support Healthy Communities? Share information and build partnerships. •Participate in interdisciplinary and interjurisdiction working groups; encourage collaboration and innovation. •Cohost and sponsor training and educational events about the connection between the built environment and public health. •Pursue professional development opportunities that build staff capacity to integrate built environment and public health in their work. •Break down staffing silos: Hire public health practitioners to work in planning departments; pay for public health and planning staff who work across departments. Assess built environment conditions that impact public health. •Routinely collect and share built environment data relevant to public health outcomes (map access to healthy food stores, walking and biking routes, access to parks and recreational opportunities), especially during plan or project development. •Ask public and environmental health agencies to contribute relevant public health data to inform plan or project development. •Help establish performance measures for healthy places that can be tracked before, during, and after implementation. Update plans and policies to include public health considerations. •Address health considerations in scopes of work for planning consultants; invite health department representatives to participate in consultant selection. •Include health practitioners in visioning and community engagement, especially for reaching populations that don't typically participate in planning processes. •Comprehensive plans, sustainability plans, strategic plans, master plans, functional plans, and redevelopment plans should incorporate goals, principles, and objectives in support of public health. •Plans should establish specific measurable benchmarks and targets to increase accountability towards quantifiable environmental change that will support health. Support implementation of healthy planning goals. •Revise or create new strategies and mechanisms such as zoning, subdivision regulations, design guidelines, landscaping and street standards, development ordinances, and tax policies to reflect health goals. •Use economic development and redevelopment tools as incentives for healthy development (such as attracting and improving healthy food retail). •Include health considerations as part of routine reviews of proposed development; partner with health departments and other relevant agencies to develop appropriate review criteria.

Qualities for historic designation

I. A significant event. II. Association with a specific person. III. An architectural style. IV. Site of a pre-historic "mound". Historic Registration occurs when an individual site, structure, or district has met National Register of Historic Places criteria and is deemed worthy of preservation.

Smart Code Transect

I. Typically contains six zones from Rural to Urban: II. Is a way of locating and understanding a variety of different types of human settlement within a comprehensive web of natural and human habitats III. Has a historical linkage to Geddes' Valley Section The concept of the transect was borrowed from ecology. Patrick Geddes, in his above "Valley Section" of the early 20th century was among the first to proclaim that human settlement should be analyzed in the context of its natural region. To systemize the analysis and coding of traditional patterns, a prototypical American rural-to-urban SmartCode transect has been divided into six Transect Zones, or T-zones (below), for application on zoning maps.

LIBRARY FACILITIES PLANNING

III. COMMUNITY ANALYSIS _____ General characteristics of the population _____ Projected population growth in ten years _____ Review of demographics and analysis _____ Relationship to academic community and school community _____ Relationship to cultural community _____ Relationship to recreational community _____ Future needs and general trends _____ Special emphasis on problems _____ Economic profile _____ Special community needs _____ Relationship of community to general region

New York State Tenement House Law 1901

In 1901, the New York State Tenement House Law ("New Law") was created. The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement" allowed under previous law ("Old Law"). The failures of the "Old Law" - the "Dumbbell" air shafts developed to meet the minimum intent of the Act proved to be unsanitary as they filled with garbage, bilge water and waste - led to the 1901 "New Law" and its required courtyard designed for garbage removal. The "New Law" also required running water and toilets in every apartment and a window in every room.

Robert Weaver

In 1965, the housing and urban policy agency achieved cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency was succeeded by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Robert Weaver was HUD's first Secretary and first African-American cabinet member. Earlier, as a young man, Weaver had been one of 45 prominent African Americans appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to his "Black Cabinet", acting as an informal adviser to Roosevelt as well as directing federal programs during the New Deal. Under President Kennedy, he was the administrator for the Housing and Home Finance Administration (HHFA) that became HUD in 1965 under President Johnson.

The 1966 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act

In 1966, the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. It was a centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program. The ambitious federal urban aid program succeeded in fostering a new generation of mostly black urban leaders. The program's initial goals emphasized comprehensive planning, involving not just rebuilding but also rehabilitation, social service delivery, and citizen participation. The Act was designed to rebuild entire urban areas by combining new innovations in the participating communities through the use of the wide array of existing federal and local programs for a coordinated attack on blight. To qualify for aid, areas had to be considered substandard under federal guidelines, with historic preservation, planning and restoration being considered an integral part of the program. The Model Cities program was ended in 1974 under the Nixon administration.

Gantt Charts:

In a Gantt Chart, the various tasks involved in a project are listed on the y-axis, and the time period in which the project as a whole must be completed is depicted on the x-axis. The time period allotted to each individual task is represented as a horizontal bar. Thus, Gantt Charts organize and allocate time among these tasks.

HYPERMARKETS

In commerce, a hypermarket is a superstore combining a supermarket and a department store. The result is an expansive retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full groceries lines and general merchandise. In theory, hypermarkets allow customers to satisfy all their routine shopping needs in one trip. Hypermarkets, like other big-box stores, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-margin sales. A typical Wal-Mart Supercenter covers anywhere from 14,000 m2 (150,000 sq ft) to 21,800 m2 (235,000 sq ft) and a typical Carrefour covers 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft). They generally have more than 200,000 different brands of merchandise available at any one time. Because of their large footprints, many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile.

NATURAL INCREASE

In demographics, the rate of natural increase (RNI) is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population. When looking at countries, it gives an idea of what position in the Demographic Transition Model, but to find out how much a country is growing, the population growth rate should be observed. Usually developing countries have a positive or high natural increase rate. Developed countries have a negative/neutral or low natural increase rate,[1] but many developed countries have their population increasing due to immigration despite their negative RNI. The formula for the rate of natural increase is: (Crude birth rate − Crude death rate) / 10, where birth and death rates are in per mil. The result is the rate of natural increase in percentage form. For example, Madagascar's crude birth rate (37.89) minus the crude death rate (7.97) is 29.92; divide that by 10 and the result is 2.992%, Madagascar's rate of natural increase.

FIXED COSTS

In economics, fixed costs, indirect costs or overheads are business expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or services produced by the business.[1] They tend to be time-related, such as salaries or rents being paid per month, and are often referred to as overhead costs. This is in contrast to variable costs, which are volume-related (and are paid per quantity produced). In management accounting, fixed costs are defined as expenses that do not change as a function of the activity of a business, within the relevant period. For example, a retailer must pay rent and utility bills irrespective of sales. In marketing, it is necessary to know how costs divide between variable and fixed. This distinction is crucial in forecasting the earnings generated by various changes in unit sales and thus the financial impact of proposed marketing campaigns. In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 60 percent responded that they found the "variable and fixed costs" metric very useful

MULTIPLIER EFFECT (Economics)

In economics, the fiscal multiplier (not to be confused with monetary multiplier) is the ratio of a change in national income to the change in government spending that causes it. More generally, the exogenous spending multiplier is the ratio of a change in national income to any autonomous change in spending (private investment spending, consumer spending, government spending, or spending by foreigners on the country's exports) that causes it. When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on national income is called the multiplier effect. The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial incremental amount of spending can lead to increased consumption spending, increasing income further and hence further increasing consumption, etc., resulting in an overall increase in national income greater than the initial incremental amount of spending. In other words, an initial change in aggregate demand may cause a change in aggregate output (and hence the aggregate income that it generates) that is a multiple of the initial change.

Multiplier

In general, an employment multiplier forecasts the amount of direct, indirect and induced jobs likely to be created (or lost) in an area, associated with a particular project or industry. A metric that you plan to use to forecast the resulting economic growth in your community for specific planning decisions is a Multiplier

BIAS IN STATISTICS

In simple terms, bias is something that acts as a prejudice either in the favor or against a person, a thing or an opinion. All our lives are biased in some way or the other. You can witness bias in everything of your life, whether it's your personal or professional life. Mathematical statistics is an important branch of math, as well as science. Statistics also has various different types of bias involved in its calculation and computations. We shall focus on all of these biases in detail here. Selection Bias: the very first form of bias observed in statistics is the selection bias. When you are doing any form of statistical analyses, you are bound to take samples for references to come to your conclusions. And the sample that you take might have error because of the involvement of a particular type or group of people in it. This can create problems in the end conclusions. The selection bias has to be always taken into account of the statistical analyses to get adequate results. Bias of an Estimator: the next form of bias occurs when there exists a significant difference between the expectation of the estimator and the true value of the parameter. This type of bias can cause major errors in the entire study because the basis itself becomes deformed. Hence, it is extremely crucial that the difference between the two factors remains zero for accurate predictions and calculations. Null Hypothesis Bias: when you are doing a hypothesis testing with statistics, there can be situations where the data gets completely biased. One such scenario is occurs when in the case of true null hypothesis, the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis becomes less than or equal to the significance. Such bias is also known to occur when the probability of rejecting of the null hypothesis is greater than or equal to the significance level in situations where the alternative null hypothesis is true. Detection Bias: there is another common type of bias observed in statistics and that is usually known as the detection bias. At times there are certain factors that affect the study or the characteristics of a particular set of study objects, thus leading to different problems and troubles. These are some of the major bias observed in different statistical techniques and studies. Other than these, some other common forms of bias like the funding bias, reporting bias and data-snooping bias are also highly prevalent and observed in statistics. These types of bias often lead to certain problems and errors in the entire process of calculation and analysis and hence should be avoided. You students need to ensure that you do everything possible to not allow the bias to creep into your studies.

GRAYFIELD

In the United States and Canada, greyfield land is economically obsolescent, outdated, failing, moribund or underused real estate assets or land. The term was coined in the early 2000s from the 'sea' of empty asphalt that often accompanies these sites. "Greyfield" is a relative neologism as compared to more commonly known terms such as brownfield or greenfield. The term has historically been applied to formerly-viable retail and commercial shopping sites (such as regional malls and strip centers) that have suffered from lack of reinvestment and have been "outclassed" by larger, better-designed, better-anchored malls or shopping sites. These particular greyfield sites are also referred to as "dead malls" or "ghostboxes" if the anchor or other major tenants have vacated the premises leaving behind empty shells.[1] Unlike brownfields, which feature actual or perceived levels of environmental contamination, greyfields typically do not require remediation in order to unlock value to an investor. The hidden value, in many cases, comes from underlying infrastructure (such as plumbing and sewerage, electrical systems, foundations, etc.) the presence of which allows a developer to improve the site efficiently through capital expenditures (sometimes quite minor) that may easily lead to increased rents and greater value. Other important potential qualities include parking, a central location, etc. may also be leveraged in a well-executed redevelopment of the site. Some greyfields may also be considered favorable to investors because even if they are outclassed or physically in disrepair, they have revenue in place through long- or short-term leases. Greyfields with short-term leases may work well for an investor/developer who has a strategy involving intensive real estate asset management. By actively managing the greyfield in a short-term lease environment, rents may be increased after improvements are made. The "greyfield" term may also be applied more broadly to urban infill or commercial locations where underuse or outdated (non-retail) uses hamper an otherwise valuable real estate asset. An example would be a formerly industrial waterfront site that is potentially valuable as a mixed use/residential site as it is being encroached upon by residential sprawl, or other economic or redevelopment pressures. In this example, the revitalization of the greyfield may require zoning changes and/or a public-private partnership of some kind to achieve the highest and best use.

BROWNFIELDS

In urban planning, a brownfield site (or simply a brownfield) is land previously used for industrial purposes or some commercial uses. The land may be contaminated by low concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, and has the potential to be reused once it is cleaned up.[1] Once cleaned up, such an area can become host to a business development such as a retail park. Land that is more severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a Superfund site, does not fall under the brownfield classification. Mothballed brownfields are properties that the owners are not willing to transfer or put to productive reuse.[2] In the Commonwealth, the term applies more generally to previously used land or to sections of industrial or commercial facilities that are to be upgraded,[3] although this usage is becoming more commonplace in the United States and other countries as well.

Inclusionary housing

Inclusionary housing is a positive and active policy of a community to attract low and moderate-income residents. Such policies go beyond the avoidance of techniques that discourage certain classes of people from moving into an area; they actively seek to invite such groups. Inclusionary zoning devices usually include offering incentives or bonuses to developers for building low or moderate cost housing or exceptions to traditional controls.

Strategies to help combat climate change by planners involve the following

Increasing the Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) would not be a way to counter climate change. The other options all combat either the causes or impacts of climate change. Most climate and atmospheric scientists agree that the earth's climate is warming, and that the most likely cause of this phenomenon is increasing human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Adaptive reuse of existing buildings as an alternative to demolition and replacement helps reduce the new GHG emissions that would be associated with the obtainment and movement of new construction materials and the disposal of tear-down materials. Water conservation will both help protect the availability of such resources in areas where climate change may adversely impact water resources, and reduce the GHG emissions that would be involved with the additional development or transport of water resources in such areas.

HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Integrated Public Health into development review. A tool that planners can use to help inform community decisions about the health implications of development policies or proposals.

Jean Gottmann

Jean Gottmann used the expression, "megalopolis", in 1957 when referring to the extended urban region that appears to form a single huge metropolitan area along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston through New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland and ending in Washington, D.C. The term had been earlier used by Oswald Spengler in his 1918 book, The Decline of the West, and by Lewis Mumford in his 1938 book, The Culture of Cities, which described it as the first stage in urban overdevelopment and social decline.

LEED-ND

LEED for Neighborhood Development, or LEED-ND, is a rating system that integrates the principles of smart growth, urbanism and green building into the first national[where?] system for neighborhood design. LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a development's location and design meet accepted high levels of environmentally responsible, sustainable development. LEED for Neighborhood Development is a collaboration among the United States Green Building Council, Congress for the New Urbanism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council LEED for Neighborhood Development recognizes development projects that successfully protect and enhance the overall health, natural environment and quality of life. The rating system encourages smart growth and New Urbanism best practices by Promoting the location and design of neighborhoods that reduce vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and Creating developments where jobs and services are accessible by foot or public transit. Promoting an array of green building and green infrastructure practices, particularly more efficient energy and water use.

DIRECT DEMOCRACY PLANNING

Land Use decisions made directly by citizens through ballot initiative. Direct democracy can sometimes be used to subvert the normal checks and balances of a government. For instance, a governor of a state may threaten to use an initiative to "go over the heads" of an uncooperative legislature. Similarly, a state legislator can collect signatures and place on the ballot a measure that overrules a governor's veto. Because it usually takes a two-thirds majority to overrule a governor's veto, but only a simple majority to pass an initiative, this tactic can sometimes be successful.

LEGACY CITY (e.g. Detroit; see "Cities in Transition")

Legacy cities? Sounds more impressive and "historical." Everyone wants to leave a positive legacy. Of course, software developers use the term "legacy" to refer to old systems that will be kept around just long enough for the new systems to be put in place. Well, maybe that is the point. Legacy cities need to regenerate with new methods, new systems, new partnerships, and new ways of doing things. The old ways aren't working and haven't for a long time. So, can we adopt the software developers' mantra and "migrate" our legacy cities from old systems to new systems? The answer appears to be yes. The roadmap for legacy city migration from old to new ways, is contained in a report from the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Regenerating America's Legacy Cities. Non-resident fellows with the German Marshall Fund's Urban and Regional Policy Program, Alan Mallach (also a Center for Community Progress Senior Fellow) and Lavea Brachman (Executive Director, Greater Ohio Policy Center) are the co-authors. The report comes from their study of 18 legacy cities selected from among 50 that had a population of at least 50,000 in 2010, combined with a population loss of 20% or more from peak population levels. The authors used 15 indicators to measure population change, socioeconomic conditions, housing markets, and economic activity in the study cities. They then compared the indicators across the cities that were experiencing more versus less success in rebounding from post-industrial decline. The result is the "software" for successful urban regeneration strategies

Peter Calthorpe

Many communities embrace specific aspects of Smart Growth, such as urban service boundaries, pedestrian- and transit-oriented development, controls on sprawl, compact mixed uses, and the protection of agricul¬tural and environmental resources. Peter Cathorpe's The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream, published in 1993, introduced the concept of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and provided extensive guidelines and illustrations of their broad application. A Transit-Oriented Development is a mixed-use residential or commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport, and often incorporates features to encourage transit ridership. A TOD neighborhood typically has a center with a train station, metro station, tram stop, or bus station, surrounded by relatively high-density development with progressively lower-density development spreading outwards from the center. TODs generally are located within a radius of one-quarter to one-half mile (400 to 800 m) from a transit stop, as this is considered to be an appropriate scale for pedestrians.

Metes and Bounds

Metes and Bounds. It relies on a property's physical features to determine the boundaries and measurements of the parcel. This type of Survey starts at a point of beginning (POB) and from there, the surveyor moves around the boundary. The boundaries are recorded by referring to linear measurements, directions, as well as natural and artificial landmarks (monuments). Monuments are fixed objects that are used to identify POBs or boundary intersections and can be a stone, river, highway, or iron post. This survey always ends back at the POB. The words "more or less" are used in this type of survey because the location of the monuments is more important than the actual distance stated in the wording.

Overlay Zones

Nationally, overlay zones typically add additional protective requirements for historic structures, environmental protection, etc. However, statues in Florida allow overlay zones to add additional development entitlements (e.g. rural land stewardship). Zoning districts may be set up into many different ways: 1) Cumulative (or pyramid), this is when permitted uses automatically accumulate from one district to each successive one. In this, the single detached residence is the top. 2) Exclusive classification, allows no uses in districts other than the uses for which they were created. An example for this is to stop residential from "taking over" another land use like commercial and then protesting when a commercial use is proposed. 3) Performance Standards, establish objective thresholds and maximum limits of the effects or characteristics of a land use (e.g.: allowable amount of noise). 4) Performance Zoning, regulates the character of the use instead of simply just regulating the use itself. 5) Mixed-Use districts, permitting mixed uses. 6) Planned Unit Developments (PUD), allows a mix of uses and flexibility in design as well as flexibility in density and dimensional requirements. 7) Overlay Zones, these add requirements "on top" of zoning districts. 8) Incentive Zoning, cities can use these to encourage development that exceeds the minimum standards. 9) Transferable Development Rights (TDR), allows property owners with limited development rights to buy additional rights from another property owner.

Neighborhood Planning

Neighborhood, rather than Regional, planning may be more likely to address: (A) Wetland and floodplain protection (B) Airport Accessibility (C) Availability of grocery stores (D) Provision of overnight parking for 18-wheelers The correct answer is "C" In 1915, Robert E. Park and E. W. Burgess introduced the idea of "neighborhood" as a concept associated with urban planning implications. Generally, neighborhood planning deals with a level of planning greater than household size but smaller than that of a city, yet neighborhood planning is not consistently found at the municipal level.

Planning Process Order

Often, the planning process consists of the following steps and order: 1. Identify Issues and Options 2. State Goals, Objectives and Priorities 3. Collect and Interpret Data 4. Prepare Plans 5. Draft Programs for Plan Implementation 6. Evaluate Impacts of Plans and Implementation Programs 7. Review and Adopt Plans 8. Review and Adopt Implementation Programs 9. Administer Implementation Programs

PSD (Prevention of Significant Deterioration)

PSD (Prevention of Significant Deterioration) Standards are air quality standards aimed at preventing the significant deterioration of existing high quality air by enforcing strict effluent controls on new polluters in a region. For example, National Parks and large Wilderness Areas are specifically protected by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, which requires the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) to such areas. Grand Canyon National Park is designated as one of these areas, called Class I regions, that are protected from "the prevention of any future, and the remedying of any existing, impairment of visibility". What type of standards deal with regulations to prevent the significant deterioration of very high quality airsheds?

Performance standard

Performance requirements or standards typically employ special use or conditional use permits to regulate development based upon its performance or impact upon natural resources. Because, in theory, the permit is granted only if the development "performs" according to certain criteria, regulatory agencies can ensure that the development will be in harmony with the regulation's goal of protecting the natural resource system.

Livability 2.0

Planning — May/June 2013 One of the most popular attractions at the 1939 World's Fair in New York was an exhibit called Futurama. It was sponsored by General Motors and consisted of an airplane flight (simulated by a conveyor belt) from which spectators looked down on scale models of futuristic cities. With construction of the Interstate Highway System still nearly 20 years away, Futurama offered the public a glimpse of something new: a future in which everyone drove and could travel for miles on roads of seemingly endless capacity made only for cars. Of course, as cities adapted to this dream of freeways and autocentric design, urban life would be transformed. Today's vision of what lies ahead in the coming decades looks beyond a single defining innovation to a sea change in social trends, mobility services, innovative transit, smart vehicles, and large-scale planning movements. In myriad ways — including parking requirements, trip generation rates, safety accommodations, and aesthetic factors such as traffic signing, building setbacks, and urban design amenities — these phenomena are altering the genetic code of our cities. If we anticipate this future and plan accordingly, we can play an active role in shaping it.

CULTURAL URBANISM

Promoting the concept of "cultural urbanism" — that is, celebrating our regional differences and building environments that foster community interaction — enables us to see what makes our cities unique and interesting as well as create genuine and authentic places. Doing this also allows us to preserve those distinctions, celebrate our history, and avoid the homogenization of our urban landscapes, as well as attract employers, institutions, and today's more educated and mobile workforc

Sunk costs

Retrospective costs already incurred and unrecoverable In economics and business decision-making, sunk costs are retrospective (past) costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are sometimes contrasted with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be incurred or changed if an action is taken. Sunk costs should not affect the rational decision maker's future choice. The sunk cost is distinct from economic loss. For example, when a car is purchased, it can subsequently be resold; however, it will probably not be resold for the original purchase price. The economic loss is the difference (including transaction costs). The sum originally paid should not affect any rational future decision-making about the car, regardless of the resale value: if the owner can derive more value from selling the car than not selling it, it should be sold, regardless of the price paid. In this sense, the sunk cost is not a precise quantity, but an economic term for a sum paid, in the past, which is no longer relevant to decisions about the future

ITE Trip Generation Manual lists the Av¬erage Weekday Trips

Single Family Housing - 9.6 trips/unit Low-rise apartments - 6.6 trips/unit Townhouses - 5.9 trips/unit Mobile homes - 5.0 trips/unit High-rise apartments & high-rise condos - 4.2 trips/unit

FOODSHED

Roots of Change defines a foodshed as "the area of land and waters within a region from which food is produced in order to deliver nutrition to a population base." It includes the land where crops are grown and animals are raised; the natural water sources that support food production; the facilities that process and distribute the food and the markets that buy it; and the communities that consume the food. A foodshed may cross borders; its size depends on the size of market within the region that needs the food and the capacity of the producers surrounding it to supply that market. A foodshed is the geographic region that produces the food for a particular population. The term is used to describe a region of food flows, from the area where it is produced, to the place where it is consumed, including: the land it grows on, the route it travels, the markets it passes through, and the tables it ends up on. "Foodshed" is described as a "socio-geographic space: human activity embedded in the natural integument of a particular place."[1] A foodshed is analogous to a watershed in that foodsheds outline the flow of food feeding a particular population, whereas watersheds outline the flow of water draining to a particular location. Through drawing from the conceptual ideas of the watershed, foodsheds are perceived as hybrid social and natural constructs.[1] It can pertain to the area from which an individual or population receives a particular type of food, or the collective area from which an individual or population receives all of their food. The size of the foodshed can vary depending on the availability of year round foods and the variety of foods grown and processed. Variables such as micro-weather patterns, soil types, water availability, slope conditions, etc. play a role in determining the potential and risk of agriculture).[1] The modern United States foodshed, as an example, spans the entire world as the foods available in the typical supermarket have traveled from all over the globe, often long distances from where they were produced.

GRADUATED ZONING (Donald Shoup)

Shoup's case for graduated density zoning is based on the following logic. The first three points are undeniably true. The fourth may or may not be. •In the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Kelo v. City of New London, the exercise of eminent domain is dangerous politically or limited statutorily. •Absent eminent domain, holdouts can thwart land assembly by large-scale developers. •Graduated density zoning creates an incentive for property owners to sell their land voluntarily, since more square footage may be built on consolidated sites. •Site consolidation leads to better development. The article cites one example of graduated density zoning, in California's Simi Valley. In this case, zero lot line houses were built at a higher density than would have been allowed without land assembly. The development in question is pretty run-of-the-mill, leading me to wonder whether something more should be expected of developers in return for a density bonus. Shoup himself opens the door to additional conditions when he notes that the land value created by the bonus might be "more than enough to finance new infrastructure."

Cumulative Zoning Districts

Similar to the zoning ordinance in Euclid, the 1916 New York Resolution divided the City into zoning districts. The uses allowed in each district were considered "cumulative" in that uses allowed in the more restrictive zoning districts were also permitted within the less restrictive districts. For example, a use allowed within a residential district would generally be allowed within a commercial and industrial district. The reverse was rarely, if ever true, however. Uses allowed in un-restrictive districts such as industrial or commercial were typically prohibited within residential districts. So-called "cumulative zoning" has received mixed reviews of late in that in its purest form, the doctrine precludes mixed use developments and so-called "neo-traditional" planned communities.

Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation can be described as the square root of the variance.

The Street Connectivity Index

Street connectivity can be defined as the quantity and quality of connections in the street network. A traditional rectilinear street grid provides relatively direct connections and multiple routes and thus has high connectivity. A "Connectivity Index" is the ratio of the number of links to the number of nodes in the network (i.e. Links/Nodes). Links are street segments, while nodes are intersections. A higher connectivity index reflects a greater number of street segments entering each intersection and thus a higher level of connectivity for the network. Minimum standards for connectivity indexes typically fall into the range of 1.2 to 1.4.

Robert Moses

The "Great Expediter" said, "If the ends don't justify the means, then what the hell does?" Robert Moses (December 18, 1888 - July 29, 1981) was the "master builder" of mid-20th century New York City, Long Island, Rockland County, and Westchester County, New York. As the shaper of a modern city, he is sometimes compared to Baron Haussmann of Second Empire Paris, and is one of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban planning in the United States. Moses's projects were considered by many to be necessary for the region's development after being hit hard by the Great Depression. However, his critics point out that he displaced hundreds of thousands of residents in New York City, destroying traditional neighborhoods by building expressways through them, and claim that he preferred automobiles to people, contributed to the ruin of the South Bronx and the amusement parks of Coney Island, caused the departure of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants Major League baseball teams, and precipitated the decline of public transport through disinvestment and neglect. One of his most vocal critics during this time was the urban activist Jane Jacobs, whose book The Death and Life of Great American Cities was instrumental in turning opinion against Moses's plans. Moses's image suffered a further blow in 1974 with the publication of The Power Broker, a Pulitzer Prize-winning biography by Robert A. Caro.

The American Community Survey

The American Community Survey (ACS) was fully implemented in 2010. The survey is an ongoing statistical survey by the Census Bureau that is sent to about 3 million addresses a year. It replaces the long form, collecting information previously contained only in the long form that was collected in the every ten year census. The ACS provides three different sets of data products: one-year estimates (for areas with 65,000 or more persons), three-year estimates (for areas with 20,000 or more persons), and five-year estimates (for all areas).

NATIONAL HOUSING ACT (1949)

The American Housing Act of 1949 (Title V of P.L. 81-171) was a landmark, sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and issuance and the construction of public housing. It was part of President Harry Truman's program of domestic legislation, the Fair Deal. The main elements of the Act included: providing federal financing for slum clearance programs associated with urban renewal projects in American cities (Title I), increasing authorization for the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage insurance (Title II), extending federal money to build more than 800,000 public housing units (Title III) fund research into housing and housing techniques, and permitting the FHA to provide financing for rural homeowners. Housing Act of 1949 Created the Urban Redevelopment Agency and gave it the authority to subsidize three fourths of the cost of local slum clearance and urban renewal .

MARIEMONT (John Nolen; Garden City; Influenced "New Urbanism")

The American Planning Association (APA) is designating Mariemont one of 10 Great Neighborhoods for 2008 given the village's unique character, compact and walkable design, and strong citizen participation and engagement.During the early 1900s, Mary Emery, a beloved philanthropist and widow of a wealthy Cincinnati real estate developer, began to envision what would become Mariemont — a project to improve housing in the city by relieving crowded, unsanitary conditions fomented by industrial expansion and a late 19th century population explosion. Emery enlisted the services of John Nolen, the town planner of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a prolific designer whose work would shape hundreds of suburban communities throughout the U.S. With the assistance of Charles Livingood, a college friend of Emery's late son, Nolen began in 1923 to transform a tract of farmland near Cincinnati into a walkable, verdant community.

AMERICAN RECOVERY AND REINVESTMENT ACT

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) (Pub.L. 111-5), commonly referred to as the Stimulus or The Recovery Act, was an economic stimulus package enacted by the 111th United States Congress in February 2009 and signed into law on February 17, 2009, by President Barack Obama. To respond to the Great Recession, the primary objective for ARRA was to save and create jobs almost immediately. Secondary objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most impacted by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy. The approximate cost of the economic stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage, later revised to $831 billion between 2009 and 2019.[1] The Act included direct spending in infrastructure, education, health, and energy, federal tax incentives, and expansion of unemployment benefits and other social welfare provisions. It also created the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board. The rationale for ARRA was from Keynesian macroeconomic theory, which argues that, during recessions, the government should offset the decrease in private spending with an increase in public spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration. Shortly after the law was passed, Nobel laureate Paul Krugman, while supportive of the law, criticized the law for being too weak because it did not "even cover one third of the (spending) gap".[2] In February 2014, the White House stated that the Act saved or created an average of 1.6 million jobs a year between 2009 and 2012, thus averting another Great Depression in their view.[3]

AMERICANS WITH DISABILITY ACT (ADA; 1990)

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990[1][2] (ADA) is a law that was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990. Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA) authored the bill and was its chief sponsor in the Senate. Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language so his deaf brother could understand. It was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush, and later amended with changes effective January 1, 2009.[3] The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits, under certain circumstances, discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[4] which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. However, unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations.[5] Disability is defined by the ADA as "...a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity." The determination of whether any particular condition is considered a disability is made on a case by case basis. Certain specific conditions are excluded as disabilities. On September 25, 2008, President George W. Bush signed the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA) into law. The amendment broadened the definition of "disability," thereby extending the ADA's protections to a greater number of people.[6] Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: deafness, blindness, an intellectual disability (formerly termed mental retardation), partially or completely missing limbs or mobility impairments requiring the use of a wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia.[7] The regulations further clarify that other mental or physical health conditions also may be disabilities, depending on what the individual's symptoms would be in the absence of "mitigating measures" (medication, therapy, assistive devices, or other means of restoring function), during an "active episode" of the condition (if the condition is episodic).[7]

ANTIQUITIES ACT (1906)

The Antiquities Act of 1906, is an act passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906. This law gives the President of the United States the authority to, by executive order, restrict the use of particular public land owned by the federal government. The Act has been used over a hundred times since its passage. Its use occasionally creates significant controversy. The Act was intended to allow the President to set aside certain valuable public natural areas as park and conservation land. The 1906 act stated that it was intended for: "... the protection of objects of historic and scientific interest." These areas are given the title of "National Monuments." It also allows the President to reserve or accept private lands for that purpose. The aim is to protect all historic and prehistoric sites on United States federal lands and to prohibit excavation or destruction of these antiquities. With this act, this can be done much more quickly than going through the Congressional process of creating a National Park. The Act states that areas of the monuments are to be confined to the smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of the objects to be protected.

By 2040, the population of the United States is projected to most likely exceed:

The Census Bureau's middle population projection for 2040 is for the U.S population to be approximately 405 million (based on 2010 Census).

City Beautiful Movement

The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington, D.C. promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations.[1] Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could thus promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform; Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult". I. It catered to an upper class II. Its beautification and adornment had limited practicality III. Public investment was needed for its parks and boulevards, and this was not always available to cities IV. It was the revival of city planning

City Functional Movement

The City Functional Movement developed in the 1940s with the growth of the military and renewed industrialization. This movement emphasized functionalism and administrative efficiency, and contributed to the federal government's increased involvement in local planning and the passage of Section 701 of the Housing Act in 1954. The 701 program subsidized thousands of general plans and special projects for cities, counties, regional councils of government, and states until 1981.

Pop Projection Methods

The Cohort Survival Method: a detailed, very accurate, method for making short term population projections that can handle multiple variables. This method is made more accurate by including in and out migration. Cohort-Survival Method, in its basic form, is a form of population projection using multiple variables: Population [future] = Population [current] + Natural Increase + Net Migration broken down into age-sex cohort distributions of the population. Natural increase is the difference between the number of children born and the number of people who die during one time interval. Migration and Natural increase are basically part of the Cohort-Survival method. Existing popultion may be estimated using the Symptomatic Method, which uses data sets such as building permits and new electrical permits that are reflective of population change and can be used to estimate current development population estimates. Ratio (Step-Down) Method uses the ratio between the population of a city and a county at a known point in time such as the census to project future populations.

COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT

The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 seeks to address discrimination in loans made to individuals and businesses from low and moderate-income neighborhoods.[7] The Act mandates that all banking institutions that receive Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance be evaluated by Federal banking agencies to determine if the bank offers credit (in a manner consistent with safe and sound operation as per Section 802(b) and Section 804(1)) in all communities in which they are chartered to do business.[3] The law does not list specific criteria for evaluating the performance of financial institutions. Rather, it directs that the evaluation process should accommodate the situation and context of each individual institution. Federal regulations dictate agency conduct in evaluating a bank's compliance in five performance areas, comprising twelve assessment factors. This examination culminates in a rating and a written report that becomes part of the supervisory record for that bank.[8] The law, however, emphasizes that an institution's CRA activities should be undertaken in a safe and sound manner, and does not require institutions to make high-risk loans that may bring losses to the institution.[3][4] An institution's CRA compliance record is taken into account by the banking regulatory agencies when the institution seeks to expand through merger, acquisition or branching. The law does not mandate any other penalties for non-compliance with the CRA.

CREATIVE CLASS (Richard Florida; Andres Duany)

The Creative Class is a posited socioeconomic class identified by American economist and social scientist Richard Florida, a professor and head of the Martin Prosperity Institute at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto. According to Florida, the Creative Class are a key driving force for economic development of post-industrial cities in the United States. Florida describes the Creative Class as comprising 40 million workers (about 30 percent of the U.S. workforce). He breaks the class into two broad sections, derived from Standard Occupational Classification System codes: Super-Creative Core: This group comprises about 12 percent of all U.S. jobs. It includes a wide range of occupations (e.g. science, engineering, education, computer programming, research), with arts, design, and media workers forming a small subset. Florida considers those belonging to this group to "fully engage in the creative process" (2002, p. 69). The Super-Creative Core is considered innovative, creating commercial products and consumer goods. The primary job function of its members is to be creative and innovative. "Along with problem solving, their work may entail problem finding" (Florida, 2002, p. 69). Creative Professionals: These professionals are the classic knowledge-based workers and include those working in healthcare, business and finance, the legal sector, and education. They "draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems" using higher degrees of education to do so (Florida, 2002). In addition to these two main groups of creative people, the usually much smaller group of Bohemians is also included in the Creative Class.[citation needed] In his 2002 study, Florida concluded that the Creative Class would be the leading force of growth in the economy expected to grow by over 10 million jobs in the next decade, which would in 2012 equal almost 40% of the population

DELPHI TECHNIQUE (Public Participation)

The Delphi method (/ˈdɛlfaɪ/ DEL-fy) is a structured communication technique, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts.[1][2][3][4] The experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds. After each round, a facilitator provides an anonymous summary of the experts' forecasts from the previous round as well as the reasons they provided for their judgments. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise their earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. It is believed that during this process the range of the answers will decrease and the group will converge towards the "correct" answer. Finally, the process is stopped after a pre-defined stop criterion (e.g. number of rounds, achievement of consensus, stability of results) and the mean or median scores of the final rounds determine the results.[5] Delphi is based on the principle that forecasts (or decisions) from a structured group of individuals are more accurate than those from unstructured groups.[6] The technique can also be adapted for use in face-to-face meetings, and is then called mini-Delphi or Estimate-Talk-Estimate (ETE). Delphi has been widely used for business forecasting and has certain advantages over another structured forecasting approach, prediction markets.[7]

CITY EFFICIENT

The Efficiency Movement was a major movement in the United States, Britain and other industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society, and to develop and implement best practices.[1] The concept covered mechanical, economic, social, and personal improvement.[2] The quest for efficiency promised effective, dynamic management rewarded by growth.[3] The Efficiency Movement played a central role in the Progressive Era in the United States, where it flourished 1890-1932.[4] Adherents argued that all aspects of the economy, society and government were riddled with waste and inefficiency. Everything would be better if experts identified the problems and fixed them. The result was strong support for building research universities and schools of business and engineering, municipal research agencies, as well as reform of hospitals and medical schools, and the practice of farming.[5] Perhaps the best known leaders were engineers Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), who used a stopwatch to identify the smallest inefficiencies, and Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Sr. (1868-1924) who proclaimed there was always "one best way" to fix a problem. Leaders such as Herbert Croly, Charles R. van Hise and Richard Ely sought to improve governmental performance by training experts in public service comparable to those in Germany, notably at the Universities of Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. Schools of business administration set up management programs oriented toward efficiency

Efficiency Movement

The Efficiency Movement was a major movement in the United States, Britain and other industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society, and to develop and implement best practices.[1] The concept covered mechanical, economic, social, and personal improvement.[2] The quest for efficiency promised effective, dynamic management rewarded by growth.[3] As a result of the influence of an early proponent, it is more often known as Taylorism. The Efficiency Movement played a central role in the Progressive Era in the United States, where it flourished 1890-1932.[4] Adherents argued that all aspects of the economy, society and government were riddled with waste and inefficiency. Everything would be better if experts identified the problems and fixed them. The result was strong support for building research universities and schools of business and engineering, municipal research agencies, as well as reform of hospitals and medical schools, and the practice of farming.[5] Perhaps the best known leaders were engineers Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), who used a stopwatch to identify the smallest inefficiencies, and Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Sr. (1868-1924) who proclaimed there was always "one best way" to fix a problem

The Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act

The Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act regulates 366 toxic, reactive, volatile, dispersible and flammable chemicals that can cause serious irreversible health effects from accidental releases.

EMPOWERMENT ZONE (Designated distressed area in need of development)

The Empowerment Zone Program consists of three US congressional designations.[1] The Renewal Communities (RCs), Empowerment Zones (EZs) and Enterprise Communities (ECs) are highly distressed urban and rural communities that may be eligible for a combination of grants, tax credits for businesses, bonding authority and other benefits. Highly distressed refers to communities who have experienced poverty and/or high emigration based upon definitions in the law. These designations, RCs, EZs and ECs were awarded in three competitions since 1994. The Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000 authorized the creation of 40 renewal communities and created the New Markets Tax Credit Program.[2] The program originally ended on December 31, 2011.[3] However, on February 1, 2013, the Joint Committee on Taxation has extended the program for another two years, now ending on December 31, 2013. [4] This program is primarily managed through partnerships between the local entity and either the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for RCs and urban areas or US Department of Agriculture (USDA) for rural EZs and ECs. Currently, there are 40 HUD RCs, 28 of which are in urban areas and 12 in rural communities. There are 30 HUD EZs, all of which are in urban areas. There are 10 USDA EZs and 20 USDA ECs in rural communities. A couple RCs have as few as approximately 100 businesses, while several RCs and EZs have more than 5,000 businesses. No RC, EZ or EC has a population greater than 200,000.

NATIONAL HOUSING ACT (1934)

The National Housing Act of 1934, Pub.L. 84-345, 48 Stat. 847, enacted June 28, 1934, also called the Capehart Act, was part of the New Deal passed during the Great Depression in order to make housing and home mortgages more affordable.[1] It created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation.[citation needed] It also created the United States Housing Authority to make low-interest, long term loans to local public agencies for slum clearance and construction of low-income dwellings.[2] It was designed to stop the tide of bank foreclosures on family homes. Both the FHA and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation worked to create the backbone of the mortgage and home building industries.[citation needed] The Housing Act of 1937 builds on this legislation.

FREDDIE MAC

The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), known as Freddie Mac, is a public government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), headquartered in the Tyson's Corner CDP in unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia.[2][3] The FHLMC was created in 1970 to expand the secondary market for mortgages in the US. Along with other GSEs, Freddie Mac buys mortgages on the secondary market, pools them, and sells them as a mortgage-backed security to investors on the open market. This secondary mortgage market increases the supply of money available for mortgage lending and increases the money available for new home purchases. The name, "Freddie Mac", is a variant of the initialism of the company's full name that had been adopted officially for ease of identification (see "GSEs" below for other examples). On September 7, 2008, Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) director James B. Lockhart III announced he had put Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac under the conservatorship of the FHFA (see Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). The action has been described as "one of the most sweeping government interventions in private financial markets in decades".[4][5][6]

FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION

The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions, provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans, and to stabilize the mortgage market. The Commissioner of the FHA is Carol Galante. It is different from the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), which supervises government-sponsored enterprises.

FANNIE MAE

The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), commonly known as Fannie Mae, was founded in 1938 during the Great Depression as part of the New Deal. It is a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), though it has been a publicly traded company since 1968.[2] The corporation's purpose is to expand the secondary mortgage market by securitizing mortgages in the form of mortgage-backed securities (MBS),[3] allowing lenders to reinvest their assets into more lending and in effect increasing the number of lenders in the mortgage market by reducing the reliance on locally-based savings and loan associations (aka "thrifts").[4] For a comprehensive list of articles discussing Fannie Mae, see a Bibliography of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

The Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 established certain procedural requirements for municipalities considering applications to construct a wireless service facility. Which of the items listed below is a procedural requirement of the Act?

The Federal Telecommunications Act requires that local decisions be based on substantial evidence and that they be rendered in a timely manner. A) Local governments must not unreasonably discriminate among competing providers. B) Local governments must act on all wireless tower permit requests within a reasonable time. C) Any decision by a local council denying a wireless tower must be substantiated by evidence in writing. The Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 protects the rights of the telecommunications industry in nearly the same fashion as the First Amendment protects adult uses. Local governments can regulate but can not prohibit these uses.

NATIONAL INTERSTATE AND DEFENSE HIGHWAYS ACT

The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (Public Law 84-627), was enacted on June 29, 1956, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law. With an original authorization of 25 billion dollars for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of the Interstate Highway System supposedly over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history through that time.[1] The money for the Interstate Highway and Defense Highways was handled in a Highway Trust Fund that paid for 90 percent of highway construction costs with the states required to pay the remaining 10 percent. It was expected that the money would be generated through new taxes on fuel, automobiles, trucks, and tires. As a matter of practice, the Federal portion of the cost of the Interstate Highway System has been paid for by taxes on gasoline and diesel fuel.[

GINI COEFFICIENT

The Gini coefficient (also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio) (/dʒini/ jee-nee) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents. This is the most commonly used measure of inequality. The coefficient varies between 0, which reflects complete equality and 100 (or 1), which indicates complete inequality (one person has all the income or consumption, all others have none). It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper "Variability and Mutability" (Italian: Variabilità e mutabilità).[2][3] The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example levels of income). A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has the same income). A Gini coefficient of one (or 100%) expresses maximal inequality among values (for example where only one person has all the income).[4][5] However, a value greater than one may occur if some persons represent negative contribution to the total (e.g., have negative income or wealth). For larger groups, values close to or above 1 are very unlikely in practice.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

The TSCA regulates the use of new and existing chemical substances and mixtures. Manufacturers of new chemical substances must notify EPA through the submittal of a pre-manufacture notice at least 90 days prior to commencing manufacture or import of the substance for non-exempt commercial purposes.

GREAT SOCIETY (LBJ)

The Great Society was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. President Johnson first used the term "Great Society" during a speech at Ohio University, then unveiled the program in greater detail at an appearance at University of Michigan. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. The program and its initiatives were subsequently promoted by him and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s and years following. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Some Great Society proposals were stalled initiatives from John F. Kennedy's New Frontier. Johnson's success depended on his skills of persuasion, coupled with the Democratic landslide in the 1964 election that brought in many new liberals to Congress, making the House of Representatives in 1965 the most liberal House since 1938.[1] Anti-war Democrats complained that spending on the Vietnam War choked off the Great Society. While some of the programs have been eliminated or had their funding reduced, many of them, including Medicare, Medicaid, the Older Americans Act and federal education funding, continue to the present. The Great Society's programs expanded under the administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[2]

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (Steam Engine)

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. It also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. Textiles were also the first to use modern production methods.[2] The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists, such as Robert E. Lucas, Jr., argue that the real impact of the Industrial Revolution was that "for the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior is mentioned by the classical economists, even as a theoretical possibility."[3] Others, however, argue that while growth of the economy's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution, living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries, and that in many ways workers' living standards declined under early capitalism: for instance, studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15% between the 1780s and 1850s, and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. It also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. Textiles were also the first to use modern production methods.[2] The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists, such as Robert E. Lucas, Jr., argue that the real impact of the Industrial Revolution was that "for the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior is mentioned by the classical economists, even as a theoretical possibility."[3] Others, however, argue that while growth of the economy's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution, living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries, and that in many ways workers' living standards declined under early capitalism: for instance, studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15% between the 1780s and 1850s, and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s

LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION FUND (LWCF)

The LWCF Program provides matching grants to States and local governments for the acquisition and development of public outdoor recreation areas and facilities (as well as funding for shared federal land acquisition and conservation strategies). The program is intended to create and maintain a nationwide legacy of high quality recreation areas and facilities and to stimulate non-federal investments in the protection and maintenance of recreation resources across the United States. The LWCF program required states to prepare statewide comprehensive outdoor recreation plans, referred to as SCORPs. Although the LWCF program has suffered serious financial cutbacks, SCORPs are still used by many states to guide local government outdoor and open space recreation plans.

What Land use regulation is based upon concepts that have existed in the United States since the seventeenth century?

The Latin maxim that one land owner may not use his land in such a way as to interfere with his neighbor's use is a basic underpinning of the law of nuisance. A land owner is under a duty not to interfere with his neighbor's use and enjoyment of his land. The reverse is also true: his neighbor is similarly obligated. Common law principles of nuisance were used by individuals on a case-by-case basis to restrict injurious land use practices since the late 1600's. An obvious problem with relying on nuisance principles to control land use activities was (and remains) the fact that an activity can rarely be declared a nuisance prospectively. This limitation, coupled with the problems associated with adjudicating every nuisance one by one, led, eventually, to modern forms of land use control in the United States.

MCMILLAN PLAN (1901; Washington, D.C.; "City Beautiful")

The McMillan Plan (formally titled The Report of the Senate Park Commission. The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia) is a comprehensive planning document for the development of the monumental core and the park system of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. It was written in 1902 by the Senate Park Commission. The commission is popularly known as the McMillan Commission after its chairman, Senator James McMillan of Michigan.[1] The McMillan Plan proposed eliminating the Victorian landscaping of the National Mall and replacing it with a simple expanse of grass, narrowing the Mall, and permitting the construction of low, Neoclassical museums and cultural centers along the Mall's east-west axis. The plan proposed constructing major memorials on the western and southern anchors of the Mall's two axes, reflecting pools on the southern and western ends, and massive granite and marble terraces and arcades around the base of the Washington Monument. The plan also proposed tearing down the existing railroad passenger station on the National Mall and constructing a large new station north of the United States Capitol building. Additionally, the McMillan Plan contemplated the construction of clusters of tall, Neoclassical office buildings around Lafayette Square and the Capitol building, as well as an extensive system of neighborhood parks and recreational facilities throughout the city. Major new parkways would connect these parks as well as link the city to nearby attractions.

Which of the following are important factors in building consensus in an organized citizen's committee? I.Appointment of constructive and diverse members. II.Authorizing a senior staff member to chair the committee. III.Clarifying anticipated outcomes. IV.Providing the committee with alternatives. A) I and III. B) II and III. C) I and II. D) III and IV.

The answer is "A" I.Appointment of constructive and diverse members. III.Clarifying anticipated outcomes. Normally a member of the committee will serve as chair- staff serves an advisory role. The com¬mittee has probably been formed to determine alternatives. Giving alternatives denies early input into the process.

cornice

The cornice is the uppermost section of moldings along the top of a wall or just below a roof. The practical purpose of a cornice is to seal the joint between wall and roof against weather penetration. In traditional facades however, cornices contain architectural detail that make them important design elements in a building. Decorative cornices contribute significantly to a building's facade, and are frequently a desired design element found in municipal design guidelines. Other design elements shown are: (b) Bulkhead - The space between the ground or sidewalk and a storefront window (c) Window Hood - An architectural detail placed above a window, used as an accent. (d) Display Window - A large window in a commercial storefront used to display merchandise and to provide views into the store

Which of the following groups of planning philosophies came before the City Humane Movement? (A) City Functional, City Efficient, City Beautiful and Garden City (B) Garden City, Agrarian Philosophy, Laissez Faire, City Functional (C) Public Health, Agrarian Philosophy, Laissez Faire, Garden City (D) Agrarian Philosophy, Laissez Faire, Public Health, City Functional

The correct answer is "C" The Public Health Movement developed in the late 1800s from a concern for public health and workers' safety. This movement focused on the establishment of industrial safety requirements, maximum work hours, minimum housing standards, public recreation amenities, and ensuring the provision of light and air in cities. The Garden City Movement began with Ebenezer Howard's classic work, Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, which was published in 1898, later republished in 1902, Garden Cities of Tomorrow. A reaction to industrialization and poor living conditions in cities, this movement was predicated on the inherent immorality of the city, a return to the country village, and the sacredness of nature. The Garden City Movement proposed public greenbelts and agricultural areas surrounding self-supporting, satellite communities ringing a central garden city with maximum populations to prevent sprawl. Emphasizing design and aesthetics, the City Beautiful Movement emerged from the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The Exposition provided a prominent American example of a great group of buildings designed in relation to each other and in relation to open spaces. Contributions of the movement included: a revival of city planning and its establishment as a permanent part of local government, an emphasis on physical site planning, the professional consultant role, and the establishment of quasi-independent planning commissions composed of citizens. The City Humane Movement occurred during the 1930's and is associated with the Great Depression and concentrated on social and economic issues and ways of alleviating the problems of unemployment, poverty, and urban plight. The City Functional Movement (included in the other three answers) developed during the 1940's with the growth of the military and renewed industrialization. This movement emphasized functionalism and administrative efficiency, and contributed to the federal government's increased involvement in local planning and the passage of Section 701 of the Housing Act in 1954. The 701 program subsidized thousands of general plans and special projects for cities, counties, regional councils of government, and states until 1981.

CRITICAL PATH METHOD

The critical path method (CPM) is an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities. The critical path method (CPM) is a project modeling technique developed in the late 1950s by Morgan R. Walker of DuPont and James E. Kelley, Jr. of Remington Rand.[2] Kelley and Walker related their memories of the development of CPM in 1989.[3] Kelley attributed the term "critical path" to the developers of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique which was developed at about the same time by Booz Allen Hamilton and the U.S. Navy.[4] The precursors of what came to be known as Critical Path were developed and put into practice by DuPont between 1940 and 1943 and contributed to the success of the Manhattan Project.[5] CPM is commonly used with all forms of projects, including construction, aerospace and defense, software development, research projects, product development, engineering, and plant maintenance, among others. Any project with interdependent activities can apply this method of mathematical analysis. Although the original CPM program and approach is no longer used, the term is generally applied to any approach used to analyze a project network logic diagram. The essential technique for using CPM [6][7] is to construct a model of the project that includes the following: 1.A list of all activities required to complete the project (typically categorized within a work breakdown structure), 2.The time (duration) that each activity will take to complete, 3.The dependencies between the activities and, 4.Logical end points such as milestones or deliverable items.

CULTURAL TOWN

The discussion started with a basic definition: a town or even a city neighborhood that is focused on the arts and culture, and concerned about maintaining its character.a "cultural town must have a broad base of community engagement." For sculptor John David Mooney: "Culture is the product of a group's historical experience — no matter how ordinary." On a more mystical level, planner and architect Patrick Horsbrugh, FAICP, described New Harmony as "the result of a perfect coincidence of time and place." Schuette picked up on the community's sense of "timelessness, security, and community," which stem from its origin as an intentional community.

The McMillan Plan of 1901-02

The first explicit attempt to utilize the vaguely classical Beaux-Arts architectural style, which emerged as the "City Beautiful" movement" from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, was the Senate Park Commission's redesign of the monumental core of Washington D.C. to commemorate the city's centennial. The McMillan Plan of 1901-02, named for Senator James McMillan, the commission's liaison and principal backer in Congress, was the United States' first attempt at city planning.

rational comprehensive method

The rational comprehensive method for decision making requires all of the following except? A. clarification of values B. consideration of extensive data C. anecdotal information D. consideration of all relevant factors The answer is C)

symptomatic approach to calculating population

The symptomatic approach to calculating population utilizes changes in obtainable data that are predictive of population changes as a whole. I. Building Permits II. New Telephone Hookups III. New Electric Meters IV. Voter Registration All are symptomatic measures for estimating current population. The basic assumption in all symptomatic methods is that changes in related obtainable data are predictive of changes in the population as a whole (e.g. building permits, vital statistics, school enrollment, new telephone hookups, new electric meters, and voter registration). SOURCE: 2011-2012 Chapter Presidents Council Study Manual for the AICP Examination of the American Institute of Certified Planners" Published by Chapter Presidents' Council American Planning Association, page 171.

"Fast Tracking"

The term "Fast Tracking" can be described as what occurs when time needs to be made up on a planning project

COLONIAS

The term "colonia" conjures up the traditional images of ramshackle border communities with corrugated metal and cement block homes, unpaved streets, polluted water, and open cesspools. What is actually considered a colonia may or may not fit that definition. Decades of legislative and programmatic initiatives have expanded the term's meaning dramatically. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development uses perhaps the broadest definition, which includes any unincorporated community within 150 miles of the U.S.-Mexico border that was established before November 28, 1990 and lacks adequate public infrastructure or housing. Other agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, employ somewhat stricter definitions. More than a quarter of Texas's 254 counties contain lands within 150 miles of the international border. In plain-speaking Texas, these colonia-like communities found away from the border region are called "non-border colonias."

MULTIFUNCTIONALITY (Green, Landscaping

The term "green infrastructure" is sometimes expanded to "multifunctional" green infrastructure. Multifunctionality in this context refers to the integration and interaction of different functions or activities on the same piece of land. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has extended the concept of "green infrastructure" to apply to the management of stormwater runoff at the local level through the use of natural systems, or engineered systems that mimic natural systems, to treat polluted runoff.[7][8] This use of the term "green infrastructure" to refer to urban "green" best management practices (BMPs), although not central to the larger concept, does contribute to the overall health of natural ecosystems.

HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

The term "heat island" describes built up areas that are hotter than nearby rural areas. The annual mean air temperature of a city with 1 million people or more can be 1.8-5.4°F (1-3°C) warmer than its surroundings. In the evening, the difference can be as high as 22°F (12°C). Heat islands can affect communities by increasing summertime peak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related illness and mortality, and water quality. Communities can take a number of common-sense measures to reduce the effects of summertime heat islands. This website provides information on the heat island effect, its impacts, and the strategies that communities can take to reduce urban temperatures. Of the information available to communities, key EPA resources include a compendium of mitigation strategies, a community action database, and regularly scheduled webcasts.

AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES

The term economies of agglomeration is used in urban economics to describe the benefits that firms obtain by locating near each other ('agglomerating'). This concept relates to the idea of economies of scale and network effects. Simply put, as more firms in related fields of business cluster together, their costs of production may decline significantly (firms have competing multiple suppliers, greater specialization and division of labor result). Even when competing firms in the same sector cluster, there may be advantages because the cluster attracts more suppliers and customers than a single firm could achieve alone. Cities form and grow to exploit economies of agglomeration.

MEGACHURCH

The term megachurch generally refers to any Protestant (see below regarding very large Catholic churches) congregation with a sustained average weekly attendance of 2000 persons or more in its worship services. Most discussions of megachurches focus on very large Protestant Christian congregations in the United States - of which there are roughly 1600 presently. Likewise, there are significant numbers of megachurches throughout the world, especially in Korea, Brazil, and several African countries, although no exact count exists for this worldwide phenomenon. Visit the non-USA megachurch list. The largest megachurch in America averages 45,000 in attendance; however, one church in Korea claims over 250,000 attenders. Although very large congregations have existed throughout Christian history, there has been a rapid proliferation of churches with massive attendance since the decade of the 1970's. As such, some researchers suggest that this church form is a unique collective response to distinctive cultural shifts and changes in societal patterns throughout the industrialized, urban and suburban areas of the world. While size is the most immediately apparent characteristic of these congregations, the Protestant megachurches in the United States generally share many other traits. Virtually all these megachurches have a conservative theology, even those within mainline denominations. A large number are nondenominational but the majority are affiliated with a denomination. The groups in the table below account for 80% of all megachurches.

GARDEN CITIES

These are some of the names associated with it: consulting planners, Clarence Stein and Henry Wright; architects, Charles Ingham and William Boyd; landscape architect, Ralph Griswold; business plan, the University of Pittsburgh; visionary client, the Buhl Foundation and its founding executive director, Charles F. Lewis; intellectual partners, Frederick Bigger and the Pittsburgh City Planning Commission (in the days of big thinking.) The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture. Inspired by the Utopian novel Looking Backward and Henry George's work Progress and Poverty, Howard published his book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (which was reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow). His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.

CONGESTION PRICING (Transportation)

Tolls are being used to finance a growing share of new road capacity worldwide. Increasingly such tolls are higher at times and locations where demand is greatest — the core idea of congestion pricing. But applying such tolls to existing free roads is a lot tougher, even after half a century of promotion by transportation economists. The idea is simple enough: Charge fees based on where and when motorists drive, with discounts offered during times of low demand. Used in that way, congestion pricing matches demand more closely to available road space, and boosts the efficiency, reliability, and speed of an area's transportation system. Revenues can be used to increase travel choices. Big toll hikes don't fix it. Building more lanes and more highways doesn't fix it. That's where variable pricing comes in. The express lanes provide for faster traffic, but to keep traffic moving fast, the fee has to adapt to levels of congestion. And it has to be able to get high enough that some people won't choose to pay the charge: "In Singapore, they set the amount of traffic they want, and then dial up the congestion charge until they get it." And people don't like that: watching other people zip by them, or paying to drive on roads. And since it changes, it's another thing to have to pay attention to, unlike tolls. It's part of the broader benefits of congestion pricing, making the costs of roads explicit, but it adds more decision-making to the commute.

Transect Planning

Transect Planning can be a new approach to conventional zoning systems (Form-based Code - Miami 21). Transect planning is trying to create environments that preserve the integrity of each location along the urban to rural continuum. Rural elements must fit into rural locations, urban elements must fit into urban locations, similar to ecological systems where plants and animals live where it best suits their existence. Duany's firm DPZ has embodied the transect philosophic into their SmartCode generic planning code for municipal ordinances.

Transportation Systems Management (TSM)

Transportation Systems Management (TSM) is an approach to congestion mitigation that seeks to identify improvements in order to enhance the capacity of existing system through operational means. Elements of a TSM program might include metering on ramps, one way streets, signalization optimization, turn lane striping improvements, or special event management strategies. Would include (A) Carpooling and vanpooling incentives (B) NOT include Major new transportation facilities (C) Improved transit service (D) Staggered work schedules

Young v. American Minitheatres

Two adult motion picture theaters brought this action against city officials for injunctive relief and a declaratory judgment of unconstitutionality regarding two 1972 Detroit zoning ordinances that amended an "Anti-Skid Row Ordinance" adopted 10 years earlier. The 1972 ordinances provide that an adult theater could not (apart from a special waiver) be located within 1,000 feet of any two other "regulated uses" or within 500 feet of a residential area. The District Court upheld the ordinances, and granted petitioners' motion for summary judgment. A federal district court ruled in favor of the city, a decision that was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The appeals court concluded that the ordinances posed a prior restraint based on content and that the ordinances ran afoul of the Equal Protection Clause. However, in a 5-4 opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuit and held that Detroit's ordinances were reasonable, and although erotic material could not be completely suppressed, Detroit had adequate reasons to restrict the distribution of such material.

FIRST SUBURBS (e.g. Euclid; see "Cities in Transition")

Until about 10 years ago, urban decline meant the economic, physical, and social decline specifically of major cities. But in the 1990s it became apparent that some suburbs — typically older ones adjacent to or near major Midwest cities — were showing similar signs of distress, and that the same "dynamics" that had been undermining central cities for decades were now undermining suburbs. In response, a number of Midwest "first suburbs" coalitions formed to combat this decline, including the Ohio First Suburbs Consortium, which focuses on the Cleveland area. Thomas Bier, who serves on the advisory board of that consortium, discussed how the new suburban decline creates an opportunity for advances in public policies that affect development, population movement, and tax bases in our cities and suburbs.

WIA workforce investment act

WIA The federal Workforce Investment Act (WIA), which superseded the Job Training Partnership Act, offers a comprehensive range of workforce development activities through statewide and local organizations. These services can benefit job seekers, laid off workers, youth, incumbent workers, new entrants to the workforce, veterans, persons with disabilities, and employers. The purpose of these activities is to promote an increase in the employment, job retention, earnings, and occupational skills improvement by participants..

MALL CHURCH

When the economy tanked and businesses closed, landlords got creative, filling vacant space in their malls and commercial buildings with gyms and clinics — and churches and mosques. It is all but impossible to tally how many such worship spaces have opened in retail or commercial space across the U.S., but the number seems to be growing. Michigan's Lake Benton Township, for one, is in a fight over the issue. The local planning commission voted five to two in March to grant a special use request for a church that wants to occupy a 130,000-square-foot former Sears store. The aptly named Overflow Church had been leasing 785 square feet in the adjacent mall when the Sears building owner, a private individual, donated the big box to the church. Overflow now wants to use the old Sears space for worship and as a base for community development activities, but the owner of the mall sued, contending that the Sears property's best use is retail and the church's presence will hurt business. Mediation has been scheduled for June.

MILESTONE ("Project Management")

Within the framework of project management, a milestone is an event that receives special attention. It is often put at the end of a stage to mark the completion of a work package or phase. Milestones can be put before the end of a phase so that corrective actions can be taken, if problems arise, and the deliverable can be completed on time. In addition to signaling the completion of a key deliverable, a milestone may also signify an important decision or the derivation of a critical piece of information, which outlines or affects the future of a project. In this sense, a milestone not only signifies distance traveled (key stages in a project) but also indicates direction of travel since key decisions made at milestones may alter the route through the project plan. In military acquisition or procurement, the United States created specific terms for the point at which approval is made regarding starting or continuing an acquisition to the next phase. Milestones established by DOD Instruction 5000.2 are 'Milestone A' for Technology Development, 'Milestone B' for System Development and Demonstration, and 'Milestone C' for Production and Deployment. Program schedules would also have milestones (lower case) reflecting major events in the system development life cycle (such as System Requirements Review), key items (such as documents needed for a Request for Proposal), items of external approval, and project-specific points of accomplishment.

Wicked problem

a situation where you need to build consensus around an issue that is ill defined and has no alternatives. Planning for climate change is an example of a "wicked problem" - a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize. Moreover, because of complex interdependencies, the effort to solve one aspect of a wicked problem may reveal or create other problems, and the issue becomes difficult to build consensus on. (See Randall Crane and John Landis (Autumn, 2010) Planning for Climate Change: Assessing Progress and Challenges, JAPA Vol. 76; No. 4; pp. 389-401)

FAÇADE EASEMENT

an historic preservation program agreement by which a property owner pledges to retain intact the exterior of a structure and such outbuildings and amenities that are relevant to the history or design of the structure. A facade easement is a type of conservation easement which is designed to maintain the historic character of a building's facade. When a facade easement is created, the owner of a building agrees not to make changes to the facade without confirming that they will not compromise the historic value. The easement is donated to a nonprofit organization which accepts conservation easements and holds them in trust. Numerous cities have organizations which handle historic conservation easements. For the building owner, the advantage of a facade easement is that it entitles the owner of the building to a tax break. The easement restricts development of the property's facade, and government agencies recognize that this can bring the value of the property down. Hence, people are allowed to use the easement as a tax deduction to reduce their property tax, treating the easement as a charitable contribution.

BABY BOOMERS (1946-1964)

are people born during the demographic Post-World War II baby boom between the years 1946 and 1964. According to the U.S. Census Bureau,[2] the term "baby boomer" is also used in a cultural context. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve broad consensus of a precise date definition, even within a given territory. Different groups, organizations, individuals, and scholars may have widely varying opinions on what constitutes a baby boomer, both technically and culturally. Ascribing universal attributes to a broad generation is difficult, and some observers believe that it is inherently impossible. Nonetheless, many people have attempted to determine the broad cultural similarities and historical impact of the generation, and thus the term has gained widespread popular usage. Baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values; however, many commentators have disputed the extent of that rejection, noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations. In Europe and North America boomers are widely associated with privilege, as many grew up in a time of widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education, and increasing affluence.[3] As a group, they were the wealthiest, most active, and most physically fit generation up to that time, and amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time.[4] They were also the generation that received peak levels of income, therefore they could reap the benefits of abundant levels of food, apparel, retirement programs, and sometimes even "midlife crisis" products. The increased consumerism for this generation has been regularly criticized as excessive.

The Baby Boomers

are the generation that was born following World War II, generally from 1943 up to the early 1960s, a time that was marked by an increase in birth rates. The term "baby boomer" is sometimes used in a cultural context. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve broad consensus on a defined start and end date.[23] The baby boom has been described variously as a "shockwave"[24] and as "the pig in the python".[25] In general, baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values; however, many commentators have disputed the extent of that rejection, noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations. In Europe and North America boomers are widely associated with privilege, as many grew up in a time of affluence.[24] One of the features of Boomers was that they tended to think of themselves as a special generation, very different from those that had come before them. In the 1960s, as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults, they, and those around them, created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort, and the change they were bringing about

Postmodern architecture

began as an international style the first examples of which are generally cited as being from the 1950s, but did not become a movement until the late 1970s. Postmodern architecture has also been described as "neo-eclectic", where reference and ornament have returned to the facade, replacing the aggressively unornamented modern styles. This eclecticism is often combined with the use of non-orthogonal angles and unusual surfaces.

LIVABILITY

fields. Here are five quick take-aways: 1) Livable for one, not necessarily for all Putting a transit station within a short distance of a senior center should be a win for everyone, right? So why weren't the residents using it? Turns out, according to a panel featuring Rodney Harrell of AARP's Public Policy Institute and Carlton C. Eley, from the Environmental Protection Agency, what is walkable for some is not walkable for others. A tree-lined street provided shade in the daytime, but there was no street lighting at night. A staircase to the station proved too steep and was too slippery when wet. Younger riders might have thought it was perfectly walkable, but an older demographic found it impassable. 2) Planners should get along with their populations I was struck listening to Elizabeth Tyler, a community development director and city planner from Urbana, Illinois - the home of the University of Illinois' main campus - talk about the students who lived there. Among other things, she referred to the "studentification" of the neighborhood in a way that suggested they were an invading army who needed to be defended against. Yes, college kids can be a pain to live near. They're loud, they stay up late, they don't often have strong ties to their community as they move pretty often. But in a "college town," they're also a vibrant population group, and cities should be working to keep them after they graduate. She noted that all of the students get a mandatory bus pass but didn't acknowledge the benefit that fixed budget can have on all the other residents. Shouldn't planners be working to make their cities livable for everyone and take advantage of the resources of the populations that exist in a place? 3) Shrinking cities can still be good places to live A panel on historic preservation districts highlighted that older city centers, often built before cars dominated our landscape, tend to offer many of the amenities livability experts praise and are trying to design into new places including walkability, dense populations, mixed-use retail and housing areas, etc. Even in shrinking cities throughout the nation, the historic downtowns often held their populations in recent decades, or at least they shrank at a slower rate. But they have their challenges too including high vacancy rates, infrastructure that is aging and needs investment, and the high cost of restoring historic and protected properties. Trying to finance updates as the tax base declines can lead to a tipping point of decline. As if I weren't already thinking about my time up in the Detroit area, the city was referenced again and again as an example of both the problems and the potential "rightsizing" communities are facing. 4) Livability comes in various forms The term livability came up in all sorts of panels. Keeping in mind that this was an urban planning conference, the topics focused more on the built environment than on other factors in quality of place like schools and crime rates. Transportation, walkability, street lighting, housing stock and even storm water collection were all discussed alongside PowerPoint slides with Livability in the headers. For local attendees, that last concept hit home the following day as more than 5 inches of rain fell on the region swamping expressways and basements alike. Even the pipes beneath our feet can make the surface a better place. 5) Planning can make up for a lack of planning Americans have done a rotten job of planning for their futures. Nearly half of all the older Baby Boomers, those now nearing retirement age, have little or no savings. It's hard to imagine that many of them are then thinking about how a wheelchair could move through their homes, even as they profess a desire to "age in place," as survey after survey show. AARP's Harrell pointed out how planning at the neighborhood level and also in terms of building code definition (mandating wider entrances, ground-floor bathrooms, etc.) can help ensure that homes and communities are ready for an aging population. That's good for homeowners and their guests. Overall, it's great to see this topic taking center stage at such a large and important conference as the APA's. I met some great people and had some great conversations. Maybe next year in Atlanta we can hope for a full livability track.

Kevin Lynch

has directly contributed to urban design and the form of the city Kevin A. Lynch provided seminal contributions to the field of city planning through empirical research on how individuals perceive and navigate the urban landscape. His books explore the presence of time and history in the urban environment, how urban environments affect children, and how to harness human perception of the physical form of cities and regions as the conceptual basis for good urban design. Lynch's most famous work, The Image of the City published in 1960, is the result of a five-year study on how users perceive and organize spatial information as they navigate through cities.

Great Society 2

is LBJ and Richard Nixon." And the question? "Before Obama, who were the last two presidents to aggressively pursue a planning agenda?" For Lyndon Johnson, the planning agenda came in the form of the Great Society, which included programs inherited from John F. Kennedy and new ones created by Johnson himself, later expanded by Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford. It was the War on Poverty, announced in the 1964 State of the Union Address, and the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which gave us the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. It was the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, which led to the Urban Mass Transportation Administration, and it was the 1965 creation of HUD.

Vernacular architecture

is a category of architecture based on localized needs and construction materials, and reflecting local traditions. Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural, technological, and historical context in which it exists.

Art deco, or deco,

is an eclectic artistic and design style that began in Paris in the 1920s and flourished internationally throughout the 1930s and into the World War II era. The structure of Art Deco is based on mathematical geometric shapes. Art-deco design influences were expressed in the crystalline and faceted forms of decorative Cubism and Futurism. Art Deco is characterized by use of materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, lacquer, Bakelite, Chrome and inlaid wood. Exotic materials such as sharkskin (shagreen), and zebra skin were also evident. The use of stepped forms and geometric curves (unlike the sinuous, natural curves of Art Nouveau), chevron patterns, ziggurat-shapes, fountains, and the sunburst motif are typical of Art Deco.

Generation Z

is one name used for the cohort of people born after the Millennial Generation. There is no agreement on the exact dates of the generation with some sources starting it at the mid or late 1990s[33] or from the mid-2000s [37] to the present day. This is the generation that is currently being born.

Shift-share approach

population projection technique. The shift-share technique allocates a portion of the projected expansion to subregions or population centers based on the center's present share of the total population. For example, the population of metropolitan New York may be expected to increase by 8 percent. Brooklyn and Queens may have 10 and 12 percent of the total population,

TANF

temporary assistance for needy families TANF was created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act instituted under President Bill Clinton in 1996. There is a maximum of 60 months of benefits within one's lifetime (some states instituted shorter periods) and there is a component requiring clients to attempt to find employment.

ADAPTIVE REUSE

the process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than which it was built or designed for. Along with brownfield reclamation, adaptive reuse is seen by many as a key factor in land conservation and the reduction of urban sprawl. However adaptive reuse can become controversial as there is sometimes a blurred line between renovation, facadism and adaptive reuse. It can be regarded as a compromise between historic preservation and demolition.

Prairie School

was a late 19th and early 20th century architectural style, most common to the Midwestern United States. The works of the Prairie School architects are usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the native prairie landscape.

GRAY INFRASTRUCTURE (Buildings, Roads, Utilities, Parking)

when planners and the public think of "gray" infrastructure such as highways, utilities, and water lines. However, the definition holds equally true for ecological systems and green infrastructure, which function at a regional scale and provide crucial services such as clear air, drinking water, and local food, while promoting both our physical and mental health.

Standard Land USe Map Colors

• Yellows for residential uses such as single-family and town houses. • Reds for retail and commercial uses • Purples for industrial uses • Blues for institutional and public facilities • Greens for recreational uses • Grays for industrial utilities

Gateway cities

•- Northeastern cities such as Springfield, Mass., or Paterson, N.J. Older industrial cities following a different trajectory because of new generation of immigrants.

Legacy or "shrinking" cities

•- Older industrial cities such as Detroit, Flint, or Buffalo. These cities are steadily losing population and jobs with a large inventory of vacant land and buildings.

First Suburbs

•- These municipalities, such as Euclid, Ohio; St. Clair Shores, Mich.; and Orange, N.J., have inherited the problems of their declining central cities; yet they often lack assets such as vital downtowns or universities that offer hope for improvement.

Boom-Bust Cities

•- Typically Sun Belt cities such as Las Vegas, Phoenix, Ariz., or San Bernardino, Calif., that have experienced a hard blow because of recession or collapse of the housing bubble. These cities cannot count on future growth to resolve their challenges.