All APUSH Previous Multiple Choice Test/Quiz Answers

*map that shows the House of Representatives' votes to settle the Election of 1824* Which of the following statements is best supported by the image above and your knowledge of the election of 1824?

Adams won the presidency mostly because Clay agreed to get his supporters in the West to vote for him in the House vote in 1825.

"The Mexican government, by its colonization laws, invited and induced the Anglo-American population of Texas to colonize its wilderness under the pledged faith of a written constitution, that they should continue to enjoy that constitutional liberty and republican government to which they had been habituated in the land of their birth, the United States of America. In this expectation they have been cruelly disappointed, inasmuch as the Mexican nation has acquiesced in the late changes made in the government by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, who having overturned the constitution of his country, now offers us the cruel alternative, either to abandon our homes, acquired by so many privations, or submit to the most intolerable of all tyranny, the combined despotism of the sword and the priesthood." - People of Texas, 1836 Which statement below is best supported by the quote above?

Americans in Texas fought for their independence partly because the wanted greater democracy and the right to religious freedom.

*two political cartoons, one depicting Jackson as a king and the other as a devil hanging gifts over people* What was the perspective of the authors of the images above?

Both artists depicted Jackson's belief in rotation of office as nothing more than a spoils system to reward his friends and supporters.

What parts of the Treaty of Paris, ending the Revolutionary War, proved difficult to enforce?

Compensation for confiscated loyalist lands, removal of British interests from forts along the Great Lakes, and trade restrictions.

SEC. 2. And be it farther enacted, That if any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist or aid in writing, printing, uttering or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government, or either house of the said Congress, or the said President, or to bring them, or either of them, into contempt or disrepute; or to excite any unlawful combinations therein, for opposing or resisting any law of the United States, or any act of the President of the United States, done in pursuance of any such law, or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against United States, their people or government, then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years. Congress: 1798 What were the immediate causes of the law excerpted above?

Congress passed the act in order to quell a growing opposition to Adams' decisions and weaken the opposing party, particularly the highly partisan press.

*map of military districts made by Congress during Reconstruction, as well as their readmission and conservative rule dates* What does the image above indicate about the difference between Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction, and the Johnson plan for Reconstruction?

Congressional Reconstruction was more harsh to the south, and included military rule until the states cooperated with northern demands.

*image of a Pilgrim family in a small cabin* Which colony are you more likely to see the image above and why?

Connecticut, because it was established by religious Puritans, and they tended to live in small, modest homes, with family.

"The administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion ... Is this, sir, consistent with the character of a free government? Is this civil liberty? Is this the real character of our Constitution? No, sir, indeed it is not ... Where is it written in the Constitution, in what article or section is it contained, that you may take children from their parents, and parents from their children, and compel them to fight the battles of any war, in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden, which now for the first time comes forth, with a tremendous and baleful aspect, to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty?" - Daniel Webster (December 9, 1814 House of Representatives Address) Which of the statements below is most likely true of the author of the excerpt, given your knowledge of the era?

Daniel Webster was probably from New England, against the war, and a Federalist.

*map that quantifies the amount of slaves distributed to the New World from Africa* Which of the following most directly contributed to the major pattern depicted on the map?

Demand for crops produced in the Americas.

The Dred Scott case decision said that:

Dred Scott was not free and no laws forbidding slavery were constitutional.

*image of women working in mills* "Oh! isn't it a pity, such a pretty girl as I- Should be sent to the factory to pine away and die? Oh ! I cannot be a slave, I will not be a slave, For I'm so fond of liberty That I cannot be a slave." - Song sung by Lowell Mill Girls during 1836 strike Which statement is LEAST supported by the image and quote above?

Early mill towns, like the one above, experienced a kind of "golden age" of labor where mill operators sought to help workers by guaranteeing limited hours of work, relatively high wages, and worker protection laws. (false)

Which European group explored North America and established a flourishing fur trade with the Indians and far flung trading posts along rivers, but brought over relatively few settlers compared to their rivals?

French

Class conflict in the colonies sometimes led to rebellions, sending a message to wealthy elites that they should include a wider range of participants in the reigns of power. These rebellions included all of the following EXCEPT:

Georgia's indentured servants rebellion against Oglethorpe's iron fisted rule. (false)

"I conceive there lies a clear rule...that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have i to put them away? The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God." - Anne Hutchinson 1630 The Excerpts from Anne Hutchinson best represent which of the following developments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s?

Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities

"Mr. President, it was solemnly asserted on this floor, some time ago, that all parties in the non-slaveholding States had come to a fixed and solemn determination upon two propositions. One was that there should be no further admission of any States into this Union which permitted, by their constitutions, the existence of slavery; and the other was that slavery shall not hereafter exist in any of the territories of the United States, the effect of which would be to give to the non-slaveholding States the monopoly of the public domain. . . . The subject has been agitated in the other House [of Congress], and they have sent up a bill 'prohibiting the extension of slavery . . . to any territory which may be acquired by the United States hereafter.' At the same time, two resolutions which have been moved to extend the compromise line from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, during the present session, have been rejected by a decided majority. "Sir, there is no mistaking the signs of the times; and it is high time that the Southern States—the slaveholding States—should inquire what is now their relative strength in this Union, and what it will be if this determination is carried into effect hereafter." - John C. Calhoun, senator, speech in the United States Senate, 1847 The excerpt best provides evidence about which of the following historical situations in the late 1840s?

Growing sectional tensions caused by the Mexican-American War

Why was Johnson's Reconstruction plan so hated by Congress?

He allowed southern states to re-enter the union quickly and with terrible "black codes" limiting the rights of African Americans in their states.

How did Thomas Paine's Common Sense use arguments from observable nature as a metaphor for why the colonies should be independent?

He claimed that North America was huge like a planet and England was small like a satellite (moon), and nowhere in nature does a planet revolve around a moon.

*depicts a man in black tar getting attacked* The man in black feathers was a U.S. tax collector in western Pennsylvania. He was tarred and feathered by an angry mob. What was Washington's response to that action and why was it significant?

He sent a 13,000 man army into the rebelling counties to stop the rebellion, arrested some leaders, but pardoned those who were convicted of treason as a show of mercy. It established the powers of the government to enforce laws.

".... it is our right to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative development of self government entrusted to us. The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles...Yes, we are the nation of progress, of individual freedom, of universal enfranchisement. Equality of rights is the cynosure of our union of States.." - John O'Sullivan 1839 Which statement below is supported by the quote above?

"Manifest Destiny" provided a justification for American expansion into new lands, including the patriotic belief in a "God-given right" to spread democracy, even though it excluded many.

Which amendment from Reconstruction is INCORRECTLY matched?

15th - Creates a Freedmen's Bureau to help freed slaves with shelter, education, and jobs. (false)

What did the creation (and expansion) of the National Road, the Erie Canal, and the invention of the steamboat all promote during the Market Revolution?

A revolution in the distribution of goods and services to link markets together all over the nation, and contributed to the drop in the prices of goods.

*political cartoon of Uncle Sam walking away from immigration to a rock that says "danger to American ideas and institutions* Which of the following BEST describes "nativism" as it relates to the image from this 1903 political cartoon from Judge Magazine?

A rise in "New Immigrants" from Eastern Europe and Asia stoked fears and xenophobia among many native born whites.

"Experience should teach us wisdom. Most of the difficulties our Government now encounters and most of the dangers which impend over our Union have sprung from an abandonment of the legitimate objects of Government by our national legislation, and the adoption of such principles as are embodied in this act. Many of our rich men have not been content with equal protection and equal benefits, but have besought us to make them richer by act of Congress. By attempting to gratify their desires we have in the results of our legislation arrayed section against section, interest against interest, and man against man, in a fearful commotion which threatens to shake the foundations of our Union. It is time to pause in our career to review our principles, and if possible revive that devoted patriotism and spirit of compromise which distinguished the sages of the Revolution and the fathers of our Union. If we can not at once, in justice to interests vested under improvident legislation, make our Government what it ought to be, we can at least take a stand against all new grants of monopolies and exclusive privileges, against any prostitution of our Government to the advancement of the few at the expense of the many, and in favor of compromise and gradual reform in our code of laws and system of political economy. I have now done my duty to my country. If sustained by my fellow citizens, I shall be grateful and happy;" - Andrew Jackson, 1832 What is Jackson referring to in this quote?

He was explaining his belief that Congress and the re-chartering of a Bank of the U.S. would give special privilege to the rich - therefore, he vetoed it.

"Education then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery." Who was most likely to have said the quote above?

Horace Mann

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the publication of the Federalist Papers in 1787?

In a series of papers written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, arguments supporting a strong national government helped convince people to ratify the constitution.

"In colonial New England, two sets of human communities which were also two sets of ecologicalrelationships confronted each other, one Indian and one European. They rapidly came to inhabit a singleworld, but in the process the landscape of New England was so transformed that the Indians' earlier way of interacting with the environment became impossible. The task before us is not only to describe the ecological changes that took place in New England but to determine what it was about Indians and colonists—in their relations both to nature and to each other—that brought those changes about." During the colonial era, which of the following was a widespread effect of the interactions between European colonists and American Indians described in the excerpt?

Increased intensity of warfare between the two groups.

*advertisement of an indentured servant in a Philadelphia Newspaper* The advertisement above shows all of the following about colonial America EXCEPT?

Indentured servants were most numerous in New England where they served their masters for life. (false)

What was the significance of the Second Great Awakening?

It acted as a catalyst to a reform impulse that culminated in a series of social movements to improve society and experiment in the idealism of perfectionism.

Which of the following was NOT a major significance of the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

It convinced many in Congress that Jackson had gone too far in ignoring the Supreme Court decision in Worcester vs. Georgia, and led to his impeachment. (false)

Why was Jay's Treaty met by widespread public derision and protests in many parts of the country?

It failed to address issues such as impressment and trade restrictions on U.S. exporters.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last major attempt at Reconstruction in the South. Which statement below best explains its purpose and its failure?

It sought to prohibit segregation in public facilities; it was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court later in 1883 (and reaffirmed by the Plessy decision in 1896).

John Marshall served as the chief justice of the Supreme Court during much of the Jackson Age. His decisions included key precedents that would be followed for many years. Important cases included Gibbons vs. Ogden, Fletcher vs. Peck, and McCulloch vs. Maryland. In general, what was the most important long-term impact of the decisions above?

It strengthened the power of the federal government over states and protected private institutions.

What was the "Wilmot Proviso" and why did it cause such a controversy?

It was a proposal that, if passed, would have banned slavery from lands gained from Mexico - which infuriated the South.

Bartolomo De Las Casas wrote down what he witnessed in the Spanish colonies. He said the Indians "were forced to mine on the large enomiendas". He further described what life was like for Indians during the Encomienda system era. Which definition below best defines the encomienda system - as described by Las Casas?

It was a system where Spanish nobles used Indians (sometimes cruelly) for labor in exchange for protection and religious conversion.

Thomas Jefferson once wrote: "it is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; & saying to him when of age, I did this for your good." Which of the following statements best explains the historical context of this passage?

Jefferson rationalized the dubious constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase by claiming it would benefit the country in the long run.

"The colonist's attitudes toward civil uprising were part of a broader Anglo-American political tradition. In the course of the eighteenth century, colonists became increasingly interested in the ideas of seventeenth-century English revolutionaries . . . and the later writers who carried on and developed this tradition. . . . By the 1760s . . . this . . . tradition provided a strong unifying element between colonists North and South. It offered, too, a corpus of ideas about public authority and popular political responsibilities that shaped the American revolutionary movement. Spokesmen for this English revolutionary tradition were distinguished in the eighteenth century above all by their outspoken defense of the people's right to rise up against their rulers." Which of the following ideas supports Maier's assertions regarding revolutionary thought in colonial America?

John Locke's Second Treatise on Government promoted the idea that a monarch forfeited his power to the people if he failed to protect certain guaranteed rights.

What role did religion play in the legal codes of the early English colonies, particularly those in New England?

Laws were often drawn from biblical text, and punishments were extremely harsh for transgressions such as not attending church on the sabbath.

*map of the Election of 1860 results: all free states vote Lincoln; Missouri and half of New Jersey vote Douglas; Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee vote Bell (Constitutional Union); rest of slave states vote Breckinridge* The election of 1860 demonstrated all of the following EXCEPT:

Lincoln enjoyed immense popularity in the border states. (false)

"Every British Subject born on the continent of America . . . is by the law of God and nature, by the common law, and by act of parliament, . . . entitled to all the natural, essential, inherent and inseparable rights of our fellow subjects in Great-Britain. Among those rights are the following . . . : . . . Taxes are not to be laid on the people, but by their consent in person, or by [representatives]. . . . I can see no reason to doubt, but that the imposition of taxes, whether on trade, or on land, or houses, or ships, . . . in the colonies is absolutely irreconcilable with the rights of the Colonists, as British subjects. . . . The power of parliament is uncontrollable, . . . and we must obey. . . . Therefore let the parliament lay what burthens they please on us, we must, it is our duty to submit and patiently bear them till they . . . afford us relief by repealing such acts, as through mistake, or other human infirmities, have been suffered to pass, if they can be convinced that their proceedings are not constitutional." - James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, pamphlet, 1764 By the 1770s, to which of the following groups would Otis' argument that the colonies "must obey" Parliament most appeal?

Loyalists in New York

In April 1781, Quock Walker, a 28-year-old enslaved man from Worcester County, ran away from his brutal owner, Nathaniel Jennison. Represented by the prominent attorneys Levi Lincoln and Caleb Strong, Walker brought suit against Jennison to win his freedom and obtain civil damages for assault and battery. After a jury trial, Walker won his freedom and £50 in damages. In 1781, Nathaniel Jennison was indicted on a criminal charge of assault and battery on Quock Walker. Jennison was tried in 1783 before a Worcester County jury sitting with the Supreme Judicial Court, and was found guilty. In his instructions to the jury, Chief Justice William Cushing held that the constitution granted rights that were incompatible with slavery. The trial judge instructed the jury that "perpetual servitude can no longer be tolerated in our government, and...liberty can only be forfeited by some criminal conduct or relinquished by personal consent or contract..." What historical development after the Revolution is best supported by the excerpt above?

Many Northern states abolished slavery as part of their new constitutions or set a path for freedom through legal means.

*list of large families which immigrated to colonial America* The ship with these people on board was most likely sailing to WHICH colony?

Massachusetts Bay

Which colony was led by John Winthrop, and was advertised as a "City on a Hill" that would serve as a "Model of Christian Charity", even though other religious sects besides Puritans were distinctly NOT WELCOME!

Massachusetts Bay

An insurrection was planned, aborted, and rescheduled for August 21,1831, when he and six other slaves killed the Travis family, managed to secure arms and horses, and enlisted about 75 other slaves in a disorganized insurrection that resulted in the murder of 51 white people. What event and outcome matches the description above?

Nat Turners Rebellion: Southern states issued harsher restrictions on free African Americans and slaves' already limited rights.

What was one impact of the rise in immigration during the Jackson Age into the 1840s?

Nativism spread among native born Americans leading to a backlash against newcomers.

"The true question in controversy . . . involves the interest of the whole nation. It is the right of exporting the productions of our own soil and industry to foreign markets. . . . What, Mr. Speaker, are we now called on to decide? It is whether we will resist by force the attempt made by that government to subject our maritime rights to the arbitrary and capricious rule of her will; for my part I am not prepared to say that this country shall submit to have her commerce interdicted or regulated by any foreign nation. Sir, I prefer war to submission." What reason for war is most supported by the excerpt above?

Neutral Rights and Economic concerns.

What region was less ethnically mixed than the others?

New England

"The colonist's attitudes toward civil uprising were part of a broader Anglo-American political tradition. In the course of the eighteenth century, colonists became increasingly interested in the ideas of seventeenth-century English revolutionaries . . . and the later writers who carried on and developed this tradition. . . . By the 1760s . . . this . . . tradition provided a strong unifying element between colonists North and South. It offered, too, a corpus of ideas about public authority and popular political responsibilities that shaped the American revolutionary movement. Spokesmen for this English revolutionary tradition were distinguished in the eighteenth century above all by their outspoken defense of the people's right to rise up against their rulers." Which pre-Revolutionary historical event would serve as an example for the author's argument regarding the effects of new ideas?

New Englanders removing Governor Andros from power after the Glorious Revolution.

Which colony was lucky enough to have a long river (the Hudson), flow from the densely forested North to a natural port along the coast that had orignally been settled with large farms by the Dutch?

New York

What colony enjoyed a bustling tobacco trade in the northern part and a lucrative rice-growing region in the southern coastal areas, eventually splitting into two colonies?

North and South Carolina

"Ever since the report of the Committee on Foreign Relations came into the House, we have heard but one word like the whip-poor-will, but one eternal monotonous tone—Canada! Canada! Canada!...It is to acquire a prepondering northern influence that you are to launch into war." - John Randolph, Congressman from Virginia, 1812 Which statement below is best supported by the excerpt above?

Opponents of the War of 1812 feared that maritime issues were being used as an excuse to invade Canada.

"There is a saying, that we should do to all men like as we will be done ourselves...But to bring men hither, or to rob and sell them agianst their will, we stand against..." - Mennonite declaration, Germantown, 1688 What colony had a community that became the earliest known protest against slavery in America (as seen above)?

Pennsylvania

*various pie charts regarding the change in amount of German speakers between 1710 and 1759, as well as growing diversity* Which colony is most likely depicted in the images above?

Pennsylvania

Which treaty encouraged the growth of America into new Southern territories, and use of the Mississippi River and New Orleans?

Pinckney's Treaty with Spain.

*map of movements of American troops throughout the Mexican-American War* As indicated on the map above, what was the main reason for war with Mexico in 1846?

Polk's decision to annex Texas and place U.S. forces in disputed areas.

Maryland was first established as a place where

Protestants and Catholics could live together in harmony WITHOUT any persecution or consequences for their religious choices.

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as [a traveling] preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all [members of different religious groups] that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was a matter of speculation to me . . . to observe the extraordinary influence of his oratory on his hearers, and how much they admired and respected him. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk through the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street. And it being found inconvenient to assemble in the open air, subject to its [harsh conditions], the building of a house to meet in was no sooner proposed . . . and the work [of erecting the building] was carried on with such spirit as to be finished in a much shorter time than could have been expected. Both house and ground were vested in trustees, expressly for the use of any preacher of any religious persuasion who might desire to say something to the people at Philadelphia." Which of the following most directly contributed to the decision in Philadelphia referenced in the excerpt to build a specific meeting house for the new preachers?

Religious pluralism was more accepted in the middle colonies and particularly in the colony of Pennsylvania than elsewhere.

What colony was established by Roger Williams, after he left Massachusetts Bay in order to establish a new colony that established greater tolerance for others?

Rhode Island

What two colonial leaders were radicalized by the increased pressure of British trade restriction enforcement and new policies weakening the power of colonial assemblies?

Sam Adams and John Hancock

"Nowhere is wisdom more necessary than in the guidance of charitable impulses. Meaning well is only half our duty; Thinking right is the other, and equally important, half." This reformer opened institutions of learning for the blind.

Samuel Gridley Howe

Which of the following statements best explains the reasons for colonial rebellions during the years prior to the Revolution, including the Regulator Movement, Paxton Boys revolt, and Bacon's Rebellion?

Settlers in the backcountry resented being ignored by wealthy elites in eastern governments - especially the lack of representation and protection.

If any cropper shall fail to feed his team Saturday nights, all day Sunday and all the rest of the week, morning/noon, and night, for every time he so fails he must pay me five cents. No corn or cotton stalks must be burned, but must be cut down, cut up and plowed in. Nothing must be burned off the land except when it is impossible to plow it in. Every cropper must be responsible for all gear and farming implements placed in his hands, and if not returned must be paid for unless it is worn out by use. Croppers must sow & plow in oats and haul them to the crib, but must have no part of them. Nothing to be sold from their crops, nor fodder nor corn to be carried out of the fields until my rent is all paid, and all amounts they owe me and for which I am responsible are paid in full. I am to gin & pack all the cotton and charge every cropper an eighteenth of his part, the cropper to furnish his part of the bagging, ties, & twine. The sale of every cropper's part of the cotton to be made by me when and where I choose to sell, and after deducting all they owe me and all sums that I may be responsible for on their accounts, to pay them their half of the net proceeds. What is the above agreement an example of, and what impact did agreements like this have on the recently freed slaves?

Sharecropping contracts - often kept freed slaves in a constant state of debt to the landlord.

"With regard to the tumults in my Native State which you inquire about, I wish I could say that report had exaggerated them, it is too true Sir that they have been carried to so allarming a Height as to stop the courts of justice in several Counties. Ignorant, restless desperadoes, without conscience or principals, have led a deluded multitude to follow their standard, under pretence of grievances which have no existence but in their own imaginations." - Abigail Adams, Letter to Thomas Jefferson 1786 Based on the content of the letter above, and your knowledge of the time period, which statement below best explains Adams' view of what is going on in her native state?

She is horrified at the rebels supporting Daniel Shays in Massachusetts, and believes they must be stopped.

"I reckon it was hot, 'cause in less than two days, 21 white men, women, and chillun, and 44 N—s, was slain. My granddaddy say dat in de woods and at Stono, where de war start, dere was more than 100 N—s in line. When de militia come in sight of them at Combahee swamp, de drinkin' dancin' N—s scatter I de brush and only 44 stand deir ground. Commander Cato speak for de crowd. He say: 'We don't lak slavery. We start to jine de Spanish in Florida. We surrender but we not whipped yet and we is not converted." De other 43 men say: 'Amen.' They was taken, unarmed, and hanged by de militia. Long befo' dis uprisin', de Cato slave wrote passes for slaves and do all he can to send them to freedom. He die but he die for doin' de right, as he see it." The excerpt above best supports which of the statements below?

Slave revolts, like the one at Stono, often ended in brutal retaliatory killings by whites.

*pamphlet regarding slaves being sold* Which colony below, where enslaved African Americans outnumbered whites by 2 to 1 by 1720, saw pamphlets like the one above after a ship completed the Middle Passage?

South Carolina

What positive impact did Jay's Treaty inadvertently lead to?

Spanish agreement to Pinckney's Treaty demands, including free navigation of the Mississippi River.

Which of the following people was NOT a symbol of the new American nationalism and hero worship that came out of the War of 1812?

Tecumseh (false)

What foreign policy accomplishment that expressed diplomatic nationalism during the Era of Good Feeling ensured that the nation would extend from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast, but caused future tensions with Canada and Mexico?

The Adams-Onis Treaty

*picture of a bank note that issued money to the bearer, dated 1778* What problem described below during the "Crisis Years" (1783-1789) does the image above match?

The Articles of Confederation issued paper money that became almost worthless after the war, forcing the new government to decide if it should redeem the money at all.

What international conflict did Jefferson enter in order to protect American shipping and naval crews?

The Barbary War (Tripolitan War)

"We say and we once more repeat it, that the Chesapeake, being a national ship, was not liable to be searched for any purpose, nor to have any of her crew taken from her. This is ground that ought to be maintained at every hazard. But on the other hand, candor demands the concession, that it was in every way improper in the American commodore to enlist four deserters from the British man-of-war [warship], knowing them to be such; and whether they were English subjects, or had voluntarily enlisted and received their bounty. The result is that our own Administration are considered as having been to blame; but not so that their misconduct justified the resort to force on the part of the English. On this point, we are ready to say that we consider the national sovereignty has been attacked, the national honor tarnished, and that ample reparations and satisfaction must be given or that war ought to be resorted to by force of arms." - New York Evening Post, 1807. What can be inferred about the state of the nation when this crisis took place based on the excerpt above?

The Federalist press, while critical of Jefferson's leadership, viewed British policies of impressment as unacceptable.

*map shows the Election of 1808, most of New England and Delaware, half of Maryland, half of North Carolina voted Federalist; rest of country voted Democratic-Republican other than Vermont* Which statement below best explains the significance of the map above?

The Federalists Party did well in New England probably due to the unpopularity of the trade restrictions passed by Democratic-Republicans.

*map of the Battle of Yorktown, showing French troops helping Americans blocking the British in* What statement does the map support the best?

The French alliance was a major reason that contributed to an American victory against the British.

"Whatever may be your decision, my ground is taken. I have declared it everywhere. It is known over the state and out of the state—over the line in the North, and over the line in the South. I don't respect this law—I don't fear it—I won't obey it! It outlaws me, and I outlaw it, and the men who attempt to enforce it on me. I place the governmental officials on the ground that they place me. I will not live a slave, and if force is employed to reenslave me, I shall make preparations to meet the crisis as becomes a man. If you will stand by me—and I believe you will do it, for your freedom and honor are involved as well as mine—it requires no microscope to see that—I say if you will stand with us in resistance to this measure, you will be the saviors of your country." - Rev. Jermain Wesley Loguen (former slave) Speech to free people of Syracuse, New York; 1850 Based on the quote above, what law is Rev. Loguen most likely refusing to follow?

The Fugitive Slave Act

*picture of colonists burning a ship and rowing back to shore* The actions of the colonists, particularly the Sons of Liberty, convinced the British that law and order must be preserved and a stronger military presence was necessary in the colonies. The increased patrols of the coast led to more arrests for smuggling. That, in turn, angered the colonists who lashed out at British authorities. What incident seen here supports the claims above?

The Gaspee Affair

"In 1633 and 1634, the Puritans declared thanksgiving for the harvest and for the ships that brought 'persons of spetial use and quality.' Immigrants who had less property and weaker religious convictions than the early wave began to arrive. The Massachusetts Puritans passed a law forbidding a person or town to entertain guests for more than three weeks without special permission. New Haven appointed a committee to evaluate landless strangers — and a whipping before it sent them out of town. Once the immigrants arrived, they'd spend a few weeks or the winter in their port of entry. Then they typically fanned out to new towns. When a town reached its limit, the proprietors closed it. Within the first 10 years of settlement, the Puritans closed 22 towns from Maine to Rhode Island" The author is referencing which of the following historical developments in colonial New England?

The Great Migration of mostly Puritans to New England between 1620-1640.

*drawing of police officers and workers firing shots at each other, with an explosion in the distance* The image above is a depiction of what major labor event in Chicago that doomed the Knights of Labor?

The Haymarket Square incident

*map of Election of 1880, showing northern states voting Republican and southern states voting Democratic*

The North was dominated by the Republican Party, while the South would be "solidly" Democratic for many years.

In April 1781, Quock Walker, a 28-year-old enslaved man from Worcester County, ran away from his brutal owner, Nathaniel Jennison. Represented by the prominent attorneys Levi Lincoln and Caleb Strong, Walker brought suit against Jennison to win his freedom and obtain civil damages for assault and battery. After a jury trial, Walker won his freedom and £50 in damages. In 1781, Nathaniel Jennison was indicted on a criminal charge of assault and battery on Quock Walker. Jennison was tried in 1783 before a Worcester County jury sitting with the Supreme Judicial Court, and was found guilty. In his instructions to the jury, Chief Justice William Cushing held that the constitution granted rights that were incompatible with slavery. The trial judge instructed the jury that "perpetual servitude can no longer be tolerated in our government, and...liberty can only be forfeited by some criminal conduct or relinquished by personal consent or contract..." Which of the statements below best supports the main point of the excerpt above?

The Revolution impacted northern states to gradually ban slavery in the years following the war, including Massachusetts.

*painting of the Oxbow Lake by Thomas Cole, 1836* What does the painting above best illustrate about art in the 1830s?

The Romantic movement in literature also extended to art, with the Hudson River School artists glorifying the American natural landscape.

What conflict following the War of 1812 contributed to the desire for the U.S. to negotiate for Florida?

The Seminole War

*various bar graphs that depict the following: population - North 71% South 29% railroad mileage - North 72% South 28% iron/steel production - North 92% South 8% value of exports - North 56% South 44% number of factories - North 85% South 15% number of large farms - North 16% South 84%* Which of the following differences between the North and the South during the Civil War is depicted in the graph?

The South relied more on plantation agriculture than the North.

*political cartoon of an octopus labeled "Standard Oil" aiming its tentacles over the White House and other governmental figures* What is the main idea of the above cartoon?

The Standard Oil company was a harmful monopoly with undue influence on government.

*map of Union movements during the Civil war, specifically down the Mississippi River and moving along its branches* What statement is best supported by the map above?

The Union eventually had success with their strategy to control the Mississippi River valley and use the rivers to invade the deep South.

"The question before the court and you, gentlemen of the jury, is not of small nor private concern. It is not the cause of a poor printer, nor of New York alone... No! It may affect every freeman that lives under a British government in America. It is the cause of liberty." - Andrew Hamilton closing statement to the jury, New York, 1735 Which statement is best supported by the event where this speech occurred?

The Zenger case showed that colonists believed they had freedoms that included free speech, free press, and trial by jury.

But "our judgment is not so strong we do not distinguish so well." Yet it may be questioned, from what doth this superiority, in this determining faculty of the soul, proceed. May we not trace its source in the difference of education, and continued advantages? Will it be said that the judgment of a male of two years old, is more sage than that of a females of the same age? I believe the reverse is generally observed to be true. But from that period what partiality! how is the one exalted and the other depressed, by the contrary modes of education which are adopted! the one is taught to aspire, and the other is early confined and limited. As their years increase, the sister must be wholly domesticated, while the brother is led by the hand through all the flowery paths of science. Grant that their minds are by nature equal, yet who shall wonder at the apparent superiority, - Judith Sargent Murray; On the Equality of the Sexes. 1790 Which statement below is best supported by the excerpt above?

The concept of Republican Motherhood included a new inspiration to provide women more equality, including access to education.

"but this momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. it is hushed indeed for the moment. but this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence." - Thomas Jefferson, 1820 What was Jefferson concerned about in this quote?

The controversy and crisis that emerged as a result of admitting Missouri as a state.

Which of the following events support the claim that by the 1830s the north and south viewed the legal rights of slaves and runaway slaves very differently?

The decisions by the courts regarding the Celia murder case, and Prigg vs. Pennsylvania.

*map that shows triangular trade between North America, Europe, and Africa* How did the system of commerce pictured impact colonial occupations in various regions of America?

The demand for products unique to each region promoted differences in agricultural and commercial industries from whaling in New England to cash crops in the Chesapeake.

Which of the following Federalist Party accomplishments from earlier administrations was NOT ended by the Jefferson administration?

The establishment of a Bank of the U.S. (false)

"In colonial New England, two sets of human communities which were also two sets of ecologicalrelationships confronted each other, one Indian and one European. They rapidly came to inhabit a singleworld, but in the process the landscape of New England was so transformed that the Indians' earlier way of interacting with the environment became impossible. The task before us is not only to describe the ecological changes that took place in New England but to determine what it was about Indians and colonists—in their relations both to nature and to each other—that brought those changes about." Which of the following best supports the general argument in the excerpt about how Europeans changed North America?

The establishment of fenced fields on family farms that replaced common lands and hunting grounds used by Indians.

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution.... But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide."- Cecelia M. Kenyon, historian, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," 1955 The Anti-Federalists' view of government power during the 1780s, as described in the excerpt, is best reflected by which of the following?

The existence of many state constitutions that limited executive authority

"The Constitution . . . meant that its coordinate branches should be checks on each other. But the opinion which gives to the judges the right to decide what laws are constitutional and what not, not only for themselves in their own sphere of action but for the Legislature and Executive also in their spheres, would make the Judiciary a despotic branch." —Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams, 1804. What historical development is Jefferson most likely expressing his displeasure about in the excerpt above?

The growing power of the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of federal laws.

*maps that show the growth of slavery in the South from 1790 to 1860, especially in the deep south* Which of the following contributed the LEAST to the pattern seen above?

The increased occurrences of successful slave revolts and abolitionism shrinking slavery into small pockets of the south. (false)

"When the Pilgrims came to New England they too were coming not to vacant land but to territory inhabited by tribes of Indians. The governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, created the excuse to take Indian land by declaring the area legally a "vacuum." The Indians, he said, had not "subdued" the land, and therefore had only a "natural" right to it, but not a "civil right." A "natural right" did not have legal standing. The Puritans also appealed to the Bible, Psalms 2:8: "Ask of me, and I shall give thee, the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession." And to justify their use of force to take the land, they cited Romans 13:2: "Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation." Which claim below is best supported by the evidence in the excerpt above?

The legal and religious values of Puritans was at odds with the culture of the Indians they encountered, contributing to a belief in justifiable force against them.

"Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions." - George Washington Farewell Address 1796 Which events may have contributed most to Washington's main idea in the comment above?

The major influence of France in fomenting anti-British sentiment in America during the 1790s, and the support French ideas received from Democratic-Republicans.

*political cartoon of Senators labeled with trusts such as "Steel Beam Trust," "Copper Trust," and "Standard Oil Trust"* The Progressive Age attempted to address the problems and excesses of the Gilded Age. Which of the following was a direct result of the idea expressed above?

The passage of anti-trust legislation such as the Sherman Act and a call to ratify the 17th Amendment.

Which of the following events/issues would Whig voters, particularly in the South, most likely support?

The passage of the Indian Removal Act.

*political cartoon* U.S. diplomats: "Will not pay you a six-pence!" French monster: "money, money, money" How did the incident depicted above impact the Adams administration?

The press demanded a strong military response to insults against the U.S. by French officials and the French navy - resulting in the "Quasi-War".

What role did the press play in the establishment of the political parties, and the electoral process of the early Republic?

The press was often biased in favor of one party or the other, particularly during election years.

*map of various Indian tribes located in the Northwest Territory (known as Midwest today)* What historical development between 1800 and 1812 relates to the map above and start of war in 1812?

The rise of an Indian confederation led by Tecumseh led many to believe British interests in the region must be eliminated by force.

*map of the Election of 1860 results: all free states vote Lincoln; Missouri and half of New Jersey vote Douglas; Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee vote Bell (Constitutional Union); rest of slave states vote Breckinridge* Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the map above?

The slave states all voted for Breckinridge. (false)

The Trent Affair was a diplomatic crisis that took place between the United States and Great Britain from November to December 1861, during the U.S. Civil War (1861-65). The crisis erupted after the captain of the Union's USS San Jacinto ordered the arrest of two Confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a British mail ship, the Trent, in order to seek support for the South in the Civil War. The British, who had not taken sides in the war, were outraged and claimed the seizure of a neutral ship by the U.S. Navy was a violation of international law. In the end, President Abraham Lincoln's administration released the envoys and averted an armed conflict with Britain. What Southern war strategy is best supported by the description of the event above?

The strategy to use diplomacy to gain help from other countries against the Union.

What were the main beliefs of the emerging Federalist Party?

They believed in strong central authority, a future based in commerce and manufacturing, and a positive relationship with England.

*shows the Northwest Territory divided into Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin; shows the sizes of land to be sold* The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and Land Ordinance of 1785 were considered huge successes for the Articles of Confederation government. Based on the image above, which statement below describes their purpose and significance?

They created 5 new territories for future states and established a method to divide lands for sale, and even mandated areas set aside for schools.

"Sir, in regards to the power to create a bank...I believe the power of Congress is defined by the Constitution as the power 'to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the enumerated powers.' But they can all be carried into execution without a bank. A bank therefore is not necessary, and consequently not authorized by this phrase." Who is most likely to have written this advice to Washington, and why?

Thomas Jefferson, because he believed that the power of Congress should be limited to a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Which of the following colleges was NOT a product of the desire to open new institutions of religious study, but for enlightenment focused around the sciences instead?

University of Pennsylvania (false)

*depiction of an African American in "his own country" in a rural wilderness, than followed by a slave in America who acts civilized in a home* How do the images above relate to the growing controversy of slavery during the ante-bellum era?

While abolitionists demonized the South and slaveholders, southerners began to defend slavery as a positive institution that actually "civilized" slaves. and By the 1840s pro-slavery publications were starting to defend slavery as a "positive good" rather than a necessary evil.

Which statement best sums up the characterization of the Jackson Age as the Age of the Common Man?

While democracy increased for white males, there was little discernible change in levels of social equality or equality of opportunity.

What does the image above demonstrate about the trends in American agriculture during the 1865-1900 era?

While mechanization and innovations on the farms contributed to larger yields, it often meant lower prices for farm products - negatively impacting many farmers.

*2 images, first image showing the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan and the second shows Native Americans in more basic wooden huts* What statement below is best supported by the images shown above?

While the first image demonstrates the impressive advancements of Indians in Mexico, the Indians seen in the second image were far less advanced (and most likely illustrates the types of Indians encountered by the French and British).

"Upon the pretext that Texas, a nation as independent as herself, thought proper to unite its destinies with our own she has affected to believe that we have severed her rightful territory, and in official proclamations and manifestoes has repeatedly threatened to make war upon us for the purpose of reconquering Texas. In the meantime we have tried every effort at reconciliation. The cup of forbearance had been exhausted even before the recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte. But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war." - President Polk, Address to Congress, 1846

While there were American interests in California and New Mexico, the Mexican War was largely fought over a border dispute regarding Texas' southern border (after the annexation of Texas in 1845).

"I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or to speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; — but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest — I will not equivocate — I will not excuse — I will not retreat a single inch — AND I WILL BE HEARD. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead." - The Liberator Who is most likely to have said the quote above?

William Lloyd Garrison

"Since (by the good providence of God) a Country in America is fallen to my lot, I thought it not less my Duty than my honest Interest to give some publick notice of it to the World, that those of our own, or other Nations, that are inclin'd to Transport themselves or Families beyond the Seas, may find another Country added to their choice, that if they happen to like the Place, Conditions and Constitutions, (so far as the present Infancy of things will allow us any prospect) they may, if they please, fix with me in the Province hereafter describ'd. A Province open to all religions in a brotherly society of friends." Who is most likely to have authored the quote above?

William Penn

The immediate years following the War of 1812 was a time characterized by:

a sense of Nationalism - defined by Marshall court decisions, rapid expansion, and general support for Clay's American System.

Recommendations for Amendments: And it is further recommended, that the said States shall persevere in their efforts to obtain such amendments, until the same shall be effected. Second.-No new State shall be admitted into the union by Congress in virtue of the power granted by the Constitution, without the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses. Third.-Congress shall not have power to lay any embargo on the ships or vessels of the citizens of the United States, in the ports or harbors thereof, for more than sixty days. Fourth.-Congress shall not have power, without the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses, to interdict the commercial intercourse between the United States and any foreign nation or the dependencies thereof. Fifth.-Congress shall not make or declare war, or authorize acts of hostility against any foreign nation, without the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses, except such acts of hostility be in defense of the territories of the United States when actually invaded. - 1814 The recommendations for amendments above were part of:

an effort by New England Federalists to weaken the power of the Central Government and protect the interests of the New England states during the War of 1812.

By 1700 the Navigation Acts and Triangle Trade routes created a system of Mercantilism that:

established New England as the region that England would receive natural resources like fish, whale oil, and lumber. and benefited England through restrictive trade arrangements guaranteeing English merchants a source of raw materials and a market for goods.

*propaganda that exaggerated the effects of drinking alcohol* The image above best serves as evidence of the:

growing influence of temperance societies at promoting anti-alcohol behaviors, and laws.

Jefferson's philosophy of government was at odds with the previous Federalist administrations, as evidenced by:

his cutting of the national budget and eagerness to allow the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire.

*political cartoon of the Hartford Convention, shows Federalists leaning towards the British king* The criticism seen in the image above, as well as the impact of the victory in New Orleans, resulted in:

major damage to the reputation of New England war protesters, and the Federalist Party in general.

*newspaper clipping that calls John Brown "The heroic Apostle of Freedom"* The poster above indicates that:

many people in the North viewed John Brown as a heroic force of change.

"This colony was for the most part at first peopled by persons of low circumstances including many servants held by indentures...Nor was it hardly possible it should be otherwise; for 'tis not likely that any man of plentiful estate should voluntarily abondon a happy certainty to roam after imaginary advantages in a New World only to find disease and misery" Robert Beverly, 1705 This quote most likely describes:

most settlers of the Southern Colonies

Virginia attracted a lot of settlers, mostly because the leaders there:

offered land to anyone willing to be an indentured servant for a few years, and the opportunity to gain wealth in the tobacco trade.

"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws.... Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate [eradicate] the English nation out of the continent of America." - Edward Randolph, report of King Philip's War (Metacom's War) in New England, 1676 Compared with French and Spanish interactions with American Indians, English interaction with American Indians more often promoted:

separation between the groups

The Fundamental Orders in Connecticut, the Frame of Gov't (Charter of Privileges) of Pennsylvania, the House of Burgesses in Virginia, and the General Court in Massachusetts (along with the "Body of Liberties") are all examples that prove:

that colonies in all the regions had some form of government that was more democratic than the home country of England...or other European nations.

The Grant administration had a difficult time overseeing the enforcement of Reconstruction acts and amendments in his second term partly because:

the North was losing interest in the South, and scandals had cast doubts about his administration.

"Manifest Destiny" as a concept that lauded the spread of democracy was challenged by the concerns of the North that new lands would mean more slave states by the 1840s and 1850s. Which of the following fed the "slaveocracy conspiracy" of many northerners and led to the actual rejection of adding new territory to the union?

the Ostend Manifesto and filibustering efforts

The "Redeemer" governments of the South that were dominated by white Democrats were able to create the segregated "Jim Crow" system as a result of all of the following EXCEPT:

the development of the "New South" as described by proponents of increased industrialization and investment in southern businesses. (false)

"They fought to be heard in the male-dominated world of government and industry, beginning with the first "turnout", or strike, in 1833, when some 1500 mill girls ceased their work and walked out of their Lowell factory to protest wage reduction. The strike was unsuccessful, but little did that stop the girls. In the years to come, there would be many such turnouts, accompanied by petition after petition to the state government of Massachusetts, mainly over the issue of a shorter workday. These petitions, which were signed by thousands of workers, would come to be called the "10 hour movement", aptly named as the focus of the movement was to shorten the work day in the mills from 14 to 10 hours a day." The passage above indicates that:

the factory system led to a labor movement and more active political demands from women.

*political cartoon by Nast trying to take down Boss Tweed, captioned "Boss Tweed, 'As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it? say?'"* The image above reflects many of the "Gilded Age" societal changes that were impacting American life, including all of the following EXCEPT:

the rise in third parties demanding new laws regarding tariffs and immigration restrictions. (false)

*political cartoon of a hand holding a gun and whip threating a man to vote for Tilden* The election of 1876 was notable for many reasons, but as the northern magazine political cartoon indicates above - northerners felt that the election in the South was:

unfair due to intimidation and violence mostly by white Democrats.

*political cartoon of White League and KKK member shaking hands over African-Americans with the words "worse than slavery"* This image from a magazine in 1866 indicates that:

white southerners used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from receiving true equality in the post Civil War South.