All chapter exams

If the self is relational to the significant people in our life and the culture(s) in which we live, what follows?

A and C

What are the types of properties we generally take to be characteristic of physical bodies?

A and C

According to Kant, nothing is good without qualification except __________.

A good will

A divine command theory of ethics is

A theory that says that if we do what God wills, then we do the right thing

Self-actualization includes which of the following?

All of the above - Developing our own beliefs - Increasing our self-awareness - Expressing our creativity - Clarifying and realizing our value systems

____ is a dialogue written by Plato.

All of the above - The Republic - Euthyphro - Crito

Metaphysics is concerned with ____.

All of the above - The place of humans within the universe - The nature of mind, self, and consciousness - The purpose and nature of reality -The existence of God

Why are your views about human nature important, according to Velasquez?

All of the above - They shape our views about our relationships with other people. - They influence our relationship to the universe. - They determine how we believe we should set up society

Aquinas' theory of natural law holds that ____________.

All of the above -We have a moral obligation to pursue those goods toward which we are naturally inclined - Reason can discover God's commands by reflecting on human nature - God commands humans to pursue human life, family, knowledge , and orderly society

In the "Allegory of the Cave", the freed prisoner ascending out of the cave represents what?

An individual who is becoming enlightened.

Ethics is the study of ____.

values and moral principles

Kant agreed with Hume's ____.

view of the nature of sensation

Which of the below was the direct student of Plato?

Aristotle

According to Kant, if we if we attempt to know ourselves through the understanding as a conscious, active self . . .

we see ourselves as subject only to moral rules that are based on reason

According to Kant, if we if we attempt to know ourselves through the senses as an object in the world . . .

we see ourselves as subject to the laws of nature/physics

Locke's primary qualities include ____.

weight, shape, and size

Socrates was born where?

Athens, Greece

What is the goal of philosophy?

Autonomy

If the self is independent and has the ability to choose freely, then what follows?

B and D

What are the types of properties we generally take to be characteristic of the mind?

B and D

In Plato's dialogue The Apology, Socrates was told by the Oracle at Delphi that there was no one wiser than he. As a result, after some time questioning others on reflecting on his findings, Socrates came to believe that wisdom is what?

Being aware of the limitations of one's own understanding.

Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics is concerned with what sort of ethics?

Character Ethics

There are a number of challenges that have been made to the Traditional Western view of human nature. Which of the below present the challenging perspective that living things and their parts are not designed for a purpose, but are the result of "countless tiny chance variations and the blind process of natural selection"?

Charles Darwin

A fundamental objection to materialism is that it has difficulty explaining such things as thinking, wishing, experiencing, hoping, dreaming, loving and hating. A general term used for these types of activities is what?

Consciousness

Kant credits ____ with having awakened him from his dogmatic slumbers.

David Hume

__________ and ___________ are nonconsequentialist theories.

Divine command theory, Kantian deontology

Critics of Gilligan's view of women's morality argue that it does not help us with such moral problems as ___________ .

Environmental pollution

According to __________, there is a single correct and universally applicable moral standard.

Ethical absolutism

____ shows Socrates questioning traditional religious beliefs and the nature of religious duty.

Euthyphro

Philosophy in the U.S. has given as much attention to philosophical issues from the perspectives of women and non-Western and non-dominant cultures as it has given to the philosophical perspective of dominant male Western perspectives.

False

True or False. Hedonistic calculus is a way of measuring the quality of pleasures.

False

True or False. John Stuart Mill was the teacher of Jeremy Bentham.

False

What, for Plato, was an eternal and perfect ideal that existed in an unchanging heaven?

Forms

Eudaimonia is a term that has an etymological meaning of what?

Good spirit

For Kant there are three possible motives behind our actions. The subtle determination to do one's duty is what?

Good will

Logical positivists make a distinction between literal meaning and emotional meaning. Literal meaning . . .

Has a representative function

Logical positivists make a distinction between literal meaning and emotional meaning. Emotional meaning . . .

Has merely emotional meaning, but no representational functions.

Of the below, who believes that the self is "constituted" by its relations to others?

Hegal

If we accept that determinism is correct, what follows?

Holding individual people responsible for their actions, good or bad, makes no sense.

Which of the below would agree that "Universal laws of science are unjustified because they go beyond what can be observed by the senses."

Hume

____ pushed ____'s empiricism to a thorough skepticism.

Hume, Locke

The British empiricists were ____.

Hume, Locke, and Berkeley

Which of the below is the view that states of consciousness are identical with states of the brain, and that scientists will one day discover which brains states are the same as which mental states.

Identity Theory

____ is said to have wrought a Copernican revolution in knowledge.

Immanuel Kant

The Romantic Philosophers that followed Kant believed that ___.

Instead of the universal categories that Kant suggests we use to organize sense experience, an individual's culture, history, and language actually shape the organizational categories they use to create order of their sensory perceptions.

For pragmatism, the value of ideas and ideals

Is dependent upon and determined only with an awareness of context

Which of the below believes that as individuals we have the ultimate freedom to create even our own nature--despite external or internal forces and influences--and thus, there is no such thing as a universal human nature that is shared by all people.

Jean-Paul Sartre

For ____ pragmatism was a tool for social criticism and reassessment of the functions of education, the arts, etc.

John Dewey

"Act only on those maxims which you can at the same time will to become a universal law" is a formulation of what?

Kant's Categorical Imperative

____ was the first philosopher to systematically attack the belief that reason alone could provide knowledge.

Locke

The etymological meaning of the word "philosophy" comes from the Greek words philos and sophia, which, together, translate as what?

Love of Wisdom

What do we call the view that matter is the ultimate constituent of reality?

Materialism

_____________ understands the self as part of the matter that composes the universe, subject to deterministic laws.

Materialism

The view that reality contains irreducible and different kinds of things, immaterial spirit and material objects, is called what?

Metaphysical Dualism

The idea that "humans construct and live in a multitude of different real worlds, each of which was created by different and overlapping languages and systems of thought" is an apt description of what?

Metaphysical pluralism

The Greek word "logos" means what?

NOT: "Experience" and/ or "sense-experience"

The conviction that there are "many distinct and equally valid realities created by people from many different cultures and subcultures and from many different times and places" is how Velasquez describes__________ .

NOT:Metaphysical dualism

According to Berkeley, what we experience as physical objects are actually ______.

NOT:Sensory experience filtered and organized by categories Maybe: Names for recurring patterns of sense experiences

According to Kant, our duties are assigned to us by what?

NOT:Social convention Maybe: Reason

According to logical positivists, such as British philosopher A.J. Ayer, there are only two types of claims or statements that are meaningful: tautologies (or analytic statements) and matters of fact (also called synthetic or empirical statements). Empirical statements are . . .

NOT:Those statements that tell us something about the world (i.e. "Mohamed is unmarried")

A shopkeeper gives a child a fair deal on a purchase even though the shopkeeper knows the child may be naïve about such transactions. Does that prove that the shopkeeper was acting out of a "good will" according to Kant?

No

Your friend acts in a manner that creates bad consequences for you. Does this prove that your friend lacked a "good will" according to Kant?

No

____ is a dialogue written by Socrates.

None of the above - The Republic - Euthyphro - Crito

According to Thrasymachus, in The Republic, what is "Justice"?

Obeying the rules of society, which are understood as always in favor of the interests of whatever group happens to hold power in that society.

In the United States, at least, philosophy once proceeded as if

Only Caucasian males did philosophy

A libertarian, such as Sartre, critiques determinism based on what?

Our experience of ourselves as consciously making choices.

Which of the below subfields of philosophy deals with the question of whether there are objective standards for judging art, or whether art is merely a matter of fad and/or personal taste?

Philosophy of Art

Which of the below subfields of philosophy deals with the question of whether the theories produced by the scientific method are objective descriptions of reality?

Philosophy of Science

For Aristotle, the three parts of the soul based on function are what?

Plant, Animal, Human

According Velasquez, who was it that formalized one of the first versions of Idealism?

Plato

____ and ____ were rationalists.

Plato, René Descartes

Which of the below would be an example of a theory that can be characterized as metaphysical pluralism?

Postmodernism

The view that "our beliefs about reality are meaningful only to the extent that they have important consequences" is the cornerstone of ________?

Pragmatism

_____________ rejects absolutes, thereby creating a picture of the self as "a multidimensional entity that both influences and is influenced by its environment."

Pragmatism

The emergence of the word that now names the discipline of philosophy is attributed to whom?

Pythagoras

____ is the belief that reason, without the aid of sense perception, is capable of arriving at some knowledge, some undeniable truth.

Rationalism

Which of the below are most associated with innate ideas?

Rationalists

Ethical __________ holds that moral right and wrong depend on the culture a person belongs to.

Relativism

The Eightfold Path of Buddhist ethics does not include which of the below?

Right feeling

The three dimensions of a complete ethical theory, according to lecture, must include what?

Right/wrong, good/bad, good/evil

Rational calculation, which leads to prudence, whose end is happiness, is referred to as what?

Self-interest

Which of the below is commonly referred to as "the father of Western Philosophy"?

Socarates

Which of the below was put to death for persistently critiquing the unexamined preconceptions and assumptions of his society and fellow citizens?

Socrates

Who said "the unexamined life is not worth living"?

Socrates

Buddhist ethics is said to be concerned with solving the fundamental problem of human life, which is what, according to Buddhism?

Suffering

____ shows Socrates at his trial, defending his life-long commitment to philosophy and interpreting the Delphic oracle regarding the nature of wisdom.

The Apology

The theory that "[t]he language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation" is known as what?

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Determinists view freedom as what?

The ability to choose among alternatives, thereby controlling what we do.

Compatibilists view freedom as what?

The ability to do what his or her desires move him or her to do, without external restraints or confinement.

Velasquez defines philosophy as what?

The activity of critically and carefully examining the reasons behind the most fundamental assumptions of our human lives.

Which of the below is the term used to refer to the view that "the self is and should be independent of others and self-sufficient."

The atomistic self

If we propose that a nonphysical entity has the ability to move or affect a physical entity, which basic law of science are we violating?

The law of the conservation of energy

According to Aristotle, acting well means seeking __________.

The midpoint between excess and deficiency

What term did Kant use to designate "The world as it might be in itself, apart from our mind."

The noumenal world

What term did Kant use to designate "The world that our minds construct, and that appears to be around us"?

The phenomenal world

True or False. The self is the ego.

True

___________________ is a consequentialist theory.

Utilitarianism

Rationalists, such as Descartes, believed in a theory of the mind that claimed _____.

We have innate ideas when we are born that tell us certain truths about the world.

Utilitarianism is primarily concerned with what question?

What duties do we have according to Reason?

According to the Jain philosophers of India, every human being carries in his or her mind ____.

a complete knowledge of the entire universe

To explain how objects continue to exist even when we are not perceiving them, Berkeley posits ____.

a divine mind (God)

A personal/subjective principle of action is what Kant refers to as what?

a maxim

According to Kant, ____ statements can be established as true only by observation through our senses.

a posteriori

Knowledge known independently of sense experience is ____.

a priori

According to Kant, ____ statements "do not give us information about the world because they are true or false by definition."

analytic

According to Hume, we know causation only as ____.

constant conjunction

The three traditional fields of philosophy are ____.

epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics

Descartes applied his method of doubt to ____.

everything

The ____ view holds that the human self creates its own nature.

existential

Aristotle believed that the truth about the essence of things, including human nature____.

exists in knowledge of the physical objects of our world

In developing his rationalist epistemology, Descartes was inspired by the example of ____.

geometry

Which of the ethical dimensions deals with ends, goals and/or consequences?

good/bad

Which of the ethical dimensions deals with character traits?

good/evil

According the Aristotle, the end or goal of all human beings is ____.

happiness

According to Hume, the mind contains ____.

ideas, impressions, and nothing else

By the term ____, Hume meant "all our more lively perceptions."

impression

According to Kant, the world that we experience ____.

is constructed by the mind according to its own ideas and categories

Epistemology is the study of ____.

knowledge and related concepts

According to Kant, the good will is governed by _________________.

reason

For Aristotle, the natural function of a human being is the exercise of ____.

reason

Plato believed the self consisted of ____.

reason, aggression, and appetite

For the prisoners in Plato's "Allegory of the Cave", reality would consist of nothing but ____.

shadows

Which of the below is the view that the mind is nothing more than bodily behavior and dispositions to bodily behavior?

the behaviorist view

Metaphysics is the study of ____.

the nature and structure of reality

Ethics is concerned with ____.

the nature of moral obligation

Which of the below is a principle associated with Kant?

Act only on those maxims which you can at the same time will to become a universal law.

The Greatest Happiness Principle asserts what?

Actions are right or wrong to the extent that they tend to increase or decrease the general happiness.

Epistemology is concerned with ____.

All of the above - the structure, reliability, extent, and kinds of knowledge - the meaning of truth - logic and a variety of strictly linguistic concerns - the possibility and foundations of all knowledge

In The Apology, Socrates argues that ____.

All of the above - the unexamined life is not worth living - wealth does not make you good within, but from inner goodness comes wealth - a good man should not calculate his chances of living or dying, but should ask only whether he is doing right or wrong

Philosophy seeks to understand ____.

All of the above - what it means to be a human being - the fundamental nature of God and reality - the sources and limits of knowledge - what is good and right in our lives and in our societies

Philosophy comes at a cost, including ____.

All of the above - the risk of unmasking cherished personal and cultural assumptions - long, painstaking study - the realization that the process never ends - persecution and death, in some cases

Velasquez includes Plato's parable "Myth of the Cave" in Chapter 1 to illustrate what?

All of the above. - Philosophy is an activity. - Philosophy involves questioning the most basic beliefs that each of us accepts about ourselves and the universe. - Philosophy has "autonomy" as its goal. - Philosophy examines those beliefs that are related to the most basic concerns of human existence.

The view that there is no reality completely independent of the particular language or system of concepts we use is known as ___________.

Antirealism

Why did John Searle object to antirealism?

Antirealism confuses descriptions of reality, which are dependent upon language, with the actual reality we are describing, which does not depend on language.

Why did feminist philosopher Jean Grimshaw object to antirealism?

Antirealism considers real those things that are a part of someone's language or way of thinking, which seems to work against attempts to show, for example, that some groups of people are not inferior merely because some people think them so.

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's stages of moral development ____________.

Both a and b.

Which of the below is associated with Utilitarianism?

Both b & c

____ teaches that the self is an illusion.

Buddhism

According to Velasquez, Buddhist ethics __________ be considered a divine command theory.

Cannot

According to Buddhism, there are three vices that emerge from __________: attachment to some things, aversion to other things, and confusion about the true nature of the world.

Craving

Which of the below of Plato's dialogues deals primarily with Socrates' beliefs about the authority of the state and civil disobedience?

Crito

____ was a Western philosopher whose commitments to empiricism led him to conclude the self was but a fiction.

David Hume

Kant is associated with which of the below?

Deontology

Which of the below believed in substance dualism, and yet believed that the mind and the body could interact through the pineal gland?

Descartes

According to Logical Positivists, metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and theological statements are meaningless because they only have _________.

Emotional meaning

____ is the belief that all knowledge about the world comes from or is based on the senses.

Empiricism

Kant agreed with the ________ that "the senses provide the sensations we need to know anything about the world around us."

Empiricists

True or False. Psychological egoism is a theory about what ought to be, whereas ethical egoism is a theory of motivation.

False

Which of the below believes the Traditional Western rationalistic view of human nature, and the Judeo-Christian religious view that grew from it, acts to illegitimately justify the oppression of women?

Genevieve Lloyd

Who is attributed with being the modern founder of idealism?

George Berkeley

Because Berkeley did not believe that we have any evidence for saying that reality is anything other than the sensations and perceptions to which we have direct access, and which, therefore, make up everything we experience, he adopted which position?

Idealism

What do we call the view that reality is essentially composed of minds and their ideas?

Idealism

_____________ understands the self as an entity whose perceptions are the basis for the reality of seemingly physical objects.

Idealism

__________ is the view that reality is composed of a single type of thing, whereas _____________ is the view that reality is NOT merely composed of a single type of thing.

Monism: Pluralism

Velasquez defines __________ as "the standards that an individual or a group has about what is right and wrong or good and evil."

Morality

In Plato's "Allegory of the Cave", the sun-lit upper world represents ____.

NOT: All of the above - the domain of true knowledge - the realm where harsh reality leads to moral blindness - the realm where human beings interact with one another

Responses to substance dualism which attempt to explain the operations of the mind in terms of the operations of the body are, more generally, considered a type of metaphysical _______________.

NOT: B and C.

Who is attributed with the well-regarded platitude "Know thyself"?

NOT: Plato

Socrates is well known for the method of inquiry that he practiced. We call that method of inquiry what?

NOT: The Method of Radical Doubt Maybe: The Indirect Method

The self, understood as "a permanently abiding individual entity" does not exist to which of the following?

NOT: Theravada Buddhists

When we say that self-actualized or fully functioning people are creative, we mean that they ____.

NOT: a and b only

In Crito, Socrates argues that we should obey the laws of society because ____.

NOT: all of the above

Descartes and Kant both see the self as ____.

NOT: infinite

According to Darwin, ____.

NOT: man is just a higher animal

In the chariot analogy in Plato's Phaedrus, the horses represent ____.

NOT: virtue and vice

What follows from the view that there is no enduring self?

NOT:A and B

For Aristotle, a human being is distinguished from an animal due to what?

NOT:All of the above

According to some understandings of feminist philosophers, female morality is characterized as being ________ based, while male morality is characterized as being __________ based.

NOT:Emotion, reason Maybe: virtue, rule

At Kohlberg's third stage of moral development, a person is said to __________.

NOT:Follow a morality based on the principles of human welfare, justice and rights

Aristotle's Circle includes the concepts of what?

NOT:Happiness, life, the end, virtue Maybe: Happiness, wisdom, virtue, and the good

Which of the below philosophers believed that the two different positions of determinists and libertarians can be explained merely as two different ways of looking at ourselves and our action, neither of which are actual features of the world.

NOT:Hobbes

Which of the below does NOT characterize a Consequentialist ethical theory?

NOT:no action is intrinsically right or wrong Maybe: The consequences of an action are what determines its rightness or wrongness

"Bachelors are unmarried males" is an example of a statement Kant would call ____.

NOT:synthetic

According to John Dewey, philosophy arises from ____.

NOT:wonder

Which of the below was the direct student of Socrates?

Plato

The idea that we are motivated by our desire for pleasure and the absence of pain and that anything else we may desire is only as a means to our own pleasure or the absence of pain is known as what?

Psychological Egoism

Kant agreed with the _________ that "our minds can know the universal laws that order the world".

Rationalists

The view that there is some realm of objects that exists independent of our minds and its products, such as language, thoughts, perceptions and beliefs, is known as ______ .

Realism

____ is the position that only I exist and that everything else is just a creation of my subjective consciousness.

Solipsism

Which view of human nature believes that only those who exercise human reason can realize the purpose of human life?

The Greek rationalist view

Which view of human nature believes that the purpose of life is open to all regardless of their level of intelligence?

The Judeo-Christian view

Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" is found in which of his Dialogues?

The Republic

The idea that while the things of the world may touch or move me, there is a real me that can rise above and remain separate from all the externals that it may confront is most compatible with which of the below?

The atomistic view of the self

What is metaphysics?

The critical study of the nature of reality

Which of Plato's Dialogues are thought by most scholars of Plato be most faithful in their portrayal of Socrates' actual beliefs?

The early Dialogues (those that Plato is thought to have first written)

The idea that who I am depends on my relationships with others characterizes which of the below?

The relational view of the self

John Locke objected to Descartes' view that people's nonmaterial souls explain what makes them the same person over time because, instead, Locke believed what?

The source of the enduring self is your memory

Which view of the enduring self does the following "thought experiment" suggest? "Imagine a brilliant but mad brain surgeon who kidnaps Manny, a man, and his best female friend, Maryann. In his secret laboratory the mad surgeon succeeds in extractiong Manny's brain and implanting it inside Maryann's skull, while implanting her brain into Manny's skull. When Manny awakes from the operation, he finds himself "in" Maryann's body. He looks at the body lying on the bed next to him and is horrified to discover himself looking at what was previously his own body. Yet when that body--or the person "in" that body--speaks, she identifies herself as Maryann and is just as horrified to find herself with this new body."

The source of the enduring self is your mind, or "soul"

Plato's metaphysical dualism is known as what?

The two-world theory

Determinism can be described as . . .

The view that human actions are causally determined by previous events and the laws of nature, and that this rules out the ability of humans to be free and personally responsible for what they do.

Compatibilism can be described as . . .

The view that human actions are causally determined by previous events and the laws of nature, but that this fact does not rule out freedom and personal responsibility.

Libertarianism can be described as . . .

The view that people have control over what they do and are free to act other than the way they indeed do. Human actions are not causally determined by previous events and the laws of nature.

Objective idealism is the view that:

The world consists of mind and ideas, and there are ideas that are independent of my mind and my perceptions, which can be explained as being ideas from the mind of God.

Subjective idealism is the view that:

The world consists only of my own mind and things or ideas that are dependent upon my mind.

Subjective idealism and Objective idealism both hold that the world consists of mind and ideas, but they differ in that Objective Idealists believe:

There are ideas that are independent of my mind and my perceptions, which come from the mind of God, and which account for those things in my experience that seem to be orderly and do not change according to my own individual whims.

True or False. According to Kant, the world humans experience may not be the way the world is "in itself".

True

True or False. Aristotle would define virtue as "the disposition to choose the mean".

True

True or False. By "soul" Plato meant "psyche", which can be understood as "inner self".

True

True or False. Jeremy Bentham is known as the dominant figure in articulating and promoting classic Utilitarianism.

True

True or False. The essence of something is comprised of those characteristics by virtue of which we say that it is what it is, as distinguished from something else.

True

Kantian Deontology is primarily concerned with what question?

What is the purpose of human life, or human being?

Character Ethics is primarily concerned with what question?

What will maximize a community's happiness?

Ethical Egoism is primarily concerned with what question?

What will maximize an individual's happiness?

For Pragmatists such as Peirce, James and Dewey, the truth of an idea is measured by what?

Whether the idea serves to get us through life in a desirable way.

The idea that "Our body is like a ship sailing on the ocean, a ship made up of hundreds of wooden boards," and "If each day we remove one or two of the boards and replace them with new ones, eventually we will change all of the boards that make up the ship, " and yet, "because most of the boards remain the same from one day to the next, we say it is the same ship from the beginning to the end of its voyage," suggest a view of the enduring self as what?

Your body

Logical positivists ____.

a and b only

According to John Locke, the mind is like ____.

a blank slate

According to Hume, the self is ____.

a bundle of perceptions

Existentialism views freedom as ____.

a state of being

When we say that self-actualized or fully functioning people are flexible, we mean that they are ____.

able to deal with change and uncertainty

According to Locke, ____ is founded in experience.

all knowledge

According to Velasquez, the Traditional Western view of Human Nature would understand the self as what?

all of the above - a rational spiritual self - distinct from body - having a purpose - enduring over time

Feminists object that the rationalist view of human nature ____.

all of the above - is biased against women - values reason above emotion - associates women with emotion - associates men with reason

"The shortest distance between two points must always be a straight line" is an example of a statement Kant would call ____.

b and c only

Buddhism is characterized by ____.

b and c only

According to Kant, the mind uses so-called ____ to organize ____.

categories, sensations

Locke's secondary qualities include ____.

color, texture, and smell

The view that humans are composed of two different kinds of entities or substances is what?

dualism

According to the feminist philosopher Gail Stenstad, male thinking assumes that there is only one true view of reality and that any contrary views must be rejected as ____.

false

Hume distinguishes ideas from impressions on the basis of their ____.

force and vivacity

One possible danger of a rationalist view of human nature is that ____.

human beings who are less than fully rational may be considered subhuman

According to Shankara, meditation leads to the realization that Brahman is ____.

identical with the Self

Socrates asks Euthyphro to ____.

identify the characteristic that makes all holy things holy

For Plato, all true knowledge ____.

is a recollection from a prior existence

The view that there are innate ideas ____.

is the view that from birth ideas are present in the mind in some form

Descartes's meditations on a piece of wax demonstrated that ____.

knowledge is grasped by the mind

New Kantians like Sapir and Whorf believe that reality is constructed by ____.

language

According to John Searle, our linguistic practices presuppose ____.

metaphysical realism

In the dialogue of the same name, Euthyphro is represented as charging his father with ____.

murder

In saying that "to be is to be perceived," Berkeley means that ____.

objects do not exist independent of consciousness

According to Locke, a pencil has certain qualities whether we perceive it or not, qualities that he called ____.

primary

Berkeley attacks the distinction between primary and secondary qualities by arguing that ____.

primary qualities, too, are a matter of perception

Thomas Reid suggested that Locke's view

produces contradictions.

The idea that humans always try to satisfy their own desires and so are going to be selfish in their motives is referred to as what?

psychological egoism

According to a rationalist view like Plato's, the ____ part of a human being should rule over the ___________.

reasoning, appetites

According to Hegel, each person depends on other people to provide ____.

recognition as a free being

Which of the ethical dimensions deals with actions and choices?

right/wrong

Maintenance needs are needs associated with ____.

securing one's basic survival needs as a human being

Genevieve Lloyd argues that the rationalist view of human nature can only be changed if we acknowledge that ____.

the concepts of "emotion" and "reason" are biased

According to Buddhism, philosophical wisdom will free us from ____.

the cycle of birth, suffering, death and rebirth

Hume's skepticism includes doubt about the existence of ____.

the external world

Which of the below is the view that we should explain mental activities and mental states in terms of perceptual inputs and behavioral outputs?

the functionalist view

Moritz Schlick believed that people always act to maximize ____.

their own pleasure, because pleasure equals self-interest

For Kant, the noumenal world is the world of ____.

things as they are in themselves

According to Déscartes, the enduring self is characterized by ____.

thought, or an immaterial "soul"