All Questions for Exam 2

19. The most efficient sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are ________.

121 degrees Celsius 15 PSI for 15 minutes

The most efficient sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are ________.

121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes

The size of a eukaryotic cell ribosome is ______.

80s

1. Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in the cells of bacteria?

All choices are correct: nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes

10. Reverse transcriptase synthesizes ________.

DNA from RNA

True or False: 3. During the stationary phase, binary fission stops.

False

True or False: 4. If you measure turbidity using a spectrophotometer during the death phase, the turbidity will be much lower than it was during the exponential phase.

False

Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

Glutaraldehyde

An organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for cell secretion is the ________.

Golgi apparatus

Choose the method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing that involves measuring and evaluating zones of inhibition around antibiotic disks placed on a culture of bacteria prior to incubation.

Kirby-Bauer Test

______ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _______ heat.

Moist; dry

2. When you inoculate a fresh tube of broth medium, it doesn't instantly turn cloudy. Why is this?

There is lag phase before growth occurs at a level that is visible in the broth. Correct

Indwelling catheter biofilm infections are more resistant to antibiotics than nonbiofilm infections.

True

True or False: 1. If the doubling time of a bacterium is short, the x-axis of a population growth curve will have smaller numbers.

True

True or False: A fully formed virus that can cause an infection in a host cell is called a virion.

True

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is ________.

a spongiform encephalopathy of humans

24.Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because _______.

a. bacterial genomes undergo mutation rapidly b. bacterial genomes undergo mutation often c. short generation times accumulate mutations in populations d. mutations are passed between organisms e. All of the choices are correct. (correct answer)

20. Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called _______.

antibiotics

11. The betadine swab before blood donation is an example of _______.

antisepsis

11. The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is ______.

antisepsis

The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of _______.

antisepsis

The method of removing vegetative life forms from living surfaces is termed _______.

antisepsis

All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except ________.

are located between the capsid and nucleic acid

An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs would be called a(n) _______.

autotroph

11. Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls?

bacterial endospores

22. Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed _______.

broad-spectrum drugs

Virus capsids are made from subunits called ______.

capsomeres

1. Virus capsids are made from subunits called ______.

capsomers

Diseases caused by viruses:

chicken pox, influenze, COVID-19, and Measles

When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a visible network of dark fibers called the _____.

chromatin

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

copper

Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except ______.

cytoplasm

In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes have two locations: scattered in the ________ and on the surface of the _________.

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

23. Selective toxicity refers to ________.

damage to target organisms but not host cells

Side effects that occur in patient's tissues while on antimicrobial drugs include all the following except _______.

development of resistance to the drug

The cell's series of tunnel-like membranes functioning in transport and storage are the _______.

endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is not associated with every virus?

envelope

1. Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of ______.

fungi

Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of _____

fungi

The term chemoheterotroph refers to an organism that ________.

gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds

The term photoautotroph refers to an organism that ________.

gets energy from sunlight

11. Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except _______.

hydrogen peroxide

The long, threadlike branching cells of molds are called _______.

hyphae

One of the principal capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as a(n) _______ capsid.

icosahedral

All of the following disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane except ________.

iodine

A(n) _______ originates from the Golgi apparatus as one type of vesicle that contains a variety of enzymes for intracellular digestion.

lysosome

11. Microorganisms require large quantities of _______ for use in cell structure and metabolism.

macronutrients

1. Viruses have all the following except ________.

metabolism

Which organelle contains cristae where enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration are found?

mitochondria

The eukaryotic cell's glycocalyx is ________.

mostly polysaccharide

Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except ________.

mutation

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a mold is a _______.

mycelium

1. A naked virus has only a(n) _____.

nucleocapsid

A naked virus has only a(n) _____.

nucleocapsid

1. The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis is the ______.

nucleolus

The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis is the ______.

nucleolus

11. Organisms called ______ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

parasites

Chloroplasts are the site of ________ and are located in plants and plantlike organisms called ________.

photosynthesis; algae

1. The passageways in the nuclear envelope for movement of substances to and from the nucleus and cytoplasm are called nuclear ________.

pores

The passageways in the nuclear envelope for movement of substances to and from the nucleus and cytoplasm are called nuclear ________.

pores

Infectious protein particles are called _______.

prions

Viral spikes ________.

protrude from the envelope

When buds remain attached, they form a chain of yeast cells called _______.

pseudo-hyphae

11. Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37°C incubator, and on the shelf of a 50°C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37°C and 50°C, very slight growth out on the bench top, and abundant growth at refrigeration. What term could be used for this species?

psychrophile

1. Enveloped viruses use glycoproteins called _______ to specifically bind with their host cells.

spikes

1. Fungi produce which structures for reproduction and multiplication?

spores

25. Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's microbiota often cause ________.

superinfections

A ratio of the dose of a drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the _______.

therapeutic index (TI)

20. The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the ________

thermal death time

The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the ________.

thermal death time (TDT)

15. An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a(n) _______.

thermophile

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a(n) _______.

thermophile

A method for sterilizing milk, called ________ treatment, uses 134°C for 1 to 2 seconds.

ultra high temperature

11. The term autotroph refers to an organism that ________.

uses CO2 for its carbon source

Lysogeny refers to ________.

viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome