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Muslim
"one who submits"; the name was adopted by Muhammad and his followers to describe their submission to God
The Great Schism
(1054) The split in Christianity between East and West. The Church in the West became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church continued to grow in the East, based in Constantinople.
Christopher Columbus
(1451-1506) Genoese mariner commissioned by Spain to search for a new trading route to Asia; in 1492 he found America instead.
Thirty Years War
(1618-1648) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
Russian Empire
(1721-1917) Empire that was ruled by tsars (most notable Peter the Great, Catherine the Great); instilled Russification; active in fur trade; largest empire ever stretching from Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea to Siberia and the Pacific Ocean
Opium Wars
(1839) Wars between Great Britain and China, that began as a conflict over the opium trade, and ended with the "unequal treaties" that obviously favored Britain.
Swami Vivekananda
(1863-1902) Leading religious figure of 19th century India; advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West
Russo-Japanese War
(1905) War between Russia and Japan that Japan won. The defeat of Russia, considered a superpower, generated a widespread admiration. This was an "awakening of the East"
Russian Civil War
(1918-1921) conflict in which the Red Army (soviet, communist army) successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-communist (white) armies. Red vs. White Army.
Sui Dynasty
(581-618 CE) Chinese dynasty known for it's EFFECTIVE REUNITING of China, ruthless emperors and canal systems.
Muhammad-ibn-Qasim
(661-750) Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus river to be part of the Umayyad Empire
glasnost
(openness) Gorbachev's policy of permitting a much wider range of cultural and intellectual freedoms in the USSR (freedom of speech and media openness). The political and cultural effects included democratization, and the end of the Soviet Union.
Patronage
(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
perestrokia
(resurrecting) Gorbachev's economic program which freed state enterprises from government control, permitted small-scale private business, and began to welcome foreign investment.
satyagraha
(truth force) confrontational, non-violent approach to political action (civil disobedience); used by Ghandi
Main Protestant Values
- salvation comes through faith alone - teaching comes from the Bible alone - no special clergy or church hierarchy These were the Main ____ Values
Maurya Dynasty/Empire
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Patiliputra
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Tributary Alliances
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US Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
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US Civil War
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Yoruba
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bullion
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Crusades
1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade
Ming Dynasty China
1368-1644 -prosperous dynasty that had sponsored overseas exploration -allowed some trade with europeans and sought out european learning; revolts in the 1600s led to overthrow by the Manchus
Qing dynasty empire
1644-1912, the dynasty that helped expand the dynasy north by enlarging the territoril sixe of the country, assimeilated into the Manchus and and produced a mixed race. provided china with a lot of the things that they still have today (borders), interested in expansion, court of colonial affairs, weren't interested into assimilating foreigners
trading post empire
16th Century. Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Boxer movement
A Chinese anti-foreign movement that started in Northern China where "boxers" killed numerous Europeans and Chinese Christians.
Banpo (pron. bahn-poe)
A Chinese archaeological site, where the remains of a significant Neolithic village have been found.
Zhuangzi
A Chinese philosopher (369-286 B.C.E.) who spelled out the teachings of Daoism.
Legalism
A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.
Daoism
A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.
Thales of Miletus
A Greek natural philosopher (ca. 624-547 B.C.E.), noted for his application of reason to astronomy & for his questioning of the fundamental nature of the universe.
Aristotle
A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.
Srivijaya
A KINGDOM in the straits of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula. Founded out of trading competition between Malay and Sumatra. Drew heavily on India's political and Buddhist teachings. This place eventually grew into a major center of Buddhist observance.
ziggurat
A Mesopotamian stepped pyramid. Unlike an Egyptian pyramid, a ziggurat was a solid structure of baked brick, an artificial hill at the summit which stood a temple.
al-Andalus
A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century A.D.
San or Ju/'hoansi (pron. ZHUN-twazi)
A Paleolithic people still living on the northern fringe of the Kalahari desert in southern Africa.
Sand Roads
A commercial trade network that linked the Mediterranean and North and West Africa. Trans-Saharan trade was rooted in environmental variation because it provided incentives for the exchange of goods. The goods were transshipped by boat or camel. Became a major "international" trade route that fostered new relationships with distant peoples.
Dreamtime
A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans lived in a vibration or echo of ancestral happenings.
hoplite
A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply & to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.
Napolean Bonaparte
A highly successful French general in the French Revolution that spread French boundaries far, creating a huge empire. He came to power and held a dictatorship.
pastoral society
A human society that relies on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; pastoral nomads led their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location.
pharaoh
A king of Egypt. The term literally means "the palace" and only came into use in the New Kingdom, but is generally employed in reference to all ancient Egyptian rulers.
Cultural Revolution
A massive campaign launched by Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed reached into even the highest ranks of the Communist Party; the campaign threw China into chaos.
"civilizing mission"
A mission of Europeans to bring Christianity, good government, work discipline, production for the market, education, clothing, and health care to the "inferior" and "uncivilized" countries
Kievan Rus
A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine
Catholic-Counter Reformation
A movement that the Roman Catholic Church put into order to counter the Protestant Reformation. This movement clarified the unique doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church, put emphasis on the education of priests; Society of Jesuits evolved.
kaozheng
A notion of "researched based evidence" that occurred in China as a foil to Neo-Confucian orthodoxy
Hyskos (pron. HICK-sose)
A pastoral group of unknown ethnicity that invaded Egypt and ruled in the north from 1650 to 1535 B.C.E. Their dominance was based on their use of horses, chariots, and bronze technology.
Labour Party
A political party in Britain that fought for the values of the working class. They encouraged socialism to end the harsh conditions felt by the workers.
Caesaropapism
A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment as it was in the Byzantine Empire.
Brotherhood of the Tomol
A prestigious craft guild that monopolized the building and ownership of large oceangoing canoes, or tomols, among the Chumash people (located in what is now Southern California).
rise of the state
A process of centralization that took place during the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership.
Athenian democracy
A radical form of direct democracy in which the free male population of Athens had the franchise & office holders were chosen by lot.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
jizya
A special tax that non-Muslims("people of the book"), that were under Muslim control, had to pay in substitution for not enrolling in the Muslim military and not converting to Islam
Swahili Civilization
A system of CITY-STATES along the East African coast. The commercial life of the Indian Ocean Trading Network along with the rise of Islam stimulated this civilization's growth. Each city-state was highly commercialized, independently governed, in sharp competition, and lacking an imperial system (think Greek).
Iroquois
A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK
Hinduism
A world derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.
Arabic" Numerals
A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today.
Decembrist revolt
Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825.
great goddess
According to one theory, a dominant deity of the Paleolithic era.
Stateless societies
African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states
India's Partition
After independence was achieved India separated into a Hindu India, West Pakistan (modern day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (modern day Bangladesh). In this process 1 million or more died, 12 million became refugees, and Ghandi was assassinated
Patriarchy in China
After the collapse of the Han Dynasty Confucianism was discredited which gave women in China a little more freedom.
Jurchen
After the collapse of the Han and Tang dynasties these people established states in Northern China and demanded "tribute" from the Song Dynasty.
plantation complex
Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America
Medina
Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hirja)
Agricultural revolution
Also known as the Neolithic Revolution, this is the transformation of human (and world) existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals.
Secret societies
Alternative to formal government in Africa; controlled customs and beliefs and limited the authority of rulers; cut across lineage divisions, settled village disputes
age-set
Among the Masai, a group of boys united by a common initiation ceremony, who then moved together though the various ranks of Masai life.
Hittites
An Indo-European civilization established in Anatolia in the eighteenth century B.C.E.
Minoan civilization
An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 B.C.E.
Sanxingdui (pron. sahnshing-dwee)
An ancient city of China that developed independently from the Shang dynasty.
Silk Road
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.
Spanish Philippines
An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless effort at evangelization; that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them after their king.
mercantilism
An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.
Gupta Empire
An empire of India (320-550 CE)
Indonesia
An enormous southeast Asian state made up of an archipelago of over 13,000 islands, 6,000 of which are inhabited, the most populous being Java. The state is composed of many different ethnic and language groups, and is of questionable unity. The fourth largest state in the world with a population of about 200 million. occupied by japan in world war 2 GDP is about $200 billion in U.S. dollars, slightly less than $1,000 per capita. Principal economic products are oil, gas, coffee, rubber, pepper, textiles, coal, and increasingly manufactured goods. Indonesia gained its independence in 1945 after many years of colonization by the Dutch
Hatshepsut
Ancient Egypt's most famous queen; reigned 1472-1457 B.C.E.
Pericles
Athen's leading political figure who married Aspasia unofficially. He treated her like an equal.
al-Ghazali
Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qu'ranic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama
al-Ghazali
Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur in south Africa around 1900; manipulated political situation in South Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer republics; encouraged Boer War as means of destroying Boer independence
China, 1911
By 1911, the Qing dynasty had collapsed from strong Western pressures and modernization actions that occured too late. The fall of the Qing was also helped along by organized revolutionaries.
Justinian
Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code
Buenos Aires
Capital of Argentina
treaty ports
Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.
Crimean War
Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Penninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.
Ali
Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a
Fidel Castro
Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976. Made Cuba the FIRST communist state in the Western Hemisphere
Edict of Nantes
Declaration by Henry IV to grant religious tolerance to the Protestants/Hugenots
megafaunal extinction
Dying out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels, that occurred around 11,000-10,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or the changing climate of the area.
Han Dynasty
Dynasty the followed the Qin from 206BCE-220 CE that adopted the moralistic Confucianism. Became too big and too expansive without any major technological breakthrough. Rivalry among the classes created instability and the dynasty was brought to an end by the Yellow Turban Rebellion
Zanzibar
East African island that became international slave-trading center in the 1700s
Gupta Empire
Empire from 320-550 CE like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. Founded by Chandra Gupta, it controlled through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture
Mauryan Empire
Empire from 326-184 BCE that was created by the Aryans had much Persian and Greek influence and a large scale political system. The empire was based on military force and civilian bureaucracy. This empire broke apart after the death of the emperor Ashoka.
Persian Empire
Empire from 500 BCE in the Iranian plateau, with an imperial system inspired by Babylonian and Assyrian societies that was immensely diverse and there was much toleration for foreign cultures. kings/monarchs were appointed by the will of the god Ahura Mazda (similar to Chinese Mandate of Heaven). Much monarchy/gov. authority present in the empire. There was standardized coinage, predictable taxes, and amazing commerce/communication. This empire was extremely elaborate with decorations and the kings lived a luxurious life. This empire was also the superpower until being shockingly taken down by the militarily "inferior" Greeks.
Roman Empire
Empire that went from rags-to-riches and began on the West side of Italy in the 18th century BCE and spread outward to become one of the greatest empires of all time. With victory in the Punic Wars and victory over Carthage (Virgil's Aeneid) these people's control was extended past the Italian peninsula grazing Africa and eventually onwards by MUCH CONQUEST. Arguably had the greatest military of all time. First this area was known as a Republic b/c of a Senate and consuls along with an emperor, but after a brutal civil war in 1st century BCE power was invested primarily in an emperor, 1st of whom was Caesar Augustus. The empire eventually became to massive and split in two creating Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine (Eastern) Empire. Both sides became a massive outflow for Christianity.
Newton
English mathematician and physicist
Sir Isaac Newton
English mathematician and physicist that formulated law of inertia and motion, and invented calculus.
building socialism
Euphemistic expression for the often-forcible transformation of society when a communist regime came to power in a state.,
Democratic Socialism
Europe's response to the Great Depression; regulation of the economy and more equal distribution of wealth through peaceful means and electoral politics.
Liu Bang
First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.
Cyrus
Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.
Voltaire
French writer and major Enlightenment thinker; Deist; idolized China
blitzkrieg
German WWII tactic based on rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and air power over large areas
Karl Marx
German by birth, lived and raised in England. Philosopher who believed eventually that there would be a world-wide reform that would end all social conflicts. Developed Marxism.
Nazi Party
German expression of facism that was headed by Hitler
Herodotus
Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-425 B.C.E). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East & West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.
Progressives
Groups that sought to improve the lives of the industrial workers.
madrassas
Higher schools of Muslim education that taught law, the Quran, religious sciences, and the regular sciences
Vaishyas
Hindu caste of cultivators, artisans, and merchants.
Artha
Hindu concept for the pursuit of economic well-being and honest prosperity
Hinduvata
Hindu fundamentalist movement in the 1980s that represented political organization of religion within a democratic context
Bhaktic cults
Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu
Varna
Hindu idea that society was forever divided into four main classes by the god Purusha
Jati
Hindu idea that within the varna there are thousands of occupationally based "sub-castes"
Jihad
Holy wars launched to spread Muslim faith
Legalism
In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.
oracle bones
In Chinese civilization, animal bones that were heated and the cracks then interpreted as prophecies. The prophecies were written on the bone and provide our earliest writing sources for Ancient China.
moksha
In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.
karma
In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action & fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.
shogun
In Japan, a supreme military commander
Hinayana
In Mahayana buddhist terminology, the label "lesser vehicle," given to the orthodox southern tradition now represented by the Theravada
mulattoes
In colonial Latin America, Spanish/African who were denied basic political, economic, and social rights due to their mixed heritage.
shaman
In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a bridge between living humans and supernatural forces, often by trances induced by psychoactive drugs.
Janissaries
Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the 15th century until the corps was abolished in 1826
Wang Yangming
Influential Chinese thinker of the Ming Dynasty that argued "truth and moral knowledge innate to the human". His ideas undermined the Ming Dynasty and led to the Manchurian takeover. His ideas were similar to that of the Martin Luther's.
White Huns
Invaders who weakened the empire of the Guptas.
Safavid Empire
Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
World War II in Asia
Japan established a puppet state in Manchuria called Manchukuo. Japan left the League of Nations after the European countries were angered. The Pearl Harbor bombing in 1941 forced the United States into the war, and the war was ended with two atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Tokugawa shogunate
Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas
Yellow Turban Uprising
Large revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty
Latin American export boom
Latin America exported many of their goods to Europe and the United States, which was how they played a key point in the US and European Industrial Revolutions.
Deng Xiaoping
Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements of the Chinese economy.
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
Leader of the Shiites; called for the removal of the shah in Iran; exercised dominant power over Iran in 1979; created the Islamic Republic; enforced Islamization; de-emancipation of women; sought to transport his Islamic message everywhere; strongly anti-American platform, caused the invasion of the American embassy and held it hostage (Argo)
Nikita Khrushchev
Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse.
Shaykhs
Leaders of Bedouin tribes and clans; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children
Borobudur
Located in the Sailendra kingdom in central Java. This monument is the most famous Hindu/Buddhist monument that ISN'T IN INDIA. It is the largest (in size) Buddhist monument in the world. This monument shows how trade culturally bounded religions in new places.
Ottoman Empire
Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, Near East, and much of North Africa and their many diverse peoples.
Sultanate of Delhi
Major Turkic Muslim state established in northern India in 1206.
Safavid Empire
Major Turkic empire of Persia founded in the early 16th century, notable for it's efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam.
Russian Revolution
Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership.
Abolitionists
Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. They pressured to end british transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in colonies in 1834. One of the factors leading to the US civil war.
Crusades
Modern term meaning "ventures of the cross", used to describe the "holy wars" waged by the Roman Catholic Church from 1095 until the end of the Middle Ages; these "holy wars" could only be declared by the pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving indulgence in return.
Yuan Dynasty
Mongol dynasty that ruled China from 1271-1368; its name means "great beginnings"
pyramid
Monumental tomb for an Egyptian pharaoh; mostly built during the Old Kingdom (2663-2195 B.C.E.). Pyramids are also found in Meroë to the south of Egypt.
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
Saladin
Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam
Hajj
Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon overthrew the French Directory and became emperor of France. He established an empire that encompassed almost all of Europe, and his empire fell at the Battle of Waterloo. This defeat resulted in his exile.
soft gold
Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it.
Masai
Nomadic cattle-keeping people of what is now Kenya and Tanzania
Seljuk Turks
Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century (1050)
Bedouin
Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam
Xiongnu
Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese State.
Mawali
Non-Arab converts to Islam
Norte Chico/Caral
Norte Chico is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E. Caral was the largest of some 25 urban centers that emerged in the area at the time.
Five pillars
Obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj
Mirabai
One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), She helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition.
Abu Bakr
One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community;
Venus figurines
Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance.
Chumash culture
Paleolithic culture of Southern California that survived until the modern era.
Mound Builders
People that created earthen mounds that distinguished their culture. Mounds were found all over the US
Warring States period
Period of China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.
Copernicus
Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
Copernicus
Polish mathematician and astronomer that found out the Sun is in the middle of the solar system, not us.
plebians
Poorer, less-privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.
Malacca
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)
Timbuktu
Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and a university (another city of commercial exchange was Jenne)
Songhay Empire
Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu.
Benin
Powerful city state which came into contact with the Portugese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century; had a king
Muhammad
Prophet of Islam; born 570, died 632
Gao
Prosperous capital city of the kingdom of Songhai, had caravan trade routes.
Temujin/ Chinggis
Real name is temujin. Leader of Mongols.1206. Also named as Chinggis Khan., The Mongol leader who led the Mongols to take over the Chinese, Muslims, and some of the Europeans
Qur'an
Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam
Almohadis
Reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa
Tanzimat
Restructuring reforms by the 19th century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.
Armenian Genocide
Result of WWI when the Ottomans suspected the Armenians (people living in their empire that they already didn't like) collaborated with the Russians, so the Ottomans killed or deported 1 million people, on of the first "genocides"
Mansa Musa
Ruler of Mali (1,312-1,337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.
Charlemagne
Ruler of the Carolingian Empire who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe
Vikings
Scandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe in the late eighth to eleventh centuries; their more peaceful cousins also founded colonies, including Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland.
British Royal Society
Scientists in Britain that dedicated their experiments to finding the practical implication of science to the economy of the state.
Indian (Sepoy) Rebellion
Sepoy army were Indian soldiers joining East India company, many Indians opposed British Christian rule
Crusades
Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy
Indo-Europeans
Series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia.
Trung Sisters
Sisters; daughters to a Vietnamese political leader that launched an anti-Chinese rebellion. The sisters committed suicide when faced with having to surrender to the Chinese. They remained powerful symbols of resistance against Chinese culture.
Jericho
Site of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2,000 people in present-day Israel.
Mao Zedong
Son of a prosperous Chinese peasant family; the charismatic leader of the CCP; launched the Cultural Revolution; had a huge impact on China and how it operates today.
Sunni Ali
Songhai
Nubian Civilization
South of Egypt in the Nile Valley and subject to periodic military intervention from Egypt. Much diffusion of Egyptian culture in ____, but remained unique civilization that even conquered and ruled Egypt for about 100 years.
Standardized Coins
Standardized coins were a much more efficient way to trade goods.
Zakat
Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims
Brahman
The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.
Mahgrib
The Arabic word for western north Africa
Serbia
The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s.
Muhammad
The Prophet of Islam (570-632 CE)
salinization
The buildup of minerals in soil, decreasing its fertility; can be caused by long term irrigation.
Persepolis
The capital & greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.
Cuzco
The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru
Hangzhou
The capitol city in the rule of the Song dynasty that was home to more than 1 million and had many specialized markets.
Russian Revolution of 1917
The catalyst for this revolution was the immense pressures on the Romanov dynasty from WWI. From the peoples demands Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne and opened the door to massive social upheaval; the Provisional Government took over in an effort to restore order, but didn't do a good job, so later Lenin and Bolsheviks took power and renamed the country the USSR.
indus river
The earliest Indian civilization, dating back to 2500bc, began in the valley of this river in the northwestern part of the subcontinent of south Asia
Vedas
The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.
Clovis culture
The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point.
dependent development
The economy of Latin America became solely dependent on the buying of Latin American goods by the United States and Europe. Western investment and prosperity was the main way Latin America's economy grew.
Nirvana
The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity & great compassion.
Saint Paul
The first great popularize of Christianity (10-65 C.E.)
Pillars of Islam
The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible)
Pillars of Islam
The five core practices required of Muslims; a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible).
Confucius (Kong Fuzi)
The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.
Varna
The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.
Provisional Government
The government established in 1917 which replaced Nicholas II when he abdicated. The only mistake of this government was not getting Russia out of the brutal World War I; later to be replaced by Lenin and the Bolsheviks
diffusion
The gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement.
Prince Vladimir of Kiev
The grand prince of Kiev that searched for a unifying faith to bring home and finally chose and converted to Eastern Orthodoxy.
Darius
The great king of Persia. He was able to become a king after a year of a civil war following the death of someone. He is responsible for the expansion of Persia. He made a province in western India and expanded Persia as far north as Macedonia
Caesar Augustus
The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)
Uruk
The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia
Judaism
The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh/YHWH) with concerns with social justice.
Marco Polo
The most famous European traveler of the Middle Ages (1254-1324), whose travel account of his time in China was widely popular in Europe
Akbar
The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire; his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion (for Hindus)
Epic of Gilgamesh
The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.
Ashoka
The most famous ruler of the Mauryan empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.
Quran
The most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad
Haitian Revolution
The only successful slave revolt in world history. The Haitian slaves, led by Toussaint Louverture, took advantage of an opportunity to start a violent revolt. All of the social classes in Haiti were involved, but for their own personal reasons.
Dao
The proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the mandate of heaven.
Jesus of Nazareth
The prophet/god of Christianity (ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.).
reglobalization
The quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great Depression and moving beyond them.
Chinese Revolution
The revolution in China that put the Goumindang government against the CCP. A revolution that lasted for 28 years and got its support base from the peasants. Eventually the CCP won and made China a communist country in 1949.
extraterritoriality
The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.
Avesta
The sacred text of Zoroastrianism, which includes the very old hymns known as the Gathas, along with more recent material.
african diaspora
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere. ; spreadof African people and culture around the world
Triple Alliance
The side of Germany, Austria, and Italy in World War I that had allies in The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Bantu migration
The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started ca. 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia.
steam engine
The steam engine allowed for factories to be built anywhere. Improved by James Watt, it could be used anywhere and could run on coal power. The steam engine was a focal point in the Industrial Revolution.
Confucianism
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
domestication
The taming and changing of nature for the benefit of humankind.
Treaty of Nanking
The treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain.
devshirme
The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.
Mesopotamia
The valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present day Iraq.
Concordet
Thinker that developed the "Idea of Progress" that was the unending perfectionability of humankind.
al-Madhi
Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve the problem of succession
"triangular diplomacy"
This allowed the US to sign arms control agreements with the USSR and open a foreign relationship with China in the 1970s. Huge advantage to the US; allowed a sort of "pitting" the communist powers against each other.
Congo Free State
This state is infamous for the cruelties that were accompanied with forced labor in this area; personally governed by Leopold II of Belgium; if laborers were short on their quota of anything (most commonly wild rubber) they were tortured, shot, or killed. This news was widely publicized -> scandal -> end of the reign of Leopold II
Chinese Buddhism
This was China's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the 20th. First supported by the state, but then persecuted in the 9th but continued to play a role in Chinese society. Took hold in the Mahayana form.
Punic Wars
Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 & 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.
Turks
Turkic speakers from Central Asia, originally nomads, who spread westward into the Near East and into India; they created a series of nomadic empires between 552 and 965 CE but had a more lasting impact on world history when they became dominant in the Islamic heartland and founded a series of states and empires there.
Greco-Persian Wars
Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on land & sea.
Moksha
Union with Brahman, the end of illusory perception of separate existence; belief of Hinduism
José Antonio Pàez
Venezuelan solider who led Símon Bolivars cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. Unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of Bolivars government in distant Bogotá, he declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia in 1829.
Battle of the River Zab
Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital
Ridda Wars
Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam
Tribute System
Was a system that honored the "superiority" of China over the rest of the world. It allowed the non-Chinese authorities to acknowledge China as superior. The foreigners would send a delegation to the emperor to perform the ritual kowtow and present their offering of tribute. The delegation would then be able to trade with China and would receive "bestowals" from the emperor that were usually much greater in value than what was given as tribute.
patricians
Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.
foreign direct investment
When companies of rich countries (like the US) seek to take advantage of cheap labor in the developing world (Africa)
Jesus of Nazareth
Young Jewish peasant in the province of Judaea, in Roman Empire, who had an intense devotion to God whom he called Abba (father). He had a 3 year life in the public spreading the message of Christianity and performed many "miracles". He was crucified by the Roman Empire, who's official religion was that of Roman Mythology, for spreading Christianity.
Magi
Zoroastrian priests that transmitted Zoroastrian teachings orally, and then in a holy book known as the Avesta. They also made it possible for Zarathustra's compositions to survive, because of their special diligence through oral transmission.
Benin
a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s
Judaism
a monotheistic religion centered on the god Yahweh and the Hebrew people that became known as Jews
mestizo
a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)
liberal
a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties
Conscription
a policy where individuals are forced by law to enlist in the army
Siberia
a region of central and eastern Russia, stretching from the Ural mountains to the pacific ocean, known for its mineral resources and for being a place of political exile
Protestant Reformation
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Ancestor Worship
a religious practice based on the belief that deceased family members have a continued existence, take an interest in the affairs of the world, and possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living
Caste
a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth
Iran
a theocratic islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia
Period of the Warring States
a time when the China was in constant war between its city states, occurring right after the fall Zhou dynasty and not ending until the formation of the Qin dynasty
pastorialism
a type of agriculture activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. first economic system to domesticate animals; remained semi-nomadic due to herding needs
globalization
accelerating engagement among distant peoples (mainly referred to in economic terms) that seemed almost natural, inevitable, and unstoppable
Benin Dahomey
african communities in which african authorities sought to manage the slave trade in their own interest, take advantage of new commercial opportunities/ dahomey: govt soon depended on slave trade
Cash-Crop Agriculture vs Subsistence Cultivation
agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves. The increase in this that colonialism caused led to economic booms in African nations, but also led to problems in human resources and changes for women
African National Congress
association of educated professionals of the middle class with a goal to work in the political frame of the Afrikaner government through non-violent protests. Eventually this association was being punished so they moved towards independence.
Devshirme
collecting or gathering. 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Balkan Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries or civil administration.They were required to learn turkish, usually converted to islam.
settler colonies
colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.
soviets
councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers in Russia.
Punjab
definition: area between Indus and Ganges river significance: where the Aryan's first conquered
Venus Figurines
depiction of the female form with enlarged breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs; carved from stone, antlers, mammoth tusks, or baked clay. Many exist, first uncovered in 2008 in Germany
patricians
dominate/rich class of the Roman Empire
El Niño
dramatic changes in weather patterns caused by periodic warming of the Pacific Ocean. Happens about every nine years
Seleucids
dynasty founded by Selucus and governed by rulers of Asia Minor from 312-64 BC, it est. 70 colonies throughout the near east
Islamic Renewal
effort among the growing number of Muslims to create a new religious/political order centered on understanding Islam that gained strength in the 1970s
Black Consciousness Movement
effort in South Africa to foster pride, awareness and political unity among the black population
Ceremonial Regalia
elaborate burial pieces (used most commonly in American civilizations)
Shia Islam
emphasizes the lineage of Muhammad through his son in law Ali and places great spiritual importance on the imams. This is the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam.
Tanzimat
far reaching Ottoman reformist measures that began a long process of Westernization and modernization. Put a secular influence on schools. This represented a dramatic change that challenged the fundamental Islamic character of the state
daimyo
feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors
Xiao
filial piety, the virtue of reverence and respect for family (CONFUCIANISM)
An Lushan
foreign-born general who led a major revolt against the Tang Dynasty in 755-763 CE
trading post empire
form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.
Progressives
form of socialism in the US that wasn't radical and pushed for specific terms
madrassas
formal Islamic colleges that offered in depth instruction on the Quran
Legalism
harsh and practical Chinese philosophical system of rules and laws that were clearly spelled out and strictly enforced by the Chinese government. Followers usually had a pessimistic view of human nature.
Korea
heavily influenced by Chinese culture, Confucian and Buddhist ideas and the Chinese style of government, enjoyed semi-independence until the Mongols took over by force in the 1200s
horticulture
hoe-based agriculture, typical of early agrarian societies.
Filial Piety
honoring of ancestors; essential to Confucianism
Revolutionary Right (Japan)
idea popular by young officers, it was the idea that Japan should be led by an exalted emperor dedicated to foreign expansion. Revolutionary Right was anti- parliamentary democracy and pro nationalism.
Confucianism
ideas of Confucius which were unequal relationships where the superiors set the moral example. It was secular and the ideas were reformist and revolutionary. These ideas were transformed into Chinese philosophy that is still practiced today, but modestly.
Dharma
in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste
Atman
individual soul; belief of Hinduism
middle-class values
liberals, thrift and hard work, rigid morality, cleanliness, "respectability", good spirit.
conscription
military service and drafts
self-strengthening movement
movement by China made to modernize and industrialize to prevent further influence by Western powers.
White Huns
nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration
Xia Dynasty
not recorded, possibly imaginary Chinese dynasty
Hittites
pastoral peoples based in Anatolia who drove chariots and overran the Babylonian empire of Mesopotamia in 1595 BCE
humus
rapid decomposition of vegetable matter due to temperatures close to the equator
Samsara
re-birth/reincarnation; belief of Hinduism
rise of the state
recognition that the complexity of life in cities or densely populated territories required some authority led to the ____ __ __ ____.
Stupas
religious buildings that originally housed Buddha relics. Stupas developed into familiar Buddhist architecture
guano
rich bird droppings that fertilized Moche crops
Kushan Empire
ruled central asia to northern india, important in spreading budhism to chinese, took control of the trade route that connected india
Prince Vladimir of Kiev
ruler of Russia from 980-1015 that chose his country to embrace Greek Orthodoxy as their religion, which strengthened their ties with the Byzantine empire
Mahayana
sect of Buddhism that believed that the Buddha WAS DIVINE, help was available, it was a religion of salvation. Known as "The Wheel"
Theravada
sect of Buddhism that believed that the Buddha was wise, NOT DIVINE. More of a self-help and psychological/philosophical thing than religious
City-States
self-governing cities and their surrounding areas, as in ancient Greece
Pastoral Societies
societies that were very mobile. They moved seasonally as they followed the changing patterns of vegetation necessary as pasture for their animals. Large animals were essential to these societies
Diviners
sooth-slayers; skilled people at penetrating the supernatural world using dreams, charms, and trances.
Greco-Persian Wars
start: Persians invade and gain control of Ionia (where the Greeks had many settlements). The Ionians revolt with the help from Athenians. then: Greeks and Ionians defeat the Persians which causes the Persians to become extremely upset. In an effort to punish the Greeks the Persians launched two different military campaigns in ten years (490, 480 BCE) and Greece won those too, which was super embarrassing for the Persians
ziggurat
stepped pyramid topped with a temple
Indian Cotton Textiles
stimulus of this textile industry was motivation for the British to create their own. These are _____ Cotton Textiles
"The Gift of the Nile"
sustainable agricultural system through irrigation from the regulated natural flow of the Nile to flood crops in a beneficial way.
Chinese Script
symbols or characters representing an object
cultivation system
system of agriculture when the peasants cultivated 20% or more of land in cash crops to meet their tax obligation to the state. Crops were sold to government contractors at fixed low prices
jizya
tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion; encouraged convertion to muslim
silver drain
term often used, along with "specie drain" to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually the bulk of the world's Ag supply made its way to China
pax Romana
the era of imperial Rome's greatest extent and authority known as the Roman peace
social Darwinism
the ideas of Charles Darwin's "survival of the fittest" were applied to human relations. This was used as the support for imperialism and expanding European countries.
shudra
the lowest of the four classes of the caste system, made up of servants and laborers
Ritual Impurity
the mixing of classes in the caste system that would for example have a high-caste person coming into contact with an untouchable leaving them in danger of being ritually unclean.
Quran
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
silver drain
the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the east, a prices exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China.
Abbsid caliphate
the third of the Islamic caliphates. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate from all but the al-Andalus region.
samurai
the warrior elite of medieval Japan
proletariat
the working class, or workers that do manual labor for pay. Karl Marx belived that free market enterprise would polarize the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Castration
to render by threatening a person's masculinity or femininity; to deprive of strength, power or efficiency
Macoa
trading posts that the Mongols let the Portuguese have near Canton
Chiefdoms
village societies came to be organized politically as ______, inherited positions of power and privilege which introduced a more distinct element of inequality. Chiefs collected "taxes" to redistribute among the loyalties and kept some to maintain highest status.
Scramble for Africa
want of African land to establish power that pitted European powers against one another. Very fast process: 25 years of village-by-village conquest that inspired colonial rule and shaped modern Africa.
St. Petersberg
warm water port on the Baltic Sea, founded by Peter the great
National Assembly
what had previously been the 3rd "estate" in the Estates General transformed itself into this claiming the sole authority to make laws for the country. They drew up the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" that launched the French Revolution.
apartheid
white attempt creating an industrializing economy based on cheap African labor, while limiting social and political integration.
Vedas
widely recorded sacred texts of Hinduism that was compiled by Brahmins
Political Vacuum
• When there is no leadership, there's space for people to take power, sometimes leads to civil war, people fighting each other, NOT GOOD!
Hebrews
A smaller early civilization whose development of a monotheistic faith that provided the foundation of modern Judaism, Christianity, and Islam assured them a significant place in world history.
Mahayana
"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.
settler colonies
Colonies, such as those in South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.
cradle of civilization
Commonly used term for southern Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq).
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of North Vietnam; he and his Viet Minh/Viet Cong allies fought French and American forces to a standstill in Vietnam, 1946-1973. Considered a nationalist by many, others viewed him as an agent of the Soviet Union and China.
Umma
Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity
Analects
Compiled by Confucius's disciples in 400sBC; basic ideas like ren(benevolence) and (li) proper conduct; one of "Four Books" used to train ancient Chinese civil servants
Jizya
Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories
Anatolia
The peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas that is now occupied by most of Turkey; also called Asia Minor
Anatolia
The peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas that is now occupied by most of Turkey; also called Asia Minor; forms the Asian part of Turkey
NATO
Political and military alliance with the US and Europe that stated that they will be allied against the Soviet Union. Also solidified West Germany's alliance with the Europeans.
Shi'a
Political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali
Sunnis
Political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali
Personalist leaders
Political leaders who rely in charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitution and laws. 19th century examples include José Antonio Pàez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. 20th century examples include Getulio Vargas of Brazil and Juan Perón of Argintenia
Byzantine Empire
Refers to the surviving Eastern half of the Roman Empire. Roman Emperor Constantine founded the capitol Constantinople, and came to house Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Kievan Rus
State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century CE; a culturally diverse region that included the Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir to Orthodox Christianity in 988 CE was long term for Russia.
Hangul
The phonetic alphabet established in Korea that took hold over time. It created greater independence from China.
hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca enjoined on every Muslim who is able to make the journey; on of the Five Pillars of Islam
Damascus
Syrian city that the Umayyads changed the capital to, formerly Mecca
caesaropapism
System in which the temporal ruler extends his own power to ecclesiastical and theological matters. Such emperors appointed bishops and the Eastern Patriarch, directed the development of liturgical practices, and even aided the recruitment of monks.
system of competing states
The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th CE in which the existence of many small, independent states encourage military and economic competition.
Paleolithic "settling down"
The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved towards permanent settling down in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods as well as growing inequalities in society.
intensification
The process of getting more in return for less; for example, growing more food on a smaller plot of land.
White Revolution
The term used by the shah to describe reforms in Iran between the end of World War II and the downfall of his regime in 1979.
Underdevelopment
The condition experienced by economies that depend on colonial forms of production such as the export if raw. materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The constitution created by the National Assembly that guaranteed equality and rights for all citizens of France.
Buddhism
The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.
Ghana
The first West African kingdom that was extremely wealthy due to the profits from the gold and salt trade. It was politically organized as a monarchy.
Socrates
The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.)
Columbian Exchange
The massive trans-Atlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.
Indian Ocean commercial network
The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.
Tenochtitlán
The metropolitan capitol of the Aztec Empire, with a population of 150,000-200,000 people.
Jesuits in China
missionaries from Europe that tried to convert the Chinese to Roman Catholicism and took advantage of China's interest in technology to convert them
Zoroastrianism
monotheistic Persian religion. Main god = Ahura Mazda and Evil = Angra Mainyu. Highly influential for Christianity
fascism
political ideology in Europe that stressed nationalism of a state. Fascism was a direct enemy to communism. Fascism thought violence as acceptable to end all thoughts of anti-fascism. Individuality was condemned during a fascist regime.
Tanzimat
reformers that attempted to remove power from the religious leaders and scholars and improve the military and bureaucracy.
Young Turks
reformers that responded to the sultan's change for despotic rule. Advocated for a militantly secular public life, and an empire centered on Turkic nationalism.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
ruler of the Turkey (Ottoman Empire) after World War II who sought to transform the country into a modern, secular national state. Launched modernization attempts that excluded Islam from public life and removed Islam from direct political control; emancipation of women; "cultural revolution" lasted until his death.
Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
ruler that wanted to reform the Ottoman government with a constitution and an elected parliament, however had to restore despotic rule due to a war with Russia.
Commodore Perry
sailor sent from the US to Japan (1853) to get more ports open to foreign traders, and demand humane treatment of castaways and the right of vessels to refuel on Japanese territory
Energy Crisis
scarce amounts of wood and charcoal -> rising prices -> Industrial Revolution
iconoclasm
the destruction of holy images
Zhou Dynasty
the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BCE; established the Mandate of Heaven, the rise of Confucianism
patriarchy
the institutions and values of male dominance that developed along with the growth of agricultural societies.
Nikita Khrushchev
the leader/dictator of the USSR; successor to Stalin; famous for publicly criticizing Stalin for his wrong-doings after his death, starting the Cuban Missile Crisis, and invading Hungary and Czechoslovakia; heavy influence on the downfall of communism
Bantu Migration
the migrations of peoples speaking to one another in one of the the 400 ____ languages. Beginning in southern Nigeria or Cameroon around 3,000 BCE these people moved East and South taking agricultural beliefs and ways with them forcing them on others along the way. These people also absorbed, killed, or drove away Paleolithic peoples.
Bantu Expansion
the most significant development of the classical era that generated some 400 distinct but related languages. The movement was not conquest or expansion, but generated cross-cultural encounters as these people moved below the equator into the southern parts of Africa.
Zarathustra
the mythical founder of chief prophet of the Ancient Persian religion known as Zoroastrianism, which influenced Jewish and later Christian belief
"human revolution"
The term used to describe the transition of humans from acting out of biological imperative to dependence on learned or invented ways of living (culture).
Ionia
The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main borne of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.
Roman Catholic Christianity
Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy with major brake in 1054 (Great Schism). The pope was the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine.
Young Ottomans
Western-educated intellectuals that favored a European-style of government, which they felt was the only way to end the "backwardness." They experienced a short victory with a constitution and a parliament that ended due to a war with Russia.
Paleolithic Rock art
While this art can refer to the art of any gathering and hunting society, it is typically used to describe the hundreds of Paleolithic paintings discovered in Spain and France and dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings usually depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found. The purpose of this art is also debated..
Megafaunal Extinction
With the Last Ice Age thousands of plants were wiped out
Zhenotdel
Women's Department of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union form 1919 to 1930; worked strongly to promote equality for women.
Woodrow Wilson/ Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points were welcomed in Europe because they brought a new international society and government based on morals.
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's post-WWI peace plan; points included self-determination, establishment of league of Nations, and no indemnities. Each of the points were designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The only point which remained was the 14th (League of Nations).
Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Written by Mary Wollstonecraft, it symbolized many of the freedoms and rights that women were fighting for at this time.
Peloponnesian War
Great war between Athens (& allies) and Sparta (& allies), lasting from 431-404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athen's Golden Age.
Steam Powered Engine
Greatest technological breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution; coal-fired, produced seemingly limitless source of power, used to drive locomotives, oceangoing ships, and machinery.
Teosinte
a grass from which modern corn/maize subsequently developed in a process of adaptation and "genetic engineering" over thousands of years.
Wang Mang
a high court official of the Han Dynasty who usurped the emperor in 8th CE and launched reforms to redistribute wealth among the empire that eventually led to his assassination in 23 CE
abolitionist movement
Because the Industrial Revolution allowed countries to establish a strong economy without slavery, abolitionist movements were started. This, along with slavery being deemed wrong, allowed slaves to be freed in many countries during the 1800s.
Twelve Tables
Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the patricians/Roman Republic to protect individual following demands by plebeians.
Kaaba
Great stone shrine in Mecca that was a major pilgrimage center for worshippers of many different deities before it was reconsecrated to monotheistic use by Muhammad
Sparta
Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on MILITARY, used slaves for agriculture, usually in competition with Athens.
Soweto
Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa, and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid.
Creation of Israel
In 1947, a United Nations resolution proposed that the Palestine Mandate should be divided into a Jewish state and an Arab state - The Jews then proclaimed the state of Israel on May 14, 1948
United Nations
an outcome of WWII; established in 1945, a forum of international opinion as a means of solving major conflicts in the post war world; effective
"Epic of Gilgamesh"
ancient Mesopotamian epic poem that is one of the EARLIEST forms of literature.
Iron Curtain
fortified boarder between the Eastern, communist countries and the Western, non-communist countries
Buddhism
founded by Siddartha Gautama and is a simplified more accessible version of Hinduism because of it's MANY Hindu influences (ordinary life is an illusion, karma, meditation, ect.). It is a religion of self-effort that challenged the inequalities of the Hindu caste system.
Marshall Plan
plan made by Americans to give financial aid to Western Europe. It also required the countries involved in the plan to cooperate together. The plan worked very well, and brought the European countries to a better financial state.
Monsoons
seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons
Alexander of Macedonia
-son of Philip II -received military training in Macedonian army -student of Aristotle -great leader -conquered land in Pakistan, Iran, and India -Hellenistic: imitating Greek culture -loved and spread Greek culture (HELLENISTIC ERA/GREECE)
Emperor Wendi
..., a Chinese general, who secured his Emperor position by killing 59 princes of the Zhou royal house, and founded the Sui Dynasty. Presented himself as a Buddhist Cakravartin King, that is, a monarch who uses military force to defend the Buddhist faith.As a Buddhist, he encouraged the spread of Buddhism through the state.
Bhagavad Gita
the affirmation that ordinary people could spiritually progress by performing ordinary duties, Buddhist text
Macedonia
the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria
Latin American Export Boom
the boom in goods that increased the value of Latin American goods sold abroad
Chavín
(900-250 BCE) Village in the Andean highlands situated on trade routes with elaborate temples and monuments. Little is known about their rituals/beliefs and major deities were represented as jungle animals. There were clear distinctions between classes. The style of these people were highly imitated and became a widespread religious cult.
Mahmud of Ghazni
(971-1030) Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression
European Enlightenment
18th century philosophical movement that proposed individual self-interest
most-favored-nation-state
A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories.
Patriarchy in Athens
Women experience growing limitations in Athens. They were associated with instinct and passion which meant that they lacked rationality required to take part in public life. There was a radical segregation of male and female space.
Patriarchy in Sparta
Women in Sparta that had a militaristic and far-from-democratic system of government were actually offered more freedom and fewer restrictions than their Athenian counterpart. The central task was reproduction but their education was prescribed by the state and they were not secluded or segregated from men.
Russian Revolution of 1905
The Revolution in Russia that forced the tsar to make substantial reforms, legalize trade unions and political reforms, and permitted Duma (election of a national assembly). Ultimately the tsar's reforms failed which led to the Revolution of 1917
Greek Slaves
Majority were captured P.O.Ws, criminals, or born into slavery. They had to provide domestic and sexual services. Wealthy ____ could own 100s or 1000s of slaves. Slaves were freed often but did NOT RECEIVE CITIZENSHIP. These were ____ slaves.
Roman Slaves
Majority were captured P.O.Ws, criminals, or born into slavery. They had to provide domestic and sexual services. Wealthy ____ could own many 100s or 1000s of slaves. It was considered good to have slaves. Could take on any job except a military job. Lacked ALL rights of the law. When freed -which was RARE- granted citizenship. These were ____ slaves.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Man that took power in the Soviet Union in 1985 and launched reform programs of perestrokia and glasnost. Nothing worked out as he had anticipated, so he and his reforms became instrumental to the fall of communism in Russia.
Griots
Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire
Wang Yangmin
Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection without the extensive education of traditional Confuciansim
French Revolution
The Third Estate broke off from the Estates General, which sparked the French Revolution. The people were fighting for the same natural rights that had been fought for in America, yet the French Revolution ended in a absolute rule by Napoleon.
Slavophiles
Russian intellectuals in the early 19th century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic people.
Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953); 5-year plan,
Egyptian Civilization
formed by 3000 BCE along the Nile River in Northeastern Africa; highly protected by geographical layout; influenced by Mesopotamia's trade and technology; famous for pharaohs and pyramids and took shape as a unified territorial state.
soft Gold
nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it.
British lower middle-class
represented about 20% of Industrial Britain's population.
Industrial Revolution
response to the energy crisis where fossil fuels replaced earlier forms of energy and led to the increased output of goods and services and industrial societies.
second-wave feminism
resurgence of patriarchal issues after WWII that highly differentiated between each culture, especially in the North/South gap
Austronesian Migrations
the last phase of great human migration that took place in the Pacific Ocean about 3,500 years ago. Happened very quickly and over a huge area and settled in every habitable piece of land in the Pacific basin within 2,500 years.
Peace of Westphalia
the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
"Indianization"
the penetration of Indian culture throughout mainland and island Southeast Asia
bushido
the strict code of behavior followed by samurai warriors in japan, traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living
cash-crop agriculture
the system of developing agricultural goods for the market
war of attrition
the tactic of war used when trying to wear down your enemy; used in WWI
Buddhism
the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
Satraps
under Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions
Qanat
underground canal used in water systems of ancient Persians
Bantu Peoples
These peoples displaced or eliminated gathering/hunting people peoples south of the equator. They claimed Batwa ancestry and adopted food crops, domesticated animals, and new grains. They spread both their iron-working technology and their common beliefs in ancestral/nature spirits that diffused widely in Africa.
cuneiform
Wedge shaped writing in the form of symbols incised into clay tablets; used in Mesopotamia from around 3100 B.C.E. to the beginning of the Common Era.
Brahman
World Soul, ultimate reality; belief of Hinduism
Spanish American War
War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines
World War I
War mainly fought in Europe between the Allied and Central Powers. Europe fell quickly into disarray after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Serbia. Germany brought the British into the war by invading Belgium.
informal empires
areas in the 19th century that were dominated by Western powers economically, but maintained their own governments.
collectivization
attempt at building socialism in the USSR and China; the process to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing. From private hands to large, collective, government operations.
Chinese Social Classes
1 - Elite 2 - Landlord 3 - Peasant 4 - Merchant
squatters
Africans that worked for new white landowners who had taken over the land that they previously owned
Ifriqiya
Arabic term for eastern north Africa
Ulama
Islamic religious scholars
Zhou dynasty (pron. joe)
Period of Chinese history from 1122 to 256 BCE
Four Noble Truths
1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path
Hindu Varnas
1) Brahmins - priests and teachers 2) Kshtrya - warriors, rulers 3) Vaisya - farmers, merchants, artisans 4) Sudra - laborers 5) "untouchables" - polluted laborer
Masai
1. A member of an African people inhabiting the highlands of Kenya and Tanzania and having a largely pastoral economy and a society based on the patrilineal clan. 2. Tthe Nilotic language of the Masai.
Uthman
3rd Caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdererd by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan
European Renaissance
A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, and growing secularism in society
Nestorians
A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions
Ganges River
A river of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal.
Austronesian
An Asian-language family, whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Pacific Islands, thanks to their mastery of agriculture.
Buddha
An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)
Anatolia
Ancient name of Asia Minor, part of the Byzantine Empire that was gradually overrun by the Turks and now is the Republic of Turkey. Islam was brought over by the Turks around 1000 CE, very VIOLENTLY(smashed and burned temples), but the Sufis created a Hindu-friendly version of Islam to create more converts. Only about 20-25% of the population converted
Ice Age
Any of a number of cold periods in the earth's history; the last Ice age was at its peak around 20,000 years ago.
Battle of Talas River
Arab victory over the Chinese in 751 CE that checked the Chinese expansion to the west and enabled the conversion of Central Asia to Islam.
Solon
Athenian statesman & lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.
Darius I
Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.
Justinian
Byzantine emperor noted for his short-lived reconquest of much of the former western Roman Empire
Hyskos
Chariot-driving, pastoral peoples that invaded Egypt and ruled it for more than 100 years which shattered the Egyptian sense of security and forced them to adopt a number of technologies. The ____ were then expelled from Egypt and went on to create their own empire in Nubia and in the Mediterranean.
"unequal treaties"
Documents that ended the Opium Wars and helped the British, but seriously eroded China's independence. These treaties allowed for the opening of 5 Chinese ports to foreign traders(including Hong Kong) and inhibited China's industrialization.
Bodhisattvas
Future Buddhas. As the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism, beings who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it
Scientific Revolution
Europe's intellectual and cultural transformation from the mid 16th-early 18th centuries. It taught that knowledge was acquired through experimentation and observation; teachings challenged the authority of the Church; teachings challenged social hierarchies and political systems; legitimized racial and gender inequalities; fostered modern marvels; fundamentally altered ideas about humankind.
Timbuktu
Great city of West Africa, noted as a center of Islamic scholarship/madrassas in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Feminist who rewrote the Bible and removed things in it that she deemed as offensive against women.
trench warfare
Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.
Almoravids
Followers of a great puritanical reformist movement ; moved south against the kingdoms of the savanna and west into Spain
Voltaire
French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)
Khubilai Khan
Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271-1294
Siddartha Gautama
Historical founder of Buddhism. Indian prince who set out on a 6 year spiritual quest and found "enlightenment/nirvana". He gathered a small group of followers and eventually became known as the Buddha.
trance dance
In San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's inner spiritual potency (n/um) to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. The practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of whom the Ju/'hoansi are a surviving remnant.
Ahura Mazda
In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.
Sharia
Islamic law, developed by ulama, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life
Mussolini
Italian dictator that was the fascist leader of Italy. Allied with Hitler during World War II. Mussolini stressed nationalism, and used the Black Shirts to suppress all people against the fascist regime.
Revolutionary Right
Japanese version of extreme nationalism, hostility to democracy, and dedication to foreign expansion.
Shinto
Japanese: known first as kami; spirits associated with ancestral and natural phenomenon; lacked ritual so was incorporated with Buddhism.
Mecca
Key pilgrimage center in Arabia that became the birthplace of Islam
Hulegu
Khubilai's brother who conquered the Abbasid dynasty and established the Ilkhanate of Persia. Captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad after besieging it in 1258. Attempted to capture Syria but was expelled by Egyptian Muslims, who stopped Muslim expansion to the southwest
Mansa Musa
King of Mali; made pilgrimage to Mecca; threw gold
Charlemagne
King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of literature and learning
Potosi
Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver.
Ulama
Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking (ex: Greek)
Russian Revolution of 1905
Revolution in Russia that started after a defeat to the Japanese. It was heavily suppressed, but it caused for many reforms to be made, including the end of serfdom.
Tokugawa Japan
Shoguns required the daimyo to have second homes in Edo(Tokyo). When the daimyo left for their rural residences, the families stayed behind, almost like hostages. This was enforced to control the daimyo's power.
Spartacus
Slave gladiator who led fellow slaves from a school of gladiators to a series of revolts against slavery in Italy(Roman Empire); eventually overcome by the vast numbers of the Roman legion.
creoles
Spaniards born in the Americas
Scramble For Africa
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts
Sundiata
The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260
system of competing states
The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of Western Roman Empire, in which many small existing independent states encouraged military and economic competition
European Enlightenment
The idea of PROGRESS. This evolution was against superstition, religion, and ignorance where its thinkers believed in the power of knowledge and the ability to use one's own mind without guidance. It gave way to exciting revelations and took power away from the church.
Teotihuacán (pron. teh-o-tee-WAH-kahn)
The largest city of ancient Mesoamerica; flourished around 500 C.E.
Austronesian Migrations
The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth.
Stalin
The leader/dictator of the USSR; successor to Lenin; endorsed Russian patriotism, traditional family values, individual competition, difference in wages; launched the Great Terror. HUGE player in the development of the USSR.
Quraysh
Tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 600s
Qin Shihuangdi
Took the Chinese throne when he was 13 years old (ruled 221-210 BCE) and reformed China/laid the foundation for a unified Chinese state under Legalism to renew the "old" China. Imposed a standardized system of weights, measures and currency. Started the construction of the Great Wall of China.
Korea
Unified from the 4th-7th century in a city-state system that resisted Chinese influence. Many studied Confucian and Buddhist texts and the elite adopted clothing styles, silk, tea and other things from the Chinese. Patriarchy wore off on these people and the main religious belief was Buddhism
Bombay
a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea
Yellow Turban Rebellion
a rebellion of the joined Chinese peasantry along the Yellow River. Peasants were angry because they were miserable, and were driven from their land and MANY were forced to take refuge by the Yellow River leading to disease and death. The peasants became unified by Daoism.
Paleolithic Rock Art
a record of the world of Paleolithic Homo Sapiens by their point of view: depicted by colorful interactions and drawings in caves
Dreamtime
a recountence of the beginning of things expressed in endless stories, in extended ceremonies, and in rock art.
ren
human heartedness, goodness, nobility of the heart; essential ingredient to Daoist society
The Great Dying
killed around 90% of native Americans . was caused by diseases brought over by Europeans to which Natives didn't have an immunity. Many died of smallpox, measles, influenze, yellow fever, malaria and typhus while others died of starvation because they were too sick to get food or eat.
Yuan dynasty China
lasted 90 years: 1279-1368, China united under Mongol rule-took 40 years to do. Combined Chinese and Mongol religion and culture.
Nelson Mandela
leader of the ANC who extensively broadened the support base and changed action to civil disobedience; was jailed for his opposition to apartheid in South Africa. He was later elected president in 1994 when free elections were established, and was instrumental in a new democratic constitution being written in 1996.
Paleolithic
literally "Old Stone Age"; the term used to describe early Homo sapiens societies in the period before the development of agriculture.
Sian Qian
of the Han Dynasty. He is regarded as the father of Chinese historiography because of his highly praised work
shamans
people who were believed to be especially skilled at dealing with the spirit world
Daoism
philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
foot binding
practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household
helots
slaves that were used for agriculture by the Spartan people
Kong Fuzi
"Master Philosopher Kong" or Confucius; Came from aristocratic family in Lu in China, served as educator and political advisor, did not address philosophical questions because he thought they would not help solve current problems, tried to create junzi (suprerior individuals who took a broad view of public affairs and did not allow personal interest to cloud their judgment, need strong learning and sense of moral integrity to become a government official), emphasized ren (kindness), li (propriety), and xiao (filial piety)
Neolithic Era
"New Stone Age" the dawn of the Agricultural Revolution that permanently altered the outcome of the world
Theravada
"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.
the Mongol world war
"accidental empire", Mongol military society of about 700,000; expansion led to conquering from Asia to Europe; army was very strong; became wealthy from savagely conquered nations; did not spread religious or social values
unequal treaties
"capitulations" made with the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan for unequal trade or colonial imbalance with the European states.
Niger Valley Civilization
"cities without citadels" This civilization did not have a state structure, nor was it in an imperial system. It's people lived in urban artisan communities (occupational castes with economically speacialized settlements) The cities represented an alternative to the oppressive state stimulated by West African culture. Scarcity of resources led to long distance trade. End of this civilization was brought about by trans-Saharan trade and the growing number of empires.
Taki Onqoy
"dancing sickness" a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560's whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age.
dhimmis
"people of the book"; non-Muslims under Muslim rule that were allowed to practice their religion if they paid jizya.
Dhimmi
"people of the book"; term used for Jew and Christians, later to Hindus and Zoroastrians as well
policy of appeasement
"policy" to let Hitler do what Hitler wanted to do, in the form of pushing the boundaries of the Treaty of Versailles. After he didn't stop WWII began, ultimately it was a failure.
Saint Paul
(10-65 CE) A person that began the transformation of Christianity by founding small communities of Gentile; reflected patriarchal values
Muhammad of Ghur
(1173-1206) Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslin political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control.
Ming Dynasty
(1368-1644) Chinese Dynasty that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.
Zheng He
(1371-1433) Great Chinese admiral who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration that began in 1405
Second Wave Empires
(1750-1900) Distinct round of European conquests in Africa
North American Revolution
(1775-1787) Struggle for independence from British rule in the North American colonies. It was the FIRST sustained effort to put Enlightenment ideas in practice that gave birth to the most democratic country. Inspired many revolutions to come.
French Revolution
(1789-1815) the radical French movement that was driven by social conflicts within French society that turned very violent. The 3rd party of the Estates General turned into the National Assembly. Inspired the Haitian Revolution.
Haitian Revolution
(1791-1804) The revolution of what was the richest colony in the world that was under French control. This revolution was a SLAVE REVOLT led by Toussaint Louverture, the only SUCCESSFUL one ever recorded. This revolution killed many whites and mixed race people; deep caution and social controversy appeared in Latin America; Napolean's defeat -> "Louisiana Purchase"
Spanish American Revolutions
(1810-1825) Took place in Spanish/Portuguese colonies of Latin America; shaped by other Revolutions; insulted by the monarchy's efforts to exercise greater power over its colonies; forced into Revolution by Napoleons attacks on mother country and exile of ruling family; large struggle with race and politics; no union of colonies resulted
Indian Rebellion
(1857-1858) Caused by the introduction a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs to the army of Indian men. Men had to use their mouths, which would touch the animal fat. This angered the Hindus because they venerated cows and angered the Muslims because the saw pigs as unclean. The group of people that rebelled were the Speoys, Indian soldiers and eventually social groups joined in. Started in Bengal and spread to other regions. Results: British assumed direct control over India, widened racial divide British tolerance was eroded.
Leopold II
(1870s) King of Belgium. Began imperial domain in Africa. He privately hired Stanley to represent him in signing treaties with local rulers. At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the Congo Free State was authorized under his private rule. Became notorious for exploitation of rubber, ivory minerals and peoples. Belgian government took over the year before his death in 1908
Mexican Revolution
(1910-1920) A decade of bloody conflict where the people were intent on seizing the land and redistributing it to the peasants (sort of like socialism). At the end a new constitution was created in 1917 and this place got an Industrial Revolution.
World War I
(1914-1918) War that involved every superpower of that time where the Triple Alliance was pitted against the Triple Entente due to growing nationalism. Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, by a Serbian nationalist (June 28, 1914). On July 28, 1914 war was officially declared. The war ensued becoming a war of attrition and trench warfare. Conscription was used, as well as colonial troops, propaganda, and the roles of women at home increased; in the end about 10,000,000 soldiers died. Ethnic violence such as the Armenian Genocide occurred. The US got involved in 1917, allies to the Tripe Entente, after Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram. Outcomes of the war were The Treaty of Versailles, Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points, and the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
(1919) Treaty that officially put an end to WWI. Conditions were the League of Nations, Germany loses 15% of it's European territory, Germany loses it's colonial empire, Germany had to pay reparations (30 billion), Germany's military is restricted, Germany must take all the "war guilt", redrawing of colonial boundaries (Mandates, controlled by the League of Nations)
Rape of Nanjing
(1937-1938) Brutal six week attack on the capitol city on Nanjing, China by the Japanese Imperial Army. With 200,000-300,000 deaths and 20,000-80,000 rapes and brutal mishaps. This event led to Japan withdrawing from the League of Nations and becoming allies with Germany and Italy.
World War II
(1939-1945) The war that pitted the Allies against the dissatisfied Axis Powers. Tensions grew out of the Treaty of Versailles because the Axis Powers felt like they had been duped of land, power, or both, engaging in a war with military tactics of blitzkrieg and island hopping. An EXTREMELY blurred line between civilian and military targets as the "enemy" emerged (example: atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Economies and people were mobilized along with the use of propaganda more effectively than ever before. 60 million people died, more than 1/2 were civilian. Ethnic violence came from the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanjing. The US enters the war in 1941 after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. The outcomes were the creation of the United Nations, World Bank and International Monetary Fund, The Marshall Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Economic Community.
Korean War
(1950-1953) War that started when communist North Korea, aided by the USSR and China, invaded South Korea in an effort to unify the peninsula under communism. The United Nations, with the US as a prime participant, aided the South Koreans. The effort of North Korea failed after a three year war in which about 1.2 million people died in total. Both parties signed an armistice in July of '53 and the country is still divided by the 38th parallel. Recently Kim Jong-un has just ended the armistice in March of 2013.
Vietnam War
(1955-1975) colonies of French Indochina had been battling against French colonial forces for decades, and the French finally lost in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (which invoked US involvement) when the French surrendered to the Viet-Minh. In 1964 North Vietnam fired at two US ships off the coast of Northern Vietnam, which prompted US involvement in the issues. Viet-Cong united the country under communism by 1975. A cease-fire was put into order and the US withdrew from Vietnam.
Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) Political policy started in China by Mao Zedong to combat the capitalist tendencies he believed were forming among the people and the communist party by enlisting the help of civilians to eliminate the "enemy". The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailings, and the deaths of thousands.
Moche
(200-700 CE) Made up of Peru's coast and 13 river valleys whose economy was rooted in a complex irrigation system and they harvested from the Pacific Ocean. Governed by warrior-priests/shaman rulers who used human sacrifice by POWs. It was a world with war, ritual, and diplomacy that had elaborate burials, superb craftspeople, and amazing technical abilities.
Han Dynasty
(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity
Gupta Dynasty/Empire
(320 - 550 CE) The Golden Age of India occurs under the rule of the Gupta Dynasty. The Gupta established a strong central government which also allowed a degree of local control. They developed the concept of zero in the use of math, the decimal system based on the number 10, created a number writing system, developed herbal remedies, a form of plastic surgeries, and advanced architecture.
Byzantine empire
(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.
Sui dynasty
(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.
Tang Dynasty
(618-907 CE) Chinese dynasty where PATRIARCHY TIGHTENED (foot binding), OPEN TO CULTURAL INFLUENCES.
Tang dynasty
(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia
Umayyad Caliphate
(661-750 CE) The FIRST dynasty of caliphs after the Rightly Guided Caliphs. The capitol was moved from Medina to Damascus and caliphs became hereditary leaders.
Silla Dynasty
(688-900 CE) First ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to the Korean Peninsula
Chaco Phenomenon
(860-1130 CE) Took place in the ____ canyon in Northwestern New Mexico. It was a process of settlement and societal organization that led to the rise of larger settlements.
Song Dynasty
(960-1279 CE) Chinese dynasty that is remembered for it's remarkable Economic Revolution. The Revolution had much technological innovation, urbanization, economic specialization, and a growing population that all supplied China with lots of power.
Taklamakan Desert
(China; 105,000 sq. mi.) This Desert is an extremely cold, sandy desert known for splitting the Silk Road into branches running north and south of it. It is bounded by the Kunlun, Pamir, and Tian Shan mountain ranges.
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
(December 7, 1941) The event when the Japanese Imperial Army bombed a navy harbor in Oahu, Hawaii. This event was brought on when the Japanese seized China, but the US didn't approve, so the US launched an anti-Japanese immigration policy; Japan was dependent on the US for oil, but Japan launched an empire building onto US and European territory so the US launched an oil embargo on Japan in '41. In response Japan launched the attack because the US was now seen as a threat to imperial expansion.
Jati
(Hinduism) a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India
Sanskrit
(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)
Bhagavad-Gita
(Hinduism) the sacred 'song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic)
Khitan/ Jurchen people
..., "Barbarians". Northern steppe Nomads. Encompassed (created states in) parts of China after Han collapse and again after Tang collapse. Gained so much power ordered Southern Song Dynasty to pay them tribute. One of the groups immersed themselves farthest in becoming Chinese
tribute system
..., A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.
Chinese Buddhism
..., Buddhism was China's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the twentieth-century; Buddhism entered China from India in the first and second centuries C.E. through a series of cultural accomodations. At first supported by the state, Buddhism suffered persecution during the ninth century but continued to play a role in Chinese society.
Silla dynasty (Korea)
..., Conquered by Tang China. A political compromise was reached, the Tang withdrew but the country recognized the Tang Emperor as his overlord., allied with Tan dynasty to bring political unity to the peninsula for the first time, Korea maintained its political independence while still participating in China's tribute system
Trung sisters
..., Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society.
Shotoku Taishi
..., Who: Prince of Japan. What: Borrowed heavily from China: writing and art (kana and ink on silk), architecture (pagoda), well-field system, etc. Also wrote the 17 point constitution. When: 573-621. Where: Japan. Why: Made changes that greatly influenced Japan and were around for centuries.
chu nom
..., a style of writing adapted from China to Vietnam. It became the basis for the development of an independent national literature.
Akbar
16th c. Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536) Imposed a policy of toleration, deliberately restraining the more militantly Islamic scholars and removing the special tax on non-muslims. he constructed a special house of worship where he presided over intellectual discussion with representatives of many religions.
Aurangzeb
16th c. son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes; died in 1707. reversed akbar's tolerant policies and imposed Islamic supremacy.
Economic Development
1914-Present : A process of growth or increasing production and the distribution of the proceeds of that growth to raise living standards; nearly universal desire for economic development in the second half of the twentieth century reflected a cultural belief that poverty was no longer inevitable
Democracy in Africa
1914-Present : A subject of debate among scholars, the democracies established in the wake of decolonization in Africa proved to be fragile and often fell to military coups or were taken over by single-party authoritarian systems; Africa's initial rejection of democracy has sometimes been taken as a sign that Africans were not ready for democratic politics or that traditional African culture did not support it
Kemal Ataturk
1914-Present : Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881 - 1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state
Ayatollah Khomeini
1914-Present : Important Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989
Soweto
1914-Present : Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa, and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1914-Present : LEader of India's All India Muslim League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876-1948)
Satyagraha
1914-Present : Literally, "truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action
Indian National Congress
1914-Present : Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a voice in governance of India; over time, the INC became a major popular movement that won India's independence from Britain
Decolonization
1914-Present : Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation
Black Consciousness
1914-Present : South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity and political awareness among the country's African majority and often resorted to violent protest against white minority rule
Nelson Mandela
1914-Present : South African nationalist (b. 1918) and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty - seven years on charges of treason, sabotage and conspiracy to over through the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison
African National Congress
1914-Present : South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994
Muslim League
1914-Present : The All-India Muslim League, created in 1906, was a response to the Indian national Congress in India's struggle for independance from Britain; the League's leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan
Mahatma Gandhi
1914-Present : Usually referred to by his sobriquet "Mahatma" (Great Soul), Gandhi (1869-1948) was a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive or independence from Great Britain
Sasanids
224-651 BCE, Persian empire, capital city of Ctesiphon located on the Tigris River, major leaders: Shapur I, known for their attempt to "restore the glory of the Achaemenids", made Zoroastrianism the state religion, recreated the infrastructure of classical Persian empires
Taiping Rebellion
A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire.
Zarathustra
A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.
"insulting the meat"
A San cultural practice meant to deflate pride that involved negative comments about the meat brought in by a hunter and the expectation that a successful hunter would disparage his own kill.
Great Purges/Terror
A a massive attempt to cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed "enemies of the people"; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941, and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag.
bubonic plague
A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the pope as its supreme leader.
Cahokia
A center of civilization located near present day St. Louis, Missouri and was a great trading center. Had a central mound (terraced pyramid of 4 levels). Civilization was made possible by the arrival of corn based agriculture. At it's peak in 1200 CE
Phoenicians
A civilization in the area of present-day Lebanon, creators of the first alphabetic writing system.
Xiongnu
A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)Were the biggest threat to security
Plato
A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.
Toussaint Louverture
A former Haitian slave turned revolutionary leader. Him and his successor defeated Napolean's attempt to reestablish control over Haiti after the French lost it's colony
Agricultural Revolution
A global movement that took place independently and through diffusion at the the end of the Last Ice Age. This movement singlehandedly and forever changed the way humans and societies operated and started people on the way towards modern civilizations. Population increased intensely because food was being produced in surplus. Plows and other tools were developed to speed up the process of planting. More civilized forms of government were put into order among the Paleolithic people
Bhagavad Gita
A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.
Laozi
A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.
Xia dynasty (pron. shah)
A legendary series of monarchs of early China, traditionally dated to 2200-1766 BCE
"American Web"
A loosely knit web of interaction from the Great Lakes to upper Mississippi. Most of the trade goods were luxury items and the trade also fostered much cultural borrowing among American civilizations.
Yellow Turban Rebellion
A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.
Harappa (pron. hah-RAHP-uh)
A major city in the Indus Valley civilization; flourished around 2000 B.C.E.
Mohenjo Daro (pron. moehen-jo-DAHR-oh)
A major city of the Indus Valley civilization; flourished around 2000 B.C.E.
Song dynasty economic revolution
A major economic quickening that took place in China under the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE); marked by rapid population growth, urbanization, economic specialization, the development of an immense network of internal waterways, and a great increase in industrial production and innovation
Mauryan Empire
A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.
Persian Empire
A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.
Ban Zhao
A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.
Hadza (pron. HAHDzah)
A people of northern Tanzania, almost the last surviving Paleolithic society.
Little Ice Age
A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era
European Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Divided into an Italian and Northern period, existed from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries
Neo-Confucianism
A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.
end of the last Ice Age
A process of global warming that began about 16,000 years ago and ended about 5,000 years later, with earth enjoying a climate similar to that of our own time; the end of the Ice Age changed conditions for human beings, leading to increased population and helping to pave the way for agriculture.
Caste War
A rebellion of Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847 that nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule. Some Mayan rebels retreated to unoccupied territories, where they held out until 1901.
Flores Man
A recently discovered hominid species of Indonesia.
Sikhism
A religion developed by Guru Nanak that blended elements of Hinduism and Islam. This religion generally ignored caste distinctions and ended secluded women; encountered hostility from the Mughal Empire and the Hindus; followers eventually became militant and aided the British takeover.
Zoroastrianism
A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120)
Jainism
A religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics.
Wahhabi Islam
A religious renewal of Islam that was started by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and was backed by a local ruler from the Saudi Arabian region named Muhammad Ibn Saud.
indulgence
A remission of the penalty for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope, at first to Crusaders and later for a variety of reasons.
Protestant Reformation
A revolution that shattered the unity of the Roman Catholic Church that began when Martin Luther nailed the Ninety-five Theses to a church door in Wittenburg. This split ultimately opened the door for many new sects of Christianity.
Royal Road
A road in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia.
Pure Land Buddhism
A school of Buddhism that proved to be immensely popular in China; emphasized salvation by faith in the Amitabha Buddha
Greek rationalism
A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in Classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.
quipu
A series of knotted cords, used for accounting and perhaps a form of writing in the Norte Chico civilization.
Code of Hammurabi
A series of laws published at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d. 1750 B.C.E.). Not actually a code but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order.
Jomon culture
A settled Paleolithic culture of prehistoric Japan, characterized by seaside villages and the creation of some of the world's earliest pottery.
Qin Dynasty
A short lived (221-206 B.C.E.), but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China & established a strong & impressive state.
Foot Binding
A sign of tightening patriarchy in China that became a normality for women in China. It was associated with female beauty and delicacy; restricted women to the "inner quarters" of the home.
chiefdom
A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people.
Meröe
A southern CITY in Nubian civilization (south of Egypt) that eventually TURNED INTO A KINGDOM governed by an all powerful and sacred monarch. Housed a wide variety of economic specialties; rainfall based agriculture led to less direct control from the capitol. Wealth and military power came from long distance trade. This city's decline was because of deforestation and conquest by Axum
neo-liberalism
A strategy for economic development created in the 1970s that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, and minimal government intervention in the economy.
North American Revolution
A struggle for the American colonists to maintain their natural rights and liberties from a stricter British rule. Started by the Declaration of Independence, the Americans were aided by the French, which helped them to defeat the British military.
Secondary Products Revolution
A technological innovation beginning around 400 BCE that involved new uses for domesticated plants and animals, (after take animal's meat, use the hide, and the fat for cooking= new uses!)
"secondary products revolution"
A term used to describe the series of technological that began at ca. 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power.
socialism
A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
Warring States Period
A time in Ancient Chinese history when the rivalries of seven competing kingdoms in Chinese territory were at war eliminating peace and order.
Mahabharata
A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)
Hippocrates
A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.
plantation complex
Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.
Great Purges
Also called the Terror of the late 1930s were a massive attempt to cleanse the USSR of supposed "enemies of the people" (most of the time those linked to the Nazi's nearly every time falsely); nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941, and 4-5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag.
n/um
Among the San, a spiritual potency that becomes activated during "curing dances" and protects humans from the malevolent forces of gods or ancestral spirits.
Women's Rights Convention
An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. They met at Seneca Falls, NY.
Bantu (pron. BAHN-too)
An African-language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of eastern and southern Africa, thanks to their agricultural techniques and, later, their ironworking skills.
Panama Canal
An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914
British Royal Society
An association of "natural philosophers" that was established in 1660 that promoted "useful knowledge"
Olmec civilization
An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E.
bhakti movement
An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
Çatalhüyük (pron. cha-TAHL-hoo-YOOK)
An important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey.
Cahokia (pron. cah-HOKE-ee-ah)
An important agricultural chiefdom of North America that flourished around 1100 CE.
Black Death
An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, that killed 1/3 of the population.
hieroglyphs
Ancient Egyptian writing system; literally "sacred carvings"--- so named because the Greeks saw them prominently displayed in Egyptian temples.
Arthashastra
Ancient Indian political treatise from the time of Chandragupta Maurya; its authorship was traditionally ascribed to Kautalya, and it stressed that war was inevitable
Upanishads
Any of a group of philosophical treatises contributing to the theology of ancient Hinduism, elaborating on the earlier Vedas.
Dhows
Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design
Ibn Batuta
Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records
jihad
Arabic for "struggle", this term describes both the spiritual striving of each Muslim toward a godly life and armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil
broad spectrum diet
Archaeologists' term for the diet of gathering and hunting societies, which included a wide array of plants and animals.
Che Guevara
Argentine-born Marxist who supported Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution; attempted to replicate the Cuban liberation through guerrilla warfare in parts of Africa and Latin America
"gathering and hunting peoples"
As the name suggests, people who live by collecting food rather than producing it. Recent scholars have turned to this term instead of the old "hunter-gatherer" in recognition that such societies depend much more heavily on gathering than hunting for survival.
Indian National Congress
Association in India, of English-educated Indians (lawyers, journalists, businessmen) that were mostly Hindu
Aristotle
Athenian philosopher (384-322 BCE) that was a student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great. Famous for his reflections on ethics and "virtue". Words are later revived shaping MUCH intellectual development and the Medieval World.
Plato
Athenian philosopher (426-348 BCE) that was a student of Socrates who sketched out a design for the Republic of a good society
Socrates
Athenian philosopher (469-399 BCE) that encouraged questions/logic/pursuit of wisdom. Highly critical of Athenian democracy; charged w/ corruption of Athens' youth, sentencted to death or exile, chose exile.
Battle of Marathon
Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.
Great Zimbabwe
Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa
Temujin
Birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227)
Chinggis (Genghis) Khan
Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Branch of Christianity that developed in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire and gradually separated (mostly on matters of practice) from the branch that was dominant at the time. Noted for subordination by caesaropapism, married clergy, use of leavened bread.
Umayyad
Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750
Great Zimbabwe
CITY-STATES located between the Zambezi and Chimpopo Rivers. Clearly connected with the growing trade of gold. The city-states emerged to be highly cosmopolitan. This is an example of the reach and transforming power of Indian Ocean Commerce.
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon
Hangzhou
Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.
Aztec Empire
Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. They converted themselves from nomads into the elite of a huge militaristic state.
Mongols
Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad I 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph
Wazir
Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate, initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire
Women's Federation
Chinese attempt at building socialism; mass women's organization that enrolled millions of women, far less radical than Zhenotdel
Marriage Law
Chinese attempt at building socialism; put into effect in 1950 this was a Chinese law that was a direct attack on patriarchal and Confucian values. Allowed women free choice in marriage, easy divorce, the end of concubinage and child marriage, permission for widows to remarry, and equal property rights for women.
Great Wall
Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi.
Scholar-gentry
Chinese government officials with land that reflected the twin privileges.
Daoism
Chinese ideology, developed by Laozi, of w/draw from practical/social life and striving to emerge into the world of nature; encouraged a natural way of life. Believed in the cultivation of ren. Yin-yang derives from this philosophy. Followers were kind of the "Hippies of China"
The Three Obediences
Chinese moral law 1) mother to son 2) wife to husband 3) daughter to father
"self-strengthening" movement
Chinese movement that sought to revive traditional China and borrow cautiously from the West. New industries remained but they were largely dependent on foreigners. Ultimately the movement was a failure -> the Boxer movement
Goumindang
Chinese nationalist party that governed after 1928. A narrow support base of the urban city dwellers. It was very interesting in eliminating the CCP, even though they should have been working on the invasion from the Japanese, which made them loose support. This nationalist party was a very good opponent to the CCP which is why the Chinese Revolution took so long.
Taiping Uprising
Chinese peasant upheaval led by Hong Xiuquan who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus, based on a genuine revolutionary change. Took China more than a decade to overcome the damage from this rebellion and the Qing dynasty never fully recovered.
examination system
Chinese system that was built to put the most qualified people in jobs in their government through testing. This system clearly favored the wealthy, but provided a modest sense of social mobility.
Jesuits in China
Christian missionaries that aimed at converting official Chinese elite. They also had an interest in exchanging ideas and learning with ancient culture. These missionaries learned Chinese and pointed out parallels between Confucianism and Christianity.
Copts
Christian sect of Egypt ; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule
Roman Catholic Church
Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.This powerful religion exerted considerable control over European society during the Middle Ages. It prompted some to challenge its doctrines during the protestant Reformation where it began losing power.
Mecca
City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam
Timbuktu
City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388
Constantinople, 1453
Constantinople, the capitol and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, that fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Declaration written by the French National Assembly declaring that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights"
Society of Jesuits
Dedicated brotherhood of priests committed to the renewal of the Catholic Church
Norte Chico/Caral
Developed around 3000 -1800 BCE along the central coast of Peru, adjacent to the Andes Mountains. Series of some 25 urban centers in an area known as ____ ____, the largest of these centers being ____ in the Supe River Valley. Monumental architecture, less evidence of economic specialization, with an extremely rich fishing industry, IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE. quipu have been found. ____ ____ "lighted a cultural fire" and established a pattern for the many Andean civilizations.
Spanish American revolutions
Due to the defeat of Spain and Portugal by Napoleon, the Spanish colonies had no choice but to start a revolution. Many battles between the liberals and conservatives were fought to establish a way to govern the countries, resulting in several constitutions.
Abbasid Caliphate
Dynasty of caliphs who ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750-1258 CE. They created a new capitol in Baghdad with MUCH Persian influence, but were later conquered by the Mongols!
Han Dynasty
Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state building achievement.
Abbasid
Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE
Sumerian Civilization
Earliest civilization that emerged around 3,500 to 3000 BCE. World's FIRST written language, rose in the southern part of Mesopotamia. Successful agriculture and river management, introduction of the wheel, polytheism, and ziggurats characterized this civilization.
Hieroglyphs
Egyptian symbolic alphabet
Ashoka
Emperor of the Mauryan Empire that reigned from 268-232 BCE who left a record of his activities and thinking. This emperor converted to Buddhism so he preached much religious tolerance.
Abolitionist Movement
Enlightenment inspired movement that led people to believe that slavery violated people's natural rights. American and French declarations were obvious breeches of freedom; thinking was most powerful in Britain. This thinking eventually ended slavery
Hellenistic Era
Era from 323-30 BCE This was the widespread dissemination of Greek culture after the death of Alexander the Great. Greek sculptures, theaters, markets, councils and many other Greek things spread and became greatly popular. GREEK LEARNING FLOURISHED (has major significance in modern world b/c many words derive from the Greek language)
yin and yang
Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.
Muhammad the Great
Extended the boundaries of the Songhai Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century
Qin Shi Huangdi
First Emperor; only emperor of Qin Dynasty; legalist; abolished feudalism and established a bureaucracy; anti-religion; building of Great Wall and other public works
Andrew Jackson
First president of the US to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among frontier residents, urban workers and small farmers. He had a successful political career as judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied the presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was re elected in 1832.
Athenian Democracy
Form of government that derived in Athens, Greece that was famous for being DIRECT DEMOCRACY + DISTINCTLY LIMITED
Ancestral Pueblo
Formerly known as the Anasazi, this people established a mixed agricultural and gathering/hunting society in the southwestern part of North America.
Lenin
Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia, later to be renamed the USSR. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.
Cyrus (the Great)
Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, & political moderation.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
French feminist that believed in women's progress; published a Women's Bible; in the FIRST women's rights conference in Seneca Falls she paraphrased the Declaration of Independence.
World War II in Europe
Germany militarized, which was not stopped by the British and French, until a German invasion of Poland. Then, Germany invaded France and moved to the Soviet Union, where most of the lives were taken. A United States entry into the war helped the Allied Powers to win.
Great Depression
Global economic disaster that started on October 24, 1929. Triggered by the political collapse of Europe->doubt in capitalism ->evident instability ->profound anxiety.
Olympic Games
Greek religious festival & athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776 B.C.E. & celebrated every four years
North/South gap
Growing disparity between the Global North and the Global South that is exacerbated by current world trade practices. This gap is evident and shapes the life chances of everybody
Wudi
Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.
Chandragupta Maurya
He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.
Sufi mystics
Helped to spread Islam into Asia, incorporated Islam with Hindu and Buddhist elements; allowed converts to retain previous beliefs and practices
Bannermen
Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire.
Neanderthals
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago.
transnational corporations
Huge global businesses that produce good or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; central to the development of economic globalization
Gathas
Hymns or poems written by Zarathustra; considered to be the most authoritative expressions of the Zoroastrian religion.
Angra Mainyu
In Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda.
Development
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the ride of a large and prosperous middle class and harsh investment in education.
gulag
In the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in the Siberian regions of the USSR in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin.
peninsulares
In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.
Gandhi
Indian lawyer who transformed the INC with his values of satyagraha. With his simple, unpretentious way of life, support of Muslims, and reference to Hindu themes, and a nonviolent approach, he drew support in the masses. Later assassinated by a Hindu nationalist after partition of India
Upanishads
Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.
Medes
Indo-European branch that settled in northern Persia and eventually fell to another branch, the Persians, in the sixth century.
Aryans
Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing collapse is still debated by historians.
"Eyes and Ears of the King"
Inspectors who made unannounced visits to provinces in Persia and reported back to the king to check up on the local government
Sharia
Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance
Sunni Islam
Islamic majority who believe in the selection of caliphs from the whole of the Islamic community
Sufis
Islamic mystics, many of whom were important missionaries of Islam in conquered lands and who were revered as saints
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
Java
Island where the Dutch established a fort whose purpose was to protect Dutch possessions in the East. Portuguese.
Treaty of Versailles
It ended the first world war. It deemed Germany responsible for the war, forcing Germany to pay reparations, restrict its military, and lose its territory and colonial empire. This angered Germany, which caused their actions in the second world war.
Kongo
Kingdom; based on agriculture; formed on lower Congo river by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy
Inca Empire
Largest Empire ever built in South America; territory extended 2,500 miles from north to south and embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina; maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century. As the most powerful people of Andean America, the Inca dominated Andean society until the coming of Europeans; spoke Quechua language.
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century. He ruled Egypt as Ottoman governor but had had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Leader of the All-India Muslim League that later founded Pakistan after partition
Mao Zedong
Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945).
Swami Vivekananda
Leading religious figure of nineteenth-century India (1863-1902); advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West
Congo Free State
Leopold II rule as private owner of this during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse during Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths; set up under Belgian control
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself sultan of India
Qin Shihuangdi
Literally "first emperor from the Qin; Shihuangdi (r. 221-210 B.C.E) forcibly united China & established a strong & repressive state.
mestizo
Literally "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas
Chinese Revolution
Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.
Aztec Empire
Loosely structured CONQUEST STATE that developed in what is now Mexico in the 14th and 15th centuries; capitol city Tenochtitlán; much human sacrifice from P.O.Ws
Wahhabi Islam
Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia or Islamic law
antiglobalization
Major international movement that protests the development of the global economy on the grounds that it makes the rich richer and keeps poor regions in poverty while exploiting their labor and environments; the movement burst onto the world stage in 1999 with massive protests at a meeting of the World Trade Organization in Seattle.
Cuban missile crisis
Major standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba; the confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba.
Juula
Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout the Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of west Africa
John Locke
Man that highly advocated the Natural Rights of a person (equality, life, liberty, property), individualism, human progress, and established the "Social Contract" that preserves peoples Natural Rights.
Deng Xiaoping
Mao's successor in communist China who was comitted to fostering political stability and economic growth. He moved China towards a more capitalist economy. Also dismantled collectivizing farms. Associated the Cultural Revolution with democracy which was a huge reason China remains communist.
Timur
Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire.
Samurai
Members of Japan's warrior class, which developed as political power became increasingly decentralized
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.
Mexican Revolution
Mexico overthrew their dictator (Diaz) and established a constitution. Many reforms were also in place to give industrial workers set shifts, and a minimum wage. The constitution gave Mexicans universal suffrage along with stripping the Church of its lands.
Hebrews
Migrated from Mesopotamia to Palestine and Egypt. Sacred writings were recorded in the Old Testament (which showed influence of Hammurabi's Code). Monotheistic believing in single deity named Yahweh, who demanded an ethical life from his people. Idea of monotheism gave birth to Christianity and Islam.
perestroika/glasnost
Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of "openness," which allowed greater cultural and intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media; the result was a burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet system
Tokugawa Shogunate
Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early 17th century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments
caudillos
Military strongmen in Latin America that came to power whenever the countries were in a period of instability.
Demak
Most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as a point of dissemination to other ports
Ka'ba
Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as an important shrine in Islam
Pan-Slavism
Movement among Russian intellectuals in the second half of the 19th century to identify culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe.
Aurangzeb
Mughal emperor who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy
Malacca
Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya in the 15th century; it was the springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam throughout the region.
ulama
Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.
Malmuks
Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus.
Kipchak Khanate
Name given to Russia by the Mongols after they conquered it and incorporated it into the Mongol Empire
Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde
Name given to Russia by the Mongols after they conquered it and incorporated it into the Mongol Empire in the mid-thirteenth century; known to Russians as the "Khanate ofthe Golden Horde." (KIP-chak KAHN-ate)
African diaspora
Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade
Ahura Mazda
Name of the God in Zoroastrianism. He has six attributed called his "Amesh Spentos" which include: Divine Law, Powerful, Beneviolent, Pure, Perfect, and Immortal.
Philippines (Spanish)
Named after the Spanish king, Philip II, the Philippines were colonized by the Spanish beginning in 1565 and used as the second trading post empire. spanish takeover was relatively bloodless and resulted in widespread conversion to Christianity. the Philippines remained a Spanish colony to around the year 1900
Taki Onqoy
Native American religious revivalist movement in the 1560s in central Peru where people protested Christianity through dancing because they were possessed by the huaca (local spirits)
Nazi Germany/ Hitler
Nazi Germany under Hitler was a fascist state that made efforts to make Germany the strongest country in the world and avenge the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles. Nazi Germany had hatred towards the Jews, and persecuted millions during the regime.
Confederation of 1867
Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation
Perseopolis
New capital of the Persian Empire established under the reign of Darius in 520 B.C.E. Qanat (kah-NAHT) Persian underground canal.
Canton
One of the 2 port cities where Europeans were permitted to trade with China during the Ming Dynasty.
Mali
One of the West African Trading Kingdoms. They were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert. Greatest ruler was Mansa Musa, who converted to Islam and made a famous pilgrimage.
Harun al-Rashid
One of the great rulers of the Abbasid era; decadent living; became heavily dependent on Persian advisors; death prompted first of several full-scale civil wars over succession
Isaiah
One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.)
Mughal Empire
One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.
Silk Roads
One of the world's most extensive and sustained networks of exchange among culturally diverse people. It was organized as a "relay trade" (hand off between China, the Roman Empire, Africa). It carried disease, goods, culture and religion.
Igbo
People that were East of the Niger River that were densely populated and highly active in trade; rejected kingship and state building. Think "Things Fall Apart"
lower middle class
People, such as doctors or engineers, that provided services or goods to the factories during the Industrial Revolution. They shared the same goals and values as the middle class did.
Hausa
Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed stated following the demise of Songhai Empire that combined Muslim and Pagan beliefs
Holocaust
Persecution of Jews by Nazi Germany, because Hitler believed Jews to be an inferior race to Germans.
Parthians
Persian dynasty. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration.
satraps
Persian governors that were in each of the empire's twenty-three provinces.
Zoroastrianism
Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.
Meiji restoration
Political program started by a 15 year old boy emperor that restored Japan's peace. They were able to be accepted by the West as an equal power by their reforms of modernization and industrialization.
Meiji Restoration
Political takeover of young samurais with a goal to save Japan from foreign invasion, while drawing on the West for knowledge. The government was committed to a break with the past and launched revolutionary reforms.
Vasco de Gama
Portugese explorer whose 1497-1498 voyage was the first European venture to reach India by circling the tip of South Africa.
Malacca
Portugese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands
Ferdinand Magellan
Portugese mariner who commanded the first European fleet to circumnavigate the globe
Benito Juárez
President of Mexico. Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become Chief Justice of the Mexican Supreme Court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a French invasion in 1862 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor.
British/Dutch East India companies
Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.
collectivization
Process of rural reform undertaken by the communist leadership of both the USSR and China in which private property rights were abolished and peasants were forced onto larger and more industrialized farms to work and share the proceeds as a community rather than as individuals.
Bolsheviks
Radical socialist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks called for the dissolution of the Provisional Government seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.
Fertile Crescent
Region sometimes known as Southwest Asia that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, and southern Turkey; the earliest home of agriculture.
Buyids
Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads
fundamentalism
Religious vitality expressed in the spread of particular traditions; movement that called for the returns to the fundamentals of religion
Estates General
Representatives of three "estates": the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. This was a French representative body.
Constantine
Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.
Constantine
Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians
Theodosius
Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals.
Hulegu
Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad
Qing Dynasty
Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; the rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
Russia and Japan fought over areas of Manchuria. Japan's victory in 1905 triggered a revolution in Russia, and made Japan seem as an ally in the struggle against imperialism. After this victory, Japan was now an economic, political, and military competitor in Asia.
Zhenotdel
Russian attempt at building socialism; the Russian women's group established in 1919 that was made to empower women, it was a radical group run by radical women. Provided women with literacy and parenting classes, published newspapers and magazines, organized conferences, trained other women to run day cares, encouraged Muslim women to take off their veil. Abolished by Stalin in 1930
Bolsheviks/Lenin
Russian revolutionary party led by Vladimir Lenin and later renamed the Communist Party, Small socialist party created during the Russian revolution; led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, or Lenin; " an end to the war, land for the peasants, workers' control of factories, self-determination for non-Russian nationalities"; demanded transfer of power from Provisional Government to the soviets; Peace treaty with Germany in 1918 to end their part of the war
Khublai Khan
Served as the Great Khan during 1260 and as the Emperor of China from 1280 - 1295 C.E. - Tried to be the Mongol khan and the Chinese emperor simultaneously - Alleged grandson of Genghis Khan - Abolished civil service exams to preserve Mongol preponderance in the government
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in War of 1812 and died in battle.
socialism in the United States
Socialism in the United States was not as popular as it was in Europe because of the success of capitalism, which encouraged the "survival of the fittest."
Alexander the Great
Son of Philip II who led the Greeks to Persia in a ten year expedition (333-323 BCE), that served to unify the rival Greek city-states, and conquered the Persians. He led one of the greatest military feats of the classical world while he was in his twenties. He was celebrated as a liberator and appointed pharaoh and the "son of the gods" in Egypt. Died in 323 BCE and his empire was split into three kingdoms.
conquistadores
Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires
peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class
New Deal
Started by Franklin D. Roosevelt, it was a set of reforms that he used on the United States to bring it out of the Great Depression. However, the reforms did not bring the US out of the depression; they were brought out by World War II.
Great Depression
Started with the stock market crash in 1929, the United States and other countries suffered economically.
Songhay
Successor state to Mali; became a major Islamic state of West Africa; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali
Songhay
Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as an independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali
Emperor Wendi
Sui emperor who particularly patronized Buddhism
Cuneiform
Sumerian method of writing that became the basis for Greek and Latin
Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram to Mexico from Germany, intercepted by the US in 1917, encouraging Mexico to attack the US and if they did so, Germany would help Mexico gain all the land they lost in the Mexican-American War. Turned Americans even further against Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
"the original affluent society"
Term coined by the scholar Marshall Sahlins in 1972 to describe Paleolithic societies, which he regarded as affluent not because they had so much, but because they wanted or needed so little.
mulattoes
Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.
Mongol World War
Term used to describe half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building pursued by Chinggis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209
The "Sick Man of Europe"
Term used to describe the Ottoman Empire when it was losing power and not progressing like the res of it's European neighbors.
Parsis
The "Persians" who settled in India in 936 c.e. to seek a land of religious freedom away from oppression in Muslim Iran. Parsis today make up the largest community of Zoroastrians in the world.
Pax Romana
The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability & prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.
Mesopotamia
The "land between the rivers" of the Tigris and Euphrates, in what is now Iraq.
Guomindang
The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until its overthrow by the communists in 1949.
1970s Afghanistan
The Afghan communist party took power in 1978 and launched radical land reforms and efforts to liberate Afghan women. Reforms conflicted with the Muslim country and led to high opposition. Fearing the overthrow of the new communist state by Islamic radicals, the USSR came to help by aiding the communist regime, but soon realized they were engaged in a "bleeding wound" and finally withdrew from Afghanistan, sooon after the communist regime collapsed.
Africanized Christianity
The African take on Christianity where converts still used protective charms, medicines, and consulted the local medicine man. There was also a belief in their old gods and spirits, but they saw them as evil.
Leopold II
The Belgian ruler that personally governed the Congo Free state
Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself.
Ren
The Confucian virtue of ____ ("benevolence" or "humaneness") means that a person will always do what is right, regardless of the consequences.
Caesar Augustus
The FIRST emperor of the Roman Empire who ruled from 27 BCE-14 CE, directly after the Roman Civil War. His first name was Octavian, but it was changed to _____ b/c it portrayed a divine status.
Achaemenid Empire
The Government of Achaemenid Empire was a delicate balance of central and local administration. The challenge was to find an orderly way to govern seventy types of different people across many scattered regions and in a way that many different languages would understand. Governors were appointed for various regions, the realm was divided into twenty-three districts whose administration and taxation was managed by satraps
Hellenic Culture
The Hellenic Period of Greek Culture is regarded by many as one of the most creative periods in world history. Works developed in this period inspired developments not only in Rome and Western Europe, but also among Persians, Buddhists and Muslims as well.
Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
The Indian prince who turned ascetic (ca. 566-486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.
Condorcet and the idea of progress
The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason
hijra
The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam
All-India Muslim League
The Muslim force during the fight for independence in India from the British. Claimed that the Muslims should have separate political status, apart from the Hindus
"the sick man of Europe"
The Ottoman Empire. It slowly became smaller and smaller over centuries due to revolutions, invasions by Europe, and nationalist movements by the countries in the Balkans.
Constantinople, 1453
The Ottoman Turks advanced from the West to East in 1300s, initially skipping over Constantinople. They returned in 1453 to take down the city, and with it the Byzantine Empire. The Turks used cannons that brought the walls down.
Boxer uprising
The Righteous Harmonious Fists. A group of radicals that were driven by their desires to rid China of its "foreign devils" and establish a traditional Chinese government.
Inca Empire
The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the 15th and early 16th centuries; built bye the Quecha-speaking people with much cultural influence from the Chavin and Moche people; located on the coast of Peru spanning some 2,500 miles and 10 million subjects.
building socialism
The action that the USSR and China, under the CCP, took on in an effort to build a socialist society through modernization and industrialization. There were attacks on the inequalities of class and gender; promotion of cultural values: selflessness and collectivism. It was the first step to modernization for these "backwards" societies.
Acculturation
The adoption of the language, customs, values and behaviors of host nations on immigrants
Bactria
The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent.
Axum
The center/capitol CITY of Axumite which lay in the Horn of Africa. It's economic foundation was a highly productive agricultural system (plow based). High in taxes on trade and was the center of monumental and royal patronage. It's language was Geez. In 4th century CE King Ezana adopted Christianity as it's religion and imperial expansion conquered Meröe, Yemen, and South Arabia. This city's decline was because of environmental changes and the rise of Islam.
Daodejing
The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.
umma
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.
Sikhism
The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.
Ibn Sina
The famous Islamic scientist and philosopher who organized the medical knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into the Canon of Medicine
Axis Powers
The group containing Germany, Italy, and Japan in WWII
The Allies
The group containing the US, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union in WWII
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The heir to the Austrian throne that was assassinated on June 28, 1914. Served as a catalyst for WWI
Brahmin
The highest of the four classes of the caste system, made up of priests.
filial piety
The honoring of one's ancestors & parents, a key element of Confucianism.
Law of Karma
The human soul travels from body to body over many lifetimes, depending on one's actions, they can move closer to the union with Brahman
atman
The human soul, which is in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.
Mandate of Heaven
The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperor, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.
Mandate of Heaven
The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that the ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally & benevolently.
Shotoku Taishi
The initial Japanese leader that supported incorporating Chinese influence. Launched large-scale missions to China where they put in practice what they learned. They established a Seventeen Article Constitution. This was an example of voluntary Chinese cultural borrowing.
Simón bolívar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia
Hellenistic Era
The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.
Caliph
The political and religious successor to Muhammad
Brahmins
The priestly caste in India.
Colonial Peru and Mexico
The settler population was about 20%, not including creoles or mestizo; the land was HIGHLY desirable; the economy was commercial agriculture (potatoes, corn, silver); things were produced for domestic reasons, but the Ag never stayed; considered to be separate but acknowledged the Spanish monarchy; adopted a type of Spanish hierarchy; slavery death rate was not high; extent of racial mixing was high with substantial mestizo
Southern colonies
The settler population was high with much desirable land which led to a plantation complex economy (tobacco, cotton, sugar, indigo). About 1/2 of the cotton, and much tobacco were used domestically. High because of Spanish and English; hierarchy that put anybody of black descent at the bottom; racial mixing was low and racism was extremely high.
Triple Entente
The side of Russia, France, and Great Britain in World War I that had allies in the US, Belgium, Greece, and Japan
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade
The small-scale trafficking of slaves across the Saharan Desert that started in the 12th century CE Originally only trading women, but eventually men too. Most slaves came from the non-Islamic and stateless societies and they eventually traded across the Sahara Desert.
Prague Spring
The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968 that was stopped by the controlling government of the Soviet Union
Ayan
The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule
teosinte (pron. tay-oh-SIN-tay)
The wild ancestor of maize, or corn.
middle-class values
These people were the main beneficiaries of the Industrial Revolution. They were the ones that owned the factories. In Britain, their central value was "respectability," which combined notions of social status and virtuous behavior.
Mayan Civilization
This civilization had very smart intellectuals, a mathematics system and the most elaborate writing system in the Americas. These people were ruled by gentle priest-kings, at the top of the social hierarchy, who managed the building of great monuments and an almost totally engineered landscape. Their political system was fragmented and often they engaged in warfare without a central/unifying government. The end of the civilization was brought on by long term drought which led to famine, epidemic, and warfare. Elements of this culture still live on.
Chinggis Khan
Title meaning "universal ruler" that was given to the Mongol leader Temujin in 1206 after he united the Mongols.
Son of Heaven
Title of the Ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty. It acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth.
Shrivijaya
Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion
Hadiths
Traditions of the prophet
yasak
Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of fur
island hopping
US WWII strategy of conquering only certain Japanese-held Pacific islands that were important to the Allied advance toward Japan
Japan after WWII
US occupied Japan from 1945-1952, Japan had an "economic miracle" and relied on the US for military security since their military was restricted.
New Deal
US president Franklin D. Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression; experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent future disasters. Immediate programs of public spending, social security, minimum wage, relief and welfare programs, support for labor union, subsides (that encouraged agricultural production). None of the programs ended the Great Depression in the US only WWII did.
maternal feminism
Unlike normal women suffrage groups, maternal feminism is backed by the idea that women should have equal rights because of their roles as mothers: the guardians of family life and social virtue.
stateless societies
Village based agricultural societies, usually organized by kinship groups, that functioned without a formal government apparatus.
Buddhist Gods
Vishnu= protecter/preserver of creation Shiva= the destroyer (blue, female, four arms) Buddha= 9th incarnation of Vishnu
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
Fulbe
West Africa's largest pastoral society, whose members gradually adopted Islam and took on a religious leadership role that lead to the creation of a number of new states.
"military-industrial complex"
a collation of the armed services, military research laboratories, and private defense industries that both stimulated and benefitted from increased military spending and cold war tensions.
Broad Spectrum Diet
a highly effective diet that consisted of what Homo Sapiens had most readily available to them.
Ahimsa
a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence
Han Wudi
a Chinese emperor; after Zhang Qian came back from his expedition, Zhang suggests trade relations between China and Bactria through India, and Han thought that was a fantabulous idea; China imposed political and military control over vast territories and promoted trade
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote the Ninety-five Theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Qin Dynasty
a SHORT-lived (221-206 BCE) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China under LEGALISM at the end of the Warring States period
Nubia
a civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted foe development of an alphabetic writing system and a major ironworking industry by 500 B.C.E.
Classical Greece
a classic civilization made up of small and competing city-states that allowed varying degrees of popular participation in political life. The people occupying this civilization were an Indo-European people that drew on much of the First Civilizations. Emerged around 750 BCE and flourished for about 400 years until it has incorporated in a succession of foreign empires.The city-states were independent and often in conflict. The population ranged from 2-3 million and all worshiped the same gods (polytheistic, mythology). This civilization also highly praised rational thinking.
dharma
any hope for rebirth into a higher caste rested on the faithful and selfless performance of one's present caste duties; Hindu belief
House of Wisdom
a combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad. It was founded by Caliph al-Ma'mun in the early 800s. There, scholars of different cultures and beliefs worked side by side translating text from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere in Arabic. Scholars there included researchers, editors, linguists, and technical advisers.
Black death/ plague
a disease that was spread by fleas from rats on ships and was almost always fatal, mediterranean region; 542 AD; Jews didn't get sick (very clean, kosher food); infected by fleas, A form of bubonic plague that spread over Europe in the 14th Century killed 1/4 of Europe's population in 5 years; 25 million;
Clovis Culture
a flourishing culture around 12,000-11,000 years ago, scattered bands that populated huge areas and on the archeological record are most dramatically known for hunting very large mammals. At least had indirect communication with other ____ clans. About 10,900 years ago the ____ people and many species of large animals became extinct.
Patriarchy
a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line
communism
a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership and instates a classless society.
Young Ottomans
a generation in the Ottoman Empire of modern Western-educated young men that sought major changes in Ottoman policy and to overcome the "backwardness" and preserve the state.
Young Turks
a generation of Turks that largely abandoned any reference to Islam and were committed to modernization and brought about thought of the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish National state.
Teotihuacán
a giant city north of the Valley of Mexico that was one of the largest urban centers in the Americas. Not much is known because of the absence of a formal writing system, but the city was physically grid-like and decorated with murals, carvings, and sculptures. Maybe they were ruled by an oligarchy or single monarch?
Hindu Kush Mountains
a mountain range extending west of the Himalayas
Turks
a new group of nomads that drove the tang armies out of central Asia and took control of the silk roads. because of this chinas economy was damaged
tribute
a payment made by a weaker power to a stronger power to obtain an assurance of peace and security
"imperial" presidency
a presidency that created a culture of secrecy and an obsession with national security
Thrace
a region and ancient country and wine producing region in the east of the Balkan Peninsula north of the Aegean Sea
Catalhuyuk
a very early agricultural village in southern Turkey(also Ottoman Empire territory) population about several 1,000. not any indication of male or female dominance. Had the freedom of gathering and hunting societies with out kings, chiefs, or aristocrats.
total war
a war that requires the mobilization of the entire country's population, brought together with propaganda.
Shang Dynasty
about 1700 - 1122 BCE FIRST recorded Chinese dynasty
pueblos
above-ground, apartment-style compounds made of stone and adobe, or sun-baked clay.
Jericho
agricultural society that kept equality
Mughal Empire
an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.
Fertile Crescent
an area sometimes known as Southwest Asia. The FIRST to experience a full Agricultural Revolution. had and extraordinary variety of plants and animals to be domesticated. Agricultural Breakthrough 9000-7000 BCE
Karl Marx
an economic socialist that believed that free market enterprise would result in the polarization of the social classes, and that worked should be done evenly throughout. His ideas were popular in Germany and Russia, yet never caught on in the United States.
Igbo
an ethnic group of Nigeria that lived in the southwest region for thousands of years. Known for metalworking, weaving, and carving.
Holocaust
an event concentrated in Germany that was the mass murder of races that Germans found in their society to be "inferior", mainly the Jews (Slavs, POWs of Allies, handicapped, homosexuals, communists, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses). People were sent to death camps, the most famous of which were Auschwitz, Dachau, and Bergen-Belsen.
Mombasa
an important Swahili city-state and trading center between 1100 and 1500; came under Portuguese control
nationalism
an infinitely flexible and enormously powerful idea that diminished allegiances to local communities and established loyalties in the nations. It provided a singular cultural identity to groups of culturally similar people, divided humankind into separate nations. Notion was created that each distinct culture and territory is deserving of independent politics.
Ceylon
an island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of India
World Bank and International Monetary Fund
an outcome of WWII; established in 1945, it's purpose to regulate the global economy and prevent another depression and to stimulate economic growth.
NATO
an outcome of WWII; established in 1949, a group of allied Western, non-communist countries that the US nuclear arsenal became responsible for protecting against the communist Soviet Union
European Coal and Steel Community
an outcome of WWII; established in 1951, an industrial community that included Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
European Economic Community
an outcome of WWII; established in 1957, a highly expanded version of the ECSC that came to contain almost all of Europe and adopted the Euro in 2002; expressed a larger European identity.
Marshall Plan
an outcome of WWII; introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.
Uruk
ancient Mesopotamia's largest city with population of about 50,000. had walls more than 20 ft tall to protect the city and a ziggurat temple
apartheid
attempt to separate blacks and whites in every way possible, while maintaining a black work force; famously used by the Afrikaner government in South Africa
End of the Last Ice Age
began some 16,000 years ago and ended about 11,000 years ago. Throughout the Ice Age many species and plants went extinct, but what Mother Nature took away she have back with new resources that flourished in warmer conditions. Homo Sapiens across the planet migrated in this era and agriculture was made possible.
"maternal feminism"
belief that "women's duties are to watch over the futures of their children", and gives women the right to intervene in acts of civil and political life
Mandate of Heaven
belief that the rule of a Chinese dynasty was granted by divine powers, and when the dynasty went bad this was removed.
Aspasia
born in Miletus which gave her more freedom. She was an educated woman which was rare and remarkable, eventually moved to Athens
Zhuangzi
ca. 369-286 BCE. great teacher of Daoism after Laozi one of the main contributors in Doaism; used stories and humour to promote a philosophy of freedom from social constraints and conditioning that could lead one back to an original undistorted state of being
Eunuchs
castrated males used within households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard his concubines; became a political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during later Han rule.
Upanishads
central concepts of philosophical Hinduism; mystical and sacred texts
Li
ceremonies, rituals, and rules of proper conduct in Confucian tradition
Hitler
charismatic leader of the German Nazi Party that rose to power as chancellor in 1933. He successfully brought Germany out of the Depression and appealed to rural and traditional values. Had much insistence on racial revolution and drew heavily on "scientific racism". He blamed the "impurity of blood" from the Jews for Germany's problems and sought to destroy the Jews, and anybody else that could inhibit the success of Germany, in the Holocaust. He increasingly militarized Germany and pushed and eventually broke the boundaries set by the Treaty of Versailles and triggered WWII.
Potosí
city that developed high in the Andes at the site of the world's largest Ag mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570's
Phoenicians
commercially active in the Mediterranean basin from their homeland (present day Lebanon) where they actively adopted a lot of Mesopotamian culture (fertility goddess Ishtar, Sumerian cuneiform)
Stateless Societies
communities governed without centralized states or full time rulers. Alternative to states/kingdoms/empires.
European Economic Community
community between France, Italy, West Germany, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Tariffs were reduced and trade policies were established. The EEC was later named the European Union, and by then had several more European countries in it.
Alexander the Great: Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.)
conqueror of Persian Empire & part of northwest India.
Total War
countries using EVERY resource available for the war effort.
"empire of production"
country with powerful influence that uses economic penetration, political pressure, and periodic military action to create societies and governments that are compatible with the values and interests of the dominant power without directly governing large populations for long periods
Code of Hammurabi
developed in Mesopotamia clearly stating that class had consequences. Developer claimed that this code was inspired by Marduk, the chief guard of Babylon, to destroy the evil-doers. "An eye for an eye"
Great Leap Forward
economic and social plan started by Mao Zedong; used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society by collectivizing farms and putting them into People's Communes. The plan failed and more than 20 million people died due to a massive famine.
The Columbian Exchange
enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, food, human population, diseases and ideas; one of the most significant events in the history of world ecology, agriculture and culture between America, Asia, Europe, and Africa. wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, etc took hold in the Americas where they transformed the landscape and made possible a recognizably European diet and way of life. Their animals were even more revolutionary, multiplying quickly in the absence of natural predators. American food crops like corn and potatoes also spread to the eastern hemisphere. it gave rise to something wholly new in world history: an interacting Atlantic world connecting four continents.
encroachment
entry onto another's property without permission. Europeans did this to Africa
Qin Dynasty
established in 221 BCE at the end of the Warring States Period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; founded by Qin Shi Huangdi; reorganized China into large provinces; developed strong military; Great Wall was built; census introduced
Indus Valley Civilization
first South Asian civilization that arose by 2000 BCE and was far LARGER than Mesopotamia, Egypt, or coastal Peru. They had irrigated agriculture and a pictographic language (undeciphered) little evidence of political hierarchy or centralized state. Heavy environmental impact led to exhausted resources and the abandonment of the civilization by about 1700 BCE Many parts of the culture (religious symbols, clothing styles, yoga poses) carried on to later civilizations in the area (India)
Empress Wu
former high ranking concubine in imperial court. Only woman EVER to rule with the empress title in China. Her actions seemed to be designed to help women's position on the social scale. Reign was brief.
Siddhartha Gautama
founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha
Free & Unfree Labor
free classes which contained bulk of persian society received income that temples made from agriculture processes; slaves worked as domestic servants or skilled laborers in households of wealthy and on constrution projects
Indus Valley
home of a major civilization that emerged in what is now Pakistan during the third millennium B.C.E., in the valleys of the Indus and the Saraswati rivers, noted for the uniformity of its elaborately planned cities over a large territory.
Hominid
human-like creatures that were primates. found 6-5 million years ago in Southern/Eastern Africa. Thought processing ability (allowed them to adapt to changes in their environment) 3 major differences between monkey and homo sapien: bipedal organisms (able to stand on two legs), sizable brain, a larynx (allows complete speech)
seizure of Constantinople
in 1453Constantinople, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, and* event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.
Cuban Missile Crisis
in May of 1962 Nikita Khruschchev deployed nuclear tipped warheads to Cuba in hopes to prevent the US from invading the first communist country in the Western Hemisphere. In October of 1962 the US discovered the warheads and the US, Cuba, and the USSR were in nuclear standoff for 13 days. Eventually a compromise was met that the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba if the US would publicly promise to never invade Cuba and dismantle US nuclear warheads in Turkey and Italy.
Missionaries
individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion
Facism
intensely nationalistic rule that seeks to revitalize and purify a nation and to mobilize people for a grand task. Praises violence, action, and traditional values, and hates everything else.
World Trade Organization
international body representing 149 nations and charged with negotiating the rules for global commerce and promoting free trade
League of Nations
international peacekeeping organization established in 1920 that excluded Germany and the US(own decision). It ultimately failed.
Egypt
is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible.
Macedon
kingdom located in northern Greece; originally loosely organizedunder kings, became centralized under Philip II; served as basis for unifaction of unifaction of Greece and later Macedonian Empire.
Taiping Uprising
led by Hong Xiuquan (who thought of himself as Jesus's brother), this semi-Christian rebellion was for radical reforms. However, wealthy landowners and the gentry crushed this rebellion.
sharecropping
legal and highly dependent form of agricultural labor that was paid cheaply and replaced slavery. Used a lot in the southern colonies of North America after the Civil War
patriarchy
literally "rule of the father"; a social system of male dominance.
Chumash Culture
located in Southern California around modern day Santa Barbara. more representative of post Ice Age peoples who settled down with more complex societies. Densely populated 20,000 people. A big change in their way of life in 1150 CE "entirely now society". Much technological innovation including the tomol. Brotherhood of the Tomol was very rich. material life was very elaborate, resource rich environment led to a market economy/hunting and gathering. money was stringed beads. high ranking officials held feasts and "fundraisers" for the poor to even the wealth. Most of them died off with European invasion
Afghanistan
located in south central Asia; landlocked; half its area consists of high plateaus and mountains that separate the rich northern provinces from the deserts and plains of the south; cold winters and hot summers; Afghan hound and Persian cat; gold mines
San Culture
located on the Northern fringe of the Kalahari Dessert (in Southern Africa). practiced a hunting and gathering way of life with technology of stone tools. traveled in small groups (10-30) that were connected by kinship, no formal leaders, influenced strongly by tradition, tried to keep an even keel throughout their society by leveling the wealth. Sexual relationships were very open, polygamy was allowed as well as lovers and teen sex. frequent arguments about food, not even tempered. polytheistic, gods were thought of as bad, no gifts/sacrifices made.
Southeast Asia
mainland region (Malay Peninsula), archipelago (chain of islands), "golden region or golden islands", melting pot of peoples, mixture of races, cultures and religions, geographical barriers, never unified under a single government, development of separate, distinctive cultures with diverse cultural practices, such as different rligions and languages
bourgeoise
middle class; capitalist class who own most of societies wealth and means of production
Warsaw Pact
military alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European, communist states designed to counter NATO
caudillos
military strongmen in Latin America
Environmentalism
movement that began in the 19th century when Romantic poets spoke about the satanic agenda of industrialization against the countryside. In the second half of the 20th century this movement to promote awareness of the declining environment achieved world-wide recognition
extirpation
movements that were launched by church authorities in the 17th and early 18th centuries in the Andean region to stop Taki Onqoy and fatally undermine the native religion by peeing of their idols, desecrating the remains of ancestors, and destroying religious images.
kivas
much larger structures used for ceremonial purposes, which symbolized the widespread belief that humankind emerged into this world from the world below.
Japan
never successfully invaded or conquered by China, but unified under Shotoku Taishi. The government was never highly centralized, political authority diminished, aristocrats/local governments were the powerful. Chinese influence brought imperial-style courts, emperors, and overall adopted the Chinese government style. The influence was voluntary (unlike in Korea and Vietnam) and Buddhism was turned into a mixture of Japanese Buddhism and Shinto. Women had some degree of freedom but status declined when the warrior class rose.
Constantinople
new capital for the Byzantine Empire, established by Constantine, on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium that assured the city's cultural and strategic importance for centuries. Later renamed Istanbul.
"The Original Affluent Society"
nomadic tribes with much free time and traveling and protecting each other only taking what they needed from the environment
Xiongnu
nomadic/semi-agricultural group (est. about the time of the Han) that occupied the Mongolia steppes and posed a great threat to China. Shihuangdi started building the Great Wall for the purpose of protection from these nomadic peoples. Raiding China made the emperor politically "realize" this group as an equal and China had to pay "tribute" to them to protect the Empire.
Germanic Peoples
nomadic/semi-agricultural peoples that were seen as "barbarians" who lived on the Northern frontier and posed a threat to the Roman Empire.
Xiongnu
nomads who terrorized the border and were defeated by Wudi. Lived in the steppes or grasslands north of China. Were the biggest threat to security.
Gentile
non-Jewish followers of Christ. They were dubbed atheists by the Roman Empire because of their denial of the many Roman gods and goddesses.
Social Darwinism
not exactly a belief of Darwin himself, but it was "survival of the fittest". A belief of weeding out the "weaker" and allowing the "stronger" to flourish. European's developed a secular arrogance that replaced religious superiority and opinions of other cultures DROPPED SHARPLY; science arose to support the racial prejudices that developed
native Australians
often called "Aboriginals" (from the Latin ab origne, the people who had been there "from the beginning"), the natives of Australia continued (and to some extent still continue) to live by gathering and hunting, despite the transition to agriculture in nearby lands.
Wuwei
one of the two important concepts in Taoism; "non-action" "letting go/effortless action/going with the flow"; sage's practice allowing things to be; action is not premeditated/forced but is spontaneous and harmonius in response to the situation
Ramayana
one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne
Mahayana
one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone
Bureaucrats
organizing a complex and large administrative structure with responsibility for carrying out day to day tasks of the organization departments and agencies of the government.
Hinduism
polytheistic Indian religion that is highly distinguished by the caste system
plebians
poorer class of the Roman Empire
Colonial Brazil and Caribbean
population was mostly settlers, disease killed off most natives; very desirable land; economy was a plantation complex on sugar with production exclusively for export; under power of Portugal and Spain; slavery death rate was 80% or more; extent of racial mixing was high; was racism but the mestizo were generally excepted.
dependent development
power exercised by foreign investors, new form of colonialism. US did this to Mexico
griots
praise-singers who preserved and recited the oral traditions of their societies
Brahmins
priests with enormous power and wealth
British/Dutch East India Companies
private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples
pochteca
professional merchants in the Americas in the classical era.
Caste System
register of spiritual progress for the Hindu people. Depending on the Law of Karma you each time you die, your soul is reborn into a different caste based on the actions of your past actions.
Ashoka Maurya
reigned a the peak of the Maurya empire. He conquered the kingdom of Kalinga in 260 B.C.E., rules through tightly organized bureaucracy, established his capital at Pataliputra, policies were written on rocks or pillars, and the empire declined after his death because of financial problems. Converted to Buddhism and made Buddhism offical religion of his empire.
icons
religious images or paintings that are traditional among many Eastern Christians. they are used to aid their devotions.
icons
religious paintings of important church figures. Artistic masterpieces of the Middle Ages that gave people a feeling of divine presence.
Indian Ocean Trading Network
sea-based trade system that also connected distant peoples. There was much wealth in the system because of the control of expensive imported goods that usually travelled in bulk. This system represented the world's largest sea-based trade system of commerce and communication (from South China to East Africa). The goods were usually transported in bulk.
Northern colonies
settler population was high 90%; the land was not desirable; agricultural economy with mostly everything produced for domestic use; slavery death rate was medium, slaves lived long enough to reproduce; the extent of racial mixing was not high; racism was high, there weren't many blacks
Mohenjo Daro/Harappa
sister cities that flourished along the banks of the Indus River around 2000 BCE very high populations (about 40,000). richly built houses of two or three stories and indoor plumbing, luxurious bathrooms, private wells set on a grid-like pattern with a complex sewage system, public bath, citadel
Chinese Communist Party
small Chinese communist party that was founded in 1921 and put China in a revolution. Headed by the charismatic Mao Zedong; emerged victorious against the Goumindang government as the head of China in 1949. Still is in power today.
Benin
small centralized territorial STATE from 15th century in what is now Southern Nigeria; famous for brass sculptures and a warrior king who was always looking for conquest.
McCarthyism
small communist party that evolved in the US
Aristotle and classical Greek learning
some works of the greek philosopher aristotle (384-322 bc) had always been known in w. europe, but beginning in the 11th c. medieval thought was increasingly shaped by a great recovery of aristotle's works and a fascination with other greek authors, this infusion of greek rationalism into europe's universities shaped intellectual development for several centuries
Austronesian
speaking people settled the Pacific islands and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago.
kami
spirits of Japan, whether ancestors or natural phenomena; their worship much later came to be called Shinto
Imams
spiritual leaders who, according to some Shia Muslims, should be direct descendants of Muhammad
Western Christendom
split in 1054 C.E. on account of differences in church leadership, languages, religious images and the filioque. , formed into Protestantism & Roman Catholic
union
that act of being joined together, especially in a political party; thought of as being the most dangerous institutions that ever existed by governments
Laozi
the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; he founded Taoism (Daoism)
Bushido
the "way of the warrior" referring to the military virtues of the Japanese samurai
Afrikaners
the Dutch settlers that were born and lived in South Africa; thought of themselves as African
hangul
the Korean phonetic alphabet that uses symbols to represent the sounds of spoken Korean -had a writing system=tech advanced
Paleolithic Settling Down
the changes that were brought on by the last Ice Age pushed and helped humankind progress to a modern state. Some nomads settled down because conditions were better and it was easier for them to live. The government of these Paleolithic societies also flourished. Animals became domesticated. The next big advancement to follow architecture/hunting abilities, led to agriculture
Benito Mussolini
the charismatic Italian leader of the facist party that rose to power in 1922. He suspended democracy and banned all other political groups creating a totalitarian government. This person, even though he promoted Catholicism, was atheist. He teamed up with Hitler in WWII
sharia
the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed; applies Islamic principles to everyday life
Umma
the community of all believers in Islam
nationalism
the concept that people unite collectively as a nation. The citizens of a nation take pride in their country.
Hegemony
the consistent dominance of one state or ideology over others
Paleolithic Persistence
the continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite millennia of agricultural advance
Indian cotton textiles
the cotton textiles were the usual beginnings of industrial revolutions. Because raw materials were bought for a very small price and the finished goods were sold at a reasonable price, they turned a large profit.
Great Dying
the devastating population drop that happened to the natives in the Americas post-Columbian voyage because of the lack of domesticated animals=the lack of immunities to disease that Europeans brought over
Sikhism
the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam
Noble Eightfold Path (Eightfold Path)
the fourth of the Four Noble Truths; defines the basic practices of Buddhism that lead to nirvana
Ulmayaad caliphate
the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty; the largest empire the world had yet seen,[2] and the seventh largest contiguous empire ever to exist. After the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate, they fled across North Africa to the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus), where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-Ándalus.
Diffusion
the wide-spreading of something globally. Usually of great significance #1 the first form of the globalization of agricultural techniques, but with out the extensive movement of agricultural peoples. groups exchanged projects and ideas. #2 slow migration of agricultural peoples as growing populations pushed them outward
Olmec Civilization
took shape around 1200 BCE along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Agricultural economy with many ceremonial centers. created the FIRST written language in the Americas by about 9000 BCE became known as the "mother civilization of Mesoamerica" because cultural patterns influenced subsequent societies like the Maya and Teotihuacán. The ____ civilization had giant monumental heads
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
trading of African peoples from Africa through the Middle Passage of the Atlantic Ocean to the New World/American colonies where they would become slaves
Mozambique
trading republic under Portuguese rule on the Eastern coast of Africa
Hungary and Czechoslovakia
two states that attempted to overthrow imperialistic yoke in 1958; crushed by Soviet tanks and troops; later opened their borders to West
Modun
under his leadership (210 174 BCE), Modun has effected Xiongu empire a revolution in nomadic life. Fragmented and egalitarian societies were now transformed into a far more centeralized and hierarchical political system in which power was concentrated in divinely sanctioned rulers.
Vietnam
unified from 3rd BCE - 939 CE and was ruled by Chinese officials who were hoping to integrate this country into China. This place had a Chinese based examination system, and unofficial Confucian schools. The elite adopted clothing and hair styles, Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Women had greater freedom and there was even a depiction of a female Buddha.
Opium Wars
wars between China and Britain over the flow of opium into China, ended with an unfair treaty against China that gave Britain 5 Chinese ports and trading priveleges.
Osama bin Laden
wealthy Saudi Arab who created al-Qaeda to funnel fighters and funds to the Afghan resistance. He was on the same side with US when fighting off Soviet powers, but he became disillusioned and radicalized when the Saudi government allowed the stationing of infidel US troops in Islam's holy land in the American war against Iraq in 1991. Mid-90s he found a safety zone in taliban-ruled Afghanistan and planned the 9/11 attack on the US. in 1998 al-Qaeda issued fatwa (religious edict) declaring war on America. Killed by Seal-Team 6 in 2011 (Zero Dark Thirty)
global warming
when fossil fuels were increasing burned, emitting heat-trapping greenhouse gases, along with the loss of tress to deforestation the emission of CO2 began to significantly warm the earth.
trance dance
when people often entered an altered state of consciousness or trance while performing the ceremonies for religious purposes, often with the aid of psycho-active drugs.
prolitariat
workers or working-class, regarded collectively
iron-smithing
working of iron with fires and earth to produce highly useful metal
Labour Party
working-class political party that was established in Britain in 1890s. Became a major force in parliament and a voice for the blue collars.