American History A
Which of the following explorers was influenced by The Travels of Marco Polo?
Christopher Columbus
Which of the following statements best describes the ideas of government found in the Declaration of Independence?
Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed.
Anacreon
Greek poet known for writing drinking songs
NATHAN HALE
Hale was an American Patriot who went behind British lines to steal strategic documents. He failed in his mission and was executed by the British. His death made him a martyr to the Patriot cause. His final words were, "I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country."
How did Alexander Hamilton defend his belief that the federal government had the authority to create a national bank?
Hamilton believed that the Constitution's implied and resulting powers allowed for federal authority to create the bank.
What was the significance of Zebulon Pike's journey?
He brought geographical surveys conducted by the Spanish Government
What impact did Francisco Coronado have on New Spain?
He charted the territories lying to the north of Mexico
What feat was accomplished by Ferdinand Magellan?
He circumnavigated the earth
What impact did the ideas of Rousseau have on the creation of the United States government?
He furthered the idea of social contract theory that required active participation by citizens
Why was Nat Turner moved to start a slave rebellion?
He had visions predicting the event
How did Henry Knox help General Washington recapture Boston after the Battle of Bunker Hill?
He helped move an artillery force more than 300 miles
What is one way in which John Smith aided the Jamestown colony of Virginia during its early years?
He helped the colonists negotiate threats by the native Powhatan tribe.
Why did Stand Watie choose to join the Confederacy?
He joined thew Confederacy to fight the federal government
Why did Thomas Jefferson believe that the creation of a national bank was unconstitutional?
Jefferson believed that any power not expressly delegated to the federal government by the Constitution should be reserved to the states or the people.
During the Mexican-American War, __________ helped fight for a free California.
John C. Fremont
For which of the following did Marbury v. Madison establish a precedent that continues to be utilized today?
Judicial review
What was important about the scientific innovations discovered under the rule of Prince Henry the Navigator?
The famous discoveries of the Portuguese and their constant stream of new expeditions drew the world's attention
Why did the Texians stay to defend the Alamo?
They believed the Alamo to be the key to the defense of Texas
How did the introduction of the horse to North America change the Native American way of life?
They could explore and exploit the land more quickly.
Why did some Tejanos support the fight against the Mexican government?
They wanted freedom from the dictatorship of President Santa Anna
The forced removal of southeastern Native American tribes was known as the __________.
Trail of Tears
supersede
take place of an established authority
British Regulars
term commonly used to describe Napoleonic-era British foot soldier
Anglican Church
the Church of England
Which event led to Congress declaring war against Mexico?
the Thornton Affair
extrication
the act of freeing or removing someone or something from a place or position
emancipation
the act of freeing someone from someone else's control or power
colonization
the act of one country claiming territory and establishing settlements in another land
secession
the act of separating from a nation and becoming independent
assassination
the action of murdering someone
Which of the following terms best describes the concept of manifest destiny?
the belief that America should stretch from coast to coast
expansionism
the belief that a country should grow larger; a policy of increasing a country's size by expanding its territory
stipulations
the binding terms of an agreement
theology
the body of religious beliefs and concepts; the study of religious belief and practice
Which event marked the end of the Bear Flag Revolt?
the capture of Monterey, California
righteous
the feeling of having justified beliefs
inauguration
the formal ceremony marking the beginning of an office, such as that of president
pelt
the fur and skin of an animal
Corps of Discovery
the group of men who charted a western route across America from 1804 to 1806
expansionism
the idea or policy that a nation should grow larger and expand its territory
caliber
the internal diameter of a gun barrel
frontier
the land or territory that forms the furthest extent of a country's settled or inhabited regions
jurisdiction
the limit or extent to which a governmental body can make legal decisions
How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo affect the Mexican government?
the loss of high volumes of land and the high volume of casualties
Which idea was used as inspiration for American troops during the Battle of San Jacinto?
the memory of those lost at the Alamo and Goliad
general-in-chief
the military officer in command of all other generals
migration
the movement of people from one place to another
Parliament
the name of a legislative body in several countries, such as England
proximity
the nearness of a point or an object to another
protocol
the official procedure for taking action, usually noted in a handbook
conscription
the practice of ordering people by law to serve in the armed forces
veto
a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal
smallpox
a contagious viral disease causing fever and pustules; wiped out millions of native inhabitants of the New World
stalemate
a contest, dispute, or competition in which neither side can gain an advantage or win
writ of mandamus
a court order to an official to fill a specific responsibility
standoff
a deadlock between equally matched opponents
dispute
a disagreement or debate
nutation
a disruption in a rhythmic pattern
feint
a distracting movement designed to outwit an opponent
catalyst
a factor that causes a change in the direction of events
sawmill
a factory where logs are cut into lumber
marshal
a federal law officer
animosity
a feeling of strong dislike, ill will, or anger
ultimatum
a final demand of terms, rejection of which will result in retaliation
torpedo
a floating underwater charge; later a self-propelled missile
treaty
a formal agreement between countries
presidio
a fortified military settlement
compound
a fortified series of buildings, often with a surrounding wall
Black Hawk War
a four-month engagement involving the Sauk, Kickapoo, and Meskwaki
republicanism
a governing of society as a republic
triumvirate
a government body made of three representatives
Kitchen Cabinet
a group of unofficial advisors to President Andrew Jackson
ram
a heavy beak-like projection mounted on a ship's bow and used for striking another ship
wildcat
a high-risk speculator
Early National Period
a historical era in American history spanning from about 1781 to 1814
privation
a lack or loss of the basic things that people need to live properly
empresario
a land agent granted the right to recruit and assist new settlers in colonizing Mexican-held land
battalion
a large body of troops ready for battle
convention
a large meeting to discuss and debate shared interests or concerns
escarpment
a large, steep slope, especially one at the edge of a plateau or separating areas of land at different heights
obligation
a legally or morally binding duty or responsibility
parallel
a line of constant latitude as measured on the earth's surface
American Romanticism
a literary movement of the 1800s emphasizing individual freedom, power of nature and natural beauty, human emotions, distrust of civilization, nostalgia for the past, and a celebration of imagination and intuition
Silk Road
a medieval trade route between Europe and China that allowed for cultural and economic exchange
rendezvous
a meeting at an agreed-upon time and place
Mormon
a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
siege
a military operation where troops surround a place occupied by an enemy and cut off essential supplies
monarchist
a monarchy system in which a central figurehead rules
preemptive
a move that serves to forestall an inevitable occurrence
recolonization
a movement created to assist free black people in emigrating to Africa
isthmus
a narrow strip of land with seacoast on either side
Underground Railroad
a network of secret routes used by slaves to escape to the free states or Canada
delegate
a person elected or assigned to represent others
conductor
a person in charge of a train; in the Underground Railroad, a person who would escort slaves on their journeys between safe houses
mestizo
a person of mixed descent, usually European and Indian, in Latin American regions
criollo
a person of mixed race born in colonial New Spain who can trace his or her bloodline to Spain itself; comparable to the upper middle class
indentured servant
a person under contract to work for another for a set period of time
profiteer
a person who attempts to make an unfair profit on the sale of essential goods during times of emergency
strict constructionist
a person who believes in following to the letter the precepts of the US Constitution
absolutist
a person who believes in the exercise of complete and absolute power by one ruler
abolitionist
a person who favors ending a practice such as slavery
fugitive
a person who has escaped
pioneer
a person who is among the first to explore or settle an area
missionary
a person who is sent to a foreign country to do religious work
loyalist
a person who remains loyal to the current ruler or government
martyr
a person who sacrifices his or her life for a belief or a principle
advocate
a person who supports a position or point of view
conspirator
a person who takes part in a scheme
philosopher
a person who understands, considers, and studies ideas, theories, and truths about life
transcendentalism
a philosophy which says that thought and spiritual things are more real than ordinary human experience and material things
stereoscopic
a photographic technique that creates three-dimensional images using a special two-lensed camera
allotment
a piece of land deeded by the government
garrison
a place that houses military troops
treasury
a place where the funds of a government are stored
arsenal
a place where weapons and ammunition are manufactured and maintained
impasse
a point at which no progress can be made
sentiment
a point of view or feeling about an event, situation, or idea
extinction
the process of a species becoming extinct (no longer living)
sanitation
the provision of clean water and adequate sewage disposal
fanaticism
the quality of fervent belief to the point of being unrealistic
Gold Rush
the rapid movement of people toward the California goldfields
suffrage
the right to vote in political elections
disbursement
the spending or distribution of money
divine
the state of being of, from, or like God
Which of the following was an advantage of ironclads?
they could hold more weapons and firepower They could take more damage from enemy fire
Founding Fathers
those who helped create the United States, generally defined as the members of the American Constitutional Convention of 1787
What was the impact of Indian Removal in the 1830s?
thousands of native americans died during a forced migration
annex
to acquire more territory
concede
to admit the truth; to give in
Why was military protection needed while negotiations for Texas annexation were occurring?
to avoid potential conflict caused by Mexico
discrimination
to be denied commonly held privileges because of race, nationality, or other reason
incarcerated
to be imprisoned
impeach
to bring charges against the holder of a public office
immigrate
to come into a foreign country to live permanently
negotiate
to deal or bargain with others to create a treaty, contract, or other agreement
allocate
to distribute according to a structured plan
subsist
to exist on a level below what is humanely considered necessary for existence
prohibit
to forbid by a law or a rule
acquire
to gain an asset or object by buying or seizing it
compensate
to give something in recognition of loss
levy
to impose or collect a tax or fee
inoculate
to introduce an infection in a patient to create an immunity to a disease
emigrate
to leave one's country to settle permanently in another country
rein in
to limit or control something
eavesdrop
to listen in on a private conversation
ameliorate
to make a bad situation better; to improve conditions
demonize
to make a person or group of people seem capable of evil actions
quell
to make something cease or quiet down
nullify
to make something legally void and dissolve its value
abolishment
to officially end or stop something
abolish
to officially put an end to an act
repeal
to officially revoke or withdraw
boycott
to protest by withdrawing social, political, and/or economic support of a person, group, or business
wrest
to pull an object out using great effort
liquidate
to settle business affairs through determining liabilities and apportioning assets
seize
to take possession of something forcibly
paternalism
to take the social role of father over others who are seen as inferiors
decentralize
to transfer authority from a central government to local ones
secede
to withdraw from a political union
dragoons
troops trained in horse riding and infantry fighting
The transfer of plants and animals between Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas became known as the Columbian Exchange.
true
unalienable
unable to be taken away, transferred, or given away by the possessor
precarious
uncertain, unsteady; unbalanced and in danger of toppling
barbaric
uncivilized or savagely cruel
hostilities
unfriendliness or opposition; conflict in a war
skirmish
unplanned fighting
inclement
unpleasantly wet or cold
After the Battle of Saratoga, the Continental Army settled at __________.
valley forge
Napoleonic Wars
wars that were fought in Europe between Napoleon and various European powers
squander
waste in a foolish manner
steamboat
watercraft whose primary power comes from steam turning a paddlewheel
bourgeoisie
wealthy middle class that owns the means of production
notorious
widely and unfavorably known; infamous
pervasive
widespread or dominant
decimated
destroyed
routed
forced to retreat
inflammatory
inciting a response of anger and outrage
tonnage
the size of a ship or the total weight that it carries in tons
Federalist
a political party that believes in sharing power between states and the national government
republic
a political state in which the power is held by its citizens and their elected officials
misassumption
a preconceived idea which is found to be false
resolution
a promise a person makes to himself or herself about the future
insurgent
a rebel
siesta
a regular period of sleep or rest in the afternoon
creed
a religion or religious sect; a statement or confession of faith
caliphate
a religious and civil government overseen by a caliph, or a high-ranking Islamic official
speculator
a risk-taking investor who purchases an item for a low price to sell it later for a great profit
viceroy
a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of another ruling power
platform
a set of aims, ideas, and principles followed by a political party, usually expressed in a written document
score
a set of twenty; "four score and seven" is 87
vessel
a ship or a large boat
mortar
a short light cannon used to shoot shells high into the air
stretcher
a sling-like bed used to carry sick or injured people
vial
a small container, typically cylindrical
propeller
a spinning mechanical device that moves a ship through the water
narrative
a spoken or written account of events
depot
a storage place for large quantities of equipment
armory
a storehouse where weapons and ammunition are kept
deposit
a sum of money placed into a bank account
interregnum
a suspension of normal government, usually in between reigns or regimes; specifically, the Interregnum period in England between the death of Charles I and the restoration of Charles II
collodion
a syrup-like solution of alcohol and ether, used in surgery practices like adhesive
currency
a system of money
tariff
a tax on imported and exported goods
cease-fire
a temporary halt in fighting
encampment
a temporary tent city for a military force
interim
a term used to describe a temporary period or position
boomtown
a town undergoing quick growth due to some manner of good fortune
alliance
a union between two groups
charnel house
a vault in a cemetery filled with the dead
constituent
a voting member of a community or organization
euphemism
a word or term that is designed to disguise a subject that is unpleasant
liberalism
a worldview founded upon liberty and equality
revolution
an overthrow of an established government or political system by the people governed
landslide
an overwhelming number of votes cast in support of one political party in an election
Aceldama
any place of slaughter and bloodshed (from the field bought with coins given to Judas for betraying Christ)
provisional
arranged for the present to possibly be changed later; temporary
earthworks
artificial earthen barricades for military defense
retaliation
attack in response to a similar attack
infrastructure
basic elements needed so that a system, group, or activity can function
affiliation
being connected to a group or idea
deism
belief in a creator God who designed nature as a perfect system and who can be understood through human reason
SYBIL LUDINGTON
When the British invaded Massachusetts, many colonials made rides to warn of the British invasion and to gather soldiers for the cause. Paul Revere made the most famous ride. Another rider was Sybil Ludington, who as a teenage girl rode 40 miles in the rain to warn of the British arrival in the colonies. She rode twice as far as Paul Revere.
antinomianism
belief that salvation is not attained through moral law but through faith and divine grace
benedictions
bestowed blessings
picket lines
boundaries patrolled by sentries guarding a camp
Which of the following acts did William Lloyd Garrison use in protest?
burning a copy of the constitution
speculation
buying and selling things (such as stocks) in the hope of making a large profit but with the risk of a large loss
execution
carrying out a sentence of death on a condemned individual
polarizing
causing to divide into sharply opposing groups
conversion
change from one religion, ideology, or viewpoint to another
amendments
changes or additions to legal documents; the articles added to the US Constitution
urban
characteristic of a city or town
rural
characteristic of the countryside
pitched
characterized by intense and violent action
Circuit riders were clergymen from the Methodist faith who were tasked to ride out to scattered communities in America mainly to provide __________.
church services
Which of the following was a byproduct of William Penn's practice of religious toleration in the Pennsylvania colony?
civic integration
textiles
cloth or yarn
Spanish peninsulars
colonial residents of Latin America from the 16th through the early 19th centuries who had been born in Spain; an elite group who enjoyed special favor of the Spanish crown and appointment to high office positions
inaugural
connected to the ceremony that marks the beginning of a period of office
oppression
continuing cruel or unjust treatment of a social group
bipartisanship
cooperation between political parties that otherwise oppose each other
ironclad
covered or protected with iron
Which Native American groups attempted to resist the Indian Removal Act?
creek and cherokee
pivotal
critically important; marking a turning point
ford
cross at a shallow place
tyranny
cruel and oppressive rule by a government
The Articles of Confederation gave Congress the power to __________
declare war
repealed
declared that a rule is no longer valid
aberration
departure from a typical course of action; deviation from natural state
polarized
divided strongly over an issue or opinion
exhumed
dug out of the ground
Federalists
early American political party that advocated a strong national government early US political party; an advocate of a strong central government
Anti-Federalists
early American political party that wanted strong state government and focus on personal property
Democratic-Republican
early US political party; an advocate of states' rights and limiting the strength of the federal government
commerce
economic dealings, such as buying and selling
antagonist
enemy; one that opposes another
locomotive
engine that powers a train
aggrandizement
enhancement of power, wealth, ego, or position
Whig party
established in response to Andrew Jackson's presidency, a political party that believed in a strong federal presence in response to national issues
What was the main objective of Spain's exploration efforts?
excavating for gold
monopoly
exclusive control of a product or service
interstate
existing or occurring between states especially in the US
The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution because it invalidated the use of dragoons by the British Army.
false
nostalgia
feeling sentimental about the past, often with a desire to return to the past or to return home; homesickness
tenacious
fierce; refusing to give up
Panic of 1819
financial crisis that led to a collapse of the US economy for two years
disincentives
financial disadvantages established to discourage people from doing something
Nativists
followers of a movement in the 1800s in which native inhabitants were favored over immigrants
secede
formally withdraw from a government
cohesive
forming a united whole
independent
free from outside control
During the winter at Valley Forge, the __________ signed an alliance with the Continental Army to aid it in its fight against Great Britain.
french
transcontinental
going across a continent
hard currency
gold or silver coinage
contingency
group preparing for battle
potshots
gunshots that are fired in a careless way or at an easy target
What impact did Nat Turner's rebellion have on the United States?
harsher punishment of slaves
supremacy
having more power or authority than other individuals or groups
Why did William Lloyd Garrison start his newspaper The Liberator?
he wanted to spread the idea that slaves should be emancipated
hampered
impeded progress, delayed
Which of these choices best represents the political philosophy Jefferson valued above all?
individual rights and freedoms
civil liberties
individual rights and freedoms that protect all citizens and cannot be taken away even by the government that guarantees them
invalid
ineffective or nonbinding
sporadic
intermittent; not continual; interrupted
encroachment
intrusion on a person's territory
amphibious
involving forces landed from the sea
How did the closure of the Second Bank of the United States affect the economy?
it led to the Panic of 1837
territory
land considered to be a country's possession
artillery
large-caliber guns used in warfare
precedents
legal or political decisions that serve as rules for future similar cases
conquistadors
literally conqueror in Spanish; the military forces Spain sent to colonize the New World
anesthesia
loss of feeling in a person's body or part of the body through the use of drugs
inferior
lower in status or rank
pneumonia
lung inflammation caused by a bacterial or viral infection
courier
mail carrier
canal
man-made waterways used for travel
steam engine
mechanical device that created rotary motion to make manufacturing easier
Puritans
members of a sect that aimed to reform the Church of England; term frequently associated with austerity, strictness, and rigidity of belief
Separatists
members of a sect that broke away from the Church of England in the 16th century, also called Pilgrims
emplacement
military installation consisting of a prepared position for siting a weapon
line formation
military maneuver adapted from the medieval wall shield formation
solidarity
mutual support, fellowship, and agreement
indigenous
native to an area, such as Native Americans
idyllic
naturally beautiful and peaceful
What ultimately led to the end of the mountain men era?
near extinction of beavers
neutrality
neither helping nor harming either party or side; impartial
isolationist
not engaging in the affairs of others; self-contained
What compelled Frederick Douglass to share the story of his life?
not escape not good income
What led to the viability of the Jamestown colony?
not gold
Which of the following best describes the rights given to the citizens of Jamestown by the Virginia Charter of 1606?
not land
What were the expectations of the British from the Albany Congress in 1754?
not loose confederation
How did the idea of manifest destiny shape the attitudes of United States citizens?
not native americans not tyranny
Which statement best describes attributes of the southern colonies?
not religious freedom
domestic
occurring in a particular country
Federalism refers to the political concept __________.
of a covenant binding together a group
sociological
of or relating to the study of society, social institutions, or social relationships
ratification
official agreement, usually reached through a vote
pet bank
one of a number of banks owned by friends of Andrew Jackson which were given the rights to store government funds after the Second Bank of the United States closed its doors
indentured
operating under a binding agreement; historically, the state of being under a contract by which a person agrees to work for a set period in exchange for passage to a colony
writ
order from a government power
What is the most likely reason that Stephen F. Austin became an empresario?
out of respect for his father's dreams and last wishes
bank notes
paper money consisting of a bank's promissory notes to pay a specified sum on demand
What was the central theme of Jacksonian Democracy?
passing legislation that would benefit the common man
nationalism
patriotic feelings or principles
Treaty of Ghent
peace settlement between the United States and Great Britain that ended the War off 1812
Reconstruction
period after the cessation of hostilities in the Civil War where the Southern states rejoined the Union and were economically, socially, and politically reconstructed
heretics
persons with beliefs against what is generally accepted
coercion
persuasion through the use of force or threats
legalistic
pertaining to religious legalism, the belief that salvation comes through obedience to law
Third Estate
poor, working-class French citizens with few rights and high taxes
impressment
practice of kidnapping sailors and forcing them to serve in the navy
thwarted
prevented
privateer
private individual authorized by the government to attack enemy vessels
lucrative
producing a great profit
propaganda
published material designed to persuade the public's ideas about a matter
eloquence
quality of being fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing
arbitrarily
randomly, illogically; legislation not based on legal precedent
escalation
rapid increase
abstain
refrain from a certain behavior or action
abstained
refrained from doing
Louisiana Territory
region in North America stretching from New Orleans to the Great Lakes and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
ominous
relating to an omen; signs that point to events ending badly
transatlantic
relating to crossing the Atlantic Ocean
parole
release of a prisoner on the promise of good behavior
Puritanism
religion practiced by Puritans, members of a sect that aimed to reform the Church of England; a term frequently associated with austerity, strictness, and rigidity of belief
During the 19th century, as European immigrants arrived to work in Pennsylvania's industrial mills and factories they built upon that colony's history of __________.
religious toleration
labor-intensive
requiring a great amount of work
deserters
runaways; those who have abandoned a responsibility
blockade
sealing off a place to prevent things from entering or leaving
doctrine
set of beliefs held by a group
compromise
settlement of a dispute with each side making concessions
shrapnel
sharp pieces of metal blasted outward by an exploding bomb or shell
infantry
soldiers who travel and fight on foot
minister
someone authorized to conduct religious worship; pastor
maxims
statements of general truth or rule of conduct
peculiar
strange or unusual
The Republicans of the Early National Period wanted a __________.
stronger state government, allowing only certain qualified citizens to participate in government, and protection of private property
provisions
supply of needed items such as food and survival gear
reservation
an area of land in the US that is kept separate as a place for Native Americans to live
lame duck
an elected official whose time in office will soon end
orator
an eloquent public speaker
abolition
an ending, termination, eradication, or removal
plantation
an estate where cash crops are grown, often housing the property owner and the land laborers
famine
an extreme shortage of food
anaconda
an extremely large snake related to the boa constrictor that feeds by strangling its prey
preconceived notion
an idea thought to be true, despite no actual evidence supporting that idea
eclectic
an inclusive mixture of diverse types of things or people
inflation
an increase in prices of goods while the value of money falls
concussion
an injury to the brain that is caused by something hitting the head
intuition
an inner understanding based on feeling or instinct, not rational thought
embargo
an official ban prohibiting a country from a specific activity, such as trade
adversary
an opponent in a conflict
Virginia Declaration of Rights
(1776) document drafted by James Madison proclaiming the inherent rights of men
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835
Texicans
American residents of the Mexican-held region of Texas before independence
war hawks
Americans advocating for war
Who was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans?
Andrew Jackson
LYDIA DARRAGH
As the British made their way through the territories, they often used colonial citizens' homes to station officers. During the early part of the Revolution, the British used Lydia Darragh's home as a headquarters. The Quaker woman overheard the British plan to attack Whitemarsh in Pennsylvania. She copied down the plans and passed these secret military operations on to Continental officers. Her daring contribution led to a victory for the Patriots.
Why did John Jacob Astor want to establish Astoria?
Astor believed establishing a fort on the Pacific Ocean would help him corner the Asian market
AFRICAN AMERICANS
At the beginning of the American Revolution, General George Washington had opposed the recruitment of African Americans, either free or enslaved. After spending a winter at Valley Forge, Washington agreed to add African American troops to the Patriot cause. In some instances, slaves who served on the behalf of their masters were granted their freedom.
What led to the Battle of Bunker Hill?
British spotted fortifications by militiamen on Breed's Hill
Congreve rockets
British weapon designed by William Congreve
The __________ was the first submarine to be successfully used in battle.
CSS H.L. Hunley
Why did the Proclamation of 1763 lead to colonial dissatisfaction?
Colonists were prevented from settling territory taken from the French during the French and Indian War
Which two documents constructed in Philadelphia also denoted the spirit of the city?
Declaration of Independence, United States Constitution
MARGARET CORBIN
During the American Revolution, many wives followed their husbands throughout the war. Margaret Corbin accompanied her husband and attended to many of his needs. However, she did more than just follow him. When the Redcoats attacked Fort Washington, she fought beside her husband until he was shot and killed. After his death, she continued to fight. After the war, Corbin became the first woman to receive a lifetime pension for serving as a soldier.
What was the importance of the Oregon Trail?
Enabled largest scale migration of Americans into the west
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
Founding Father (NY) aide-de-camp for Washington during Revolutionary War served under Washington during the Whiskey Rebellion established the national bank first Secretary of the Treasury leader of the Federalist Party wrote 51 of the 85 Federalist Papers leveraged national and state-assumed debt for foreign credit mortally wounded by Aaron Burr in a duel
JOHN JAY
Founding Father (NY) president of the Continental Congress during the American Revolution served as ambassador to Spain and France as well as Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the War governor of New York (1795-1801) first Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court (1789-1795) slave owner; abolished slavery in New York (1799) led to gradual emancipation feared mob rule and wanted to protect private property and human rights wrote five of the 85 Federalist Papers concerned with foreign influence
JAMES MADISON
Founding Father (VA) father of the Constitution and the Bill of rights helped write the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) tobacco planter and slave owner Secretary of State (1801-1809) party to Marbury v. Madison (1803); established judicial review fourth president of the United States (1809-1817); presided during War of 1812 wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions with Jefferson wrote or contributed to 29 of the Federalist Papers concerned with individual rights and liberties
Albert Gallatin
French immigrant and Jeffersonian Democrat elected to US Senate and served as Secretary of Treasury for years
BENEDICT ARNOLD
Hero of the Battle of Saratoga, Benedict Arnold was a major general in the Continental Army. He believed multiple demotions and disagreements with the Continental Congress were reason enough to sell military secrets to the British.
What type of material was scarce in the South?
Iron
Why might the Mexican government have been afraid of further American immigration into Texas?
It believed American settlers would reject the Mexican government
What was the significance of the closing of the Silk Road?
It encouraged Europeans to develop naval technology to help them find new ways to obtain Asian goods.
What was the impact of the Hartford Convention?
It led to the end of the Federalist Party
Which of the following was the last attempt made by the British government to prevent war?
It lifted trade restrictions
What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
It provided Portugal with the opportunity to establish colonies in the Americas.
Why did General Winfield Scott serve as an immediate advisor to Lincoln?
Lincoln had no experience in commanding a military group
Because he had supported Texas independence, Santa Anna branded __________ a traitor to Mexico. Yet some Texas leaders were also suspicious of him.
Lorenzo de Zavala
MARY DRAPER
Massachusetts homemaker Mary Draper was a widow when fighting broke out at Lexington. Like many other colonial women at the time, she contributed what she could to the Patriot cause. She made food, clothing, and ammunition and distributed them to soldiers passing by her home.
Why did Lincoln dismiss General McClellan after the Battle of Antietam?
McClellan had chosen not to pursue the fleeing Confederates
Tejanos
Mexican residents of southern Texas; still a term describing Texan-Mexican-American culture
The United States believed that the capture of __________ would lead to an end of the Mexican-American War.
Mexico City
What disadvantages did Native Americans experience in their trading with Europeans?
Native Americans became reliant on European technology.
NATIVE AMERICANS
Native Americans tended to side with the British because of Parliament's policy to protect their hunting grounds. Colonists sought westward expansion, which was a direct threat to Native American interests. However, some Native Americans sided with the United States. Many of the eastern tribes had amalgamated into American culture. These groups believed it was necessary to defend their homes.
Why did the British choose to attack the United States at the site of New Orleans?
New Orleans was the gateway to the interior of the western frontier
Which of the following statements best describes how the First Great Awakening influenced the American Revolution?
People were encouraged to voice their disagreements with church leaders, which led to people voicing their opinions about government
How did Pennsylvania's toleration of different sects lead to the colony's prosperity?
Religious toleration led to an increase in immigration and plentiful labor.
Which event led to the founding of Rhode Island?
Roger Williams was excommunicated from the Massachusetts Bay colony for his beliefs.
Why did Dolley Madison refuse to evacuate the capital immediately?
She couldn't carry everything she wished to save by herself
How did the French and Indian War contribute to the American Revolution?
The British government attempted to force the American colonies to pay for the Seven Years' War through taxation. Aid from the French helped support American colonists in their decision to become independent from Great Britain.
Which position most identifies Jefferson's stance on foreign affairs?
The United States should maintain isolationism as a foreign policy stance
What is the significance of the Bill of Rights??
The amendments constitute the government's recognition of naturally occurring rights and liberties.
Which of the following does not describe why settlers may not have been supportive of the Second Bank of the United States?
The bank used specie as its main form of currency
How did trade with Asia impact Italy?
The increased trade with Asia led to an economic boom what sparked a cultural revival
chloroform
a colorless sweet-smelling liquid used for anesthesia
Edward Coke's Laws of England inspired colonists such as James Madison, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, who incorporated many of Coke's ideas into the Constitution.
True
Protestant
Western Christians who belong to groups that arose during the Reformation in response to the Catholic and Anglican religions
philanthropist
a compassionate person who promotes the welfare of others
JEWISH AMERICANS
While the Jewish population in the colonies was small in comparison to Anglican colonists, they did contribute both personally and financially to the war effort. Francis Salvador immigrated to Georgia before the war and died in battle before his family could join him in the colonies. Haym Salomon contributed heavily to the Patriot cause, raising $650,000 for the Continental Army.
DEBORAH SAMPSON
Women were not allowed to serve in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Realizing the limitations of military codes, Deborah Sampson took the name Robert Shirtliffe, cut off her hair, and disguised herself as a man. She hid her identity for three years until she was wounded in battle and detected by an army surgeon. The doctor treated her wounds in private and kept her secret until the end of the war.
Reformation
a 16th-century movement aim to reform the Roman Catholic Church that led to the formation of various Protestant churches in Europe
Tecumseh
a Shawnee chief of the later 18th-early 19th century
Battle of the Thames
a battle during the War of 1812
ethic
a belief in the perfection of a principle or idea
dark horse
a candidate about whom little is known but still unexpectedly wins an election
militia
a civilian military group, often organized by local residents
specie
a coin issued by the government as currency
What type of government was created by the Articles of Confederation?
a collection of 13 states tied together in a loose union
imminent
about to happen at any moment
dictatorship
absolute authority exercised by one individual
vigilance
actively keeping careful watch for possible dangers
cabinet
advisors to an executive branch
Tariff of Abominations
also known as the Tariff of 1828; a tax on imported goods to protect American-manufactured goods
Anglo American
an American settler of English descent
Shawnee
an Indian tribe that lived in the region that became Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky
insurrection
an act or instance of revolting against civil authority or an established government
pueblo
an adobe building; also a term used for a small Indian or Mexican town in the desert Southwest
truce
an agreement between enemies to cease fighting
submarine
an airtight warship designed to operate underwater
confederacy
an alliance of peoples or groups
