American History A

Which of the following explorers was influenced by The Travels of Marco Polo?

Christopher Columbus

Which of the following statements best describes the ideas of government found in the Declaration of Independence?

Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed.

Anacreon

Greek poet known for writing drinking songs

NATHAN HALE

Hale was an American Patriot who went behind British lines to steal strategic documents. He failed in his mission and was executed by the British. His death made him a martyr to the Patriot cause. His final words were, "I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country."

How did Alexander Hamilton defend his belief that the federal government had the authority to create a national bank?

Hamilton believed that the Constitution's implied and resulting powers allowed for federal authority to create the bank.

What was the significance of Zebulon Pike's journey?

He brought geographical surveys conducted by the Spanish Government

What impact did Francisco Coronado have on New Spain?

He charted the territories lying to the north of Mexico

What feat was accomplished by Ferdinand Magellan?

He circumnavigated the earth

What impact did the ideas of Rousseau have on the creation of the United States government?

He furthered the idea of social contract theory that required active participation by citizens

Why was Nat Turner moved to start a slave rebellion?

He had visions predicting the event

How did Henry Knox help General Washington recapture Boston after the Battle of Bunker Hill?

He helped move an artillery force more than 300 miles

What is one way in which John Smith aided the Jamestown colony of Virginia during its early years?

He helped the colonists negotiate threats by the native Powhatan tribe.

Why did Stand Watie choose to join the Confederacy?

He joined thew Confederacy to fight the federal government

Why did Thomas Jefferson believe that the creation of a national bank was unconstitutional?

Jefferson believed that any power not expressly delegated to the federal government by the Constitution should be reserved to the states or the people.

During the Mexican-American War, __________ helped fight for a free California.

John C. Fremont

For which of the following did Marbury v. Madison establish a precedent that continues to be utilized today?

Judicial review

What was important about the scientific innovations discovered under the rule of Prince Henry the Navigator?

The famous discoveries of the Portuguese and their constant stream of new expeditions drew the world's attention

Why did the Texians stay to defend the Alamo?

They believed the Alamo to be the key to the defense of Texas

How did the introduction of the horse to North America change the Native American way of life?

They could explore and exploit the land more quickly.

Why did some Tejanos support the fight against the Mexican government?

They wanted freedom from the dictatorship of President Santa Anna

The forced removal of southeastern Native American tribes was known as the __________.

Trail of Tears

supersede

take place of an established authority

British Regulars

term commonly used to describe Napoleonic-era British foot soldier

Anglican Church

the Church of England

Which event led to Congress declaring war against Mexico?

the Thornton Affair

extrication

the act of freeing or removing someone or something from a place or position

emancipation

the act of freeing someone from someone else's control or power

colonization

the act of one country claiming territory and establishing settlements in another land

secession

the act of separating from a nation and becoming independent

assassination

the action of murdering someone

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of manifest destiny?

the belief that America should stretch from coast to coast

expansionism

the belief that a country should grow larger; a policy of increasing a country's size by expanding its territory

stipulations

the binding terms of an agreement

theology

the body of religious beliefs and concepts; the study of religious belief and practice

Which event marked the end of the Bear Flag Revolt?

the capture of Monterey, California

righteous

the feeling of having justified beliefs

inauguration

the formal ceremony marking the beginning of an office, such as that of president

pelt

the fur and skin of an animal

Corps of Discovery

the group of men who charted a western route across America from 1804 to 1806

expansionism

the idea or policy that a nation should grow larger and expand its territory

caliber

the internal diameter of a gun barrel

frontier

the land or territory that forms the furthest extent of a country's settled or inhabited regions

jurisdiction

the limit or extent to which a governmental body can make legal decisions

How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo affect the Mexican government?

the loss of high volumes of land and the high volume of casualties

Which idea was used as inspiration for American troops during the Battle of San Jacinto?

the memory of those lost at the Alamo and Goliad

general-in-chief

the military officer in command of all other generals

migration

the movement of people from one place to another

Parliament

the name of a legislative body in several countries, such as England

proximity

the nearness of a point or an object to another

protocol

the official procedure for taking action, usually noted in a handbook

conscription

the practice of ordering people by law to serve in the armed forces

veto

a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal

smallpox

a contagious viral disease causing fever and pustules; wiped out millions of native inhabitants of the New World

stalemate

a contest, dispute, or competition in which neither side can gain an advantage or win

writ of mandamus

a court order to an official to fill a specific responsibility

standoff

a deadlock between equally matched opponents

dispute

a disagreement or debate

nutation

a disruption in a rhythmic pattern

feint

a distracting movement designed to outwit an opponent

catalyst

a factor that causes a change in the direction of events

sawmill

a factory where logs are cut into lumber

marshal

a federal law officer

animosity

a feeling of strong dislike, ill will, or anger

ultimatum

a final demand of terms, rejection of which will result in retaliation

torpedo

a floating underwater charge; later a self-propelled missile

treaty

a formal agreement between countries

presidio

a fortified military settlement

compound

a fortified series of buildings, often with a surrounding wall

Black Hawk War

a four-month engagement involving the Sauk, Kickapoo, and Meskwaki

republicanism

a governing of society as a republic

triumvirate

a government body made of three representatives

Kitchen Cabinet

a group of unofficial advisors to President Andrew Jackson

ram

a heavy beak-like projection mounted on a ship's bow and used for striking another ship

wildcat

a high-risk speculator

Early National Period

a historical era in American history spanning from about 1781 to 1814

privation

a lack or loss of the basic things that people need to live properly

empresario

a land agent granted the right to recruit and assist new settlers in colonizing Mexican-held land

battalion

a large body of troops ready for battle

convention

a large meeting to discuss and debate shared interests or concerns

escarpment

a large, steep slope, especially one at the edge of a plateau or separating areas of land at different heights

obligation

a legally or morally binding duty or responsibility

parallel

a line of constant latitude as measured on the earth's surface

American Romanticism

a literary movement of the 1800s emphasizing individual freedom, power of nature and natural beauty, human emotions, distrust of civilization, nostalgia for the past, and a celebration of imagination and intuition

Silk Road

a medieval trade route between Europe and China that allowed for cultural and economic exchange

rendezvous

a meeting at an agreed-upon time and place

Mormon

a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

siege

a military operation where troops surround a place occupied by an enemy and cut off essential supplies

monarchist

a monarchy system in which a central figurehead rules

preemptive

a move that serves to forestall an inevitable occurrence

recolonization

a movement created to assist free black people in emigrating to Africa

isthmus

a narrow strip of land with seacoast on either side

Underground Railroad

a network of secret routes used by slaves to escape to the free states or Canada

delegate

a person elected or assigned to represent others

conductor

a person in charge of a train; in the Underground Railroad, a person who would escort slaves on their journeys between safe houses

mestizo

a person of mixed descent, usually European and Indian, in Latin American regions

criollo

a person of mixed race born in colonial New Spain who can trace his or her bloodline to Spain itself; comparable to the upper middle class

indentured servant

a person under contract to work for another for a set period of time

profiteer

a person who attempts to make an unfair profit on the sale of essential goods during times of emergency

strict constructionist

a person who believes in following to the letter the precepts of the US Constitution

absolutist

a person who believes in the exercise of complete and absolute power by one ruler

abolitionist

a person who favors ending a practice such as slavery

fugitive

a person who has escaped

pioneer

a person who is among the first to explore or settle an area

missionary

a person who is sent to a foreign country to do religious work

loyalist

a person who remains loyal to the current ruler or government

martyr

a person who sacrifices his or her life for a belief or a principle

advocate

a person who supports a position or point of view

conspirator

a person who takes part in a scheme

philosopher

a person who understands, considers, and studies ideas, theories, and truths about life

transcendentalism

a philosophy which says that thought and spiritual things are more real than ordinary human experience and material things

stereoscopic

a photographic technique that creates three-dimensional images using a special two-lensed camera

allotment

a piece of land deeded by the government

garrison

a place that houses military troops

treasury

a place where the funds of a government are stored

arsenal

a place where weapons and ammunition are manufactured and maintained

impasse

a point at which no progress can be made

sentiment

a point of view or feeling about an event, situation, or idea

extinction

the process of a species becoming extinct (no longer living)

sanitation

the provision of clean water and adequate sewage disposal

fanaticism

the quality of fervent belief to the point of being unrealistic

Gold Rush

the rapid movement of people toward the California goldfields

suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

disbursement

the spending or distribution of money

divine

the state of being of, from, or like God

Which of the following was an advantage of ironclads?

they could hold more weapons and firepower They could take more damage from enemy fire

Founding Fathers

those who helped create the United States, generally defined as the members of the American Constitutional Convention of 1787

What was the impact of Indian Removal in the 1830s?

thousands of native americans died during a forced migration

annex

to acquire more territory

concede

to admit the truth; to give in

Why was military protection needed while negotiations for Texas annexation were occurring?

to avoid potential conflict caused by Mexico

discrimination

to be denied commonly held privileges because of race, nationality, or other reason

incarcerated

to be imprisoned

impeach

to bring charges against the holder of a public office

immigrate

to come into a foreign country to live permanently

negotiate

to deal or bargain with others to create a treaty, contract, or other agreement

allocate

to distribute according to a structured plan

subsist

to exist on a level below what is humanely considered necessary for existence

prohibit

to forbid by a law or a rule

acquire

to gain an asset or object by buying or seizing it

compensate

to give something in recognition of loss

levy

to impose or collect a tax or fee

inoculate

to introduce an infection in a patient to create an immunity to a disease

emigrate

to leave one's country to settle permanently in another country

rein in

to limit or control something

eavesdrop

to listen in on a private conversation

ameliorate

to make a bad situation better; to improve conditions

demonize

to make a person or group of people seem capable of evil actions

quell

to make something cease or quiet down

nullify

to make something legally void and dissolve its value

abolishment

to officially end or stop something

abolish

to officially put an end to an act

repeal

to officially revoke or withdraw

boycott

to protest by withdrawing social, political, and/or economic support of a person, group, or business

wrest

to pull an object out using great effort

liquidate

to settle business affairs through determining liabilities and apportioning assets

seize

to take possession of something forcibly

paternalism

to take the social role of father over others who are seen as inferiors

decentralize

to transfer authority from a central government to local ones

secede

to withdraw from a political union

dragoons

troops trained in horse riding and infantry fighting

The transfer of plants and animals between Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas became known as the Columbian Exchange.

true

unalienable

unable to be taken away, transferred, or given away by the possessor

precarious

uncertain, unsteady; unbalanced and in danger of toppling

barbaric

uncivilized or savagely cruel

hostilities

unfriendliness or opposition; conflict in a war

skirmish

unplanned fighting

inclement

unpleasantly wet or cold

After the Battle of Saratoga, the Continental Army settled at __________.

valley forge

Napoleonic Wars

wars that were fought in Europe between Napoleon and various European powers

squander

waste in a foolish manner

steamboat

watercraft whose primary power comes from steam turning a paddlewheel

bourgeoisie

wealthy middle class that owns the means of production

notorious

widely and unfavorably known; infamous

pervasive

widespread or dominant

decimated

​destroyed

routed

​forced to retreat

inflammatory

​inciting a response of anger and outrage

tonnage

​the size of a ship or the total weight that it carries in tons

Federalist

a political party that believes in sharing power between states and the national government

republic

a political state in which the power is held by its citizens and their elected officials

misassumption

a preconceived idea which is found to be false

resolution

a promise a person makes to himself or herself about the future

insurgent

a rebel

siesta

a regular period of sleep or rest in the afternoon

creed

a religion or religious sect; a statement or confession of faith

caliphate

a religious and civil government overseen by a caliph, or a high-ranking Islamic official

speculator

a risk-taking investor who purchases an item for a low price to sell it later for a great profit

viceroy

a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of another ruling power

platform

a set of aims, ideas, and principles followed by a political party, usually expressed in a written document

score

a set of twenty; "four score and seven" is 87

vessel

a ship or a large boat

mortar

a short light cannon used to shoot shells high into the air

stretcher

a sling-like bed used to carry sick or injured people

vial

a small container, typically cylindrical

propeller

a spinning mechanical device that moves a ship through the water

narrative

a spoken or written account of events

depot

a storage place for large quantities of equipment

armory

a storehouse where weapons and ammunition are kept

deposit

a sum of money placed into a bank account

interregnum

a suspension of normal government, usually in between reigns or regimes; specifically, the Interregnum period in England between the death of Charles I and the restoration of Charles II

collodion

a syrup-like solution of alcohol and ether, used in surgery practices like adhesive

currency

a system of money

tariff

a tax on imported and exported goods

cease-fire

a temporary halt in fighting

encampment

a temporary tent city for a military force

interim

a term used to describe a temporary period or position

boomtown

a town undergoing quick growth due to some manner of good fortune

alliance

a union between two groups

charnel house

a vault in a cemetery filled with the dead

constituent

a voting member of a community or organization

euphemism

a word or term that is designed to disguise a subject that is unpleasant

liberalism

a worldview founded upon liberty and equality

revolution

an overthrow of an established government or political system by the people governed

landslide

an overwhelming number of votes cast in support of one political party in an election

Aceldama

any place of slaughter and bloodshed (from the field bought with coins given to Judas for betraying Christ)

provisional

arranged for the present to possibly be changed later; temporary

earthworks

artificial earthen barricades for military defense

retaliation

attack in response to a similar attack

infrastructure

basic elements needed so that a system, group, or activity can function

affiliation

being connected to a group or idea

deism

belief in a creator God who designed nature as a perfect system and who can be understood through human reason

SYBIL LUDINGTON

When the British invaded Massachusetts, many colonials made rides to warn of the British invasion and to gather soldiers for the cause. Paul Revere made the most famous ride. Another rider was Sybil Ludington, who as a teenage girl rode 40 miles in the rain to warn of the British arrival in the colonies. She rode twice as far as Paul Revere.

antinomianism

belief that salvation is not attained through moral law but through faith and divine grace

benedictions

bestowed blessings

picket lines

boundaries patrolled by sentries guarding a camp

Which of the following acts did William Lloyd Garrison use in protest?

burning a copy of the constitution

speculation

buying and selling things (such as stocks) in the hope of making a large profit but with the risk of a large loss

execution

carrying out a sentence of death on a condemned individual

polarizing

causing to divide into sharply opposing groups

conversion

change from one religion, ideology, or viewpoint to another

amendments

changes or additions to legal documents; the articles added to the US Constitution

urban

characteristic of a city or town

rural

characteristic of the countryside

pitched

characterized by intense and violent action

Circuit riders were clergymen from the Methodist faith who were tasked to ride out to scattered communities in America mainly to provide __________.

church services

Which of the following was a byproduct of William Penn's practice of religious toleration in the Pennsylvania colony?

civic integration

textiles

cloth or yarn

Spanish peninsulars

colonial residents of Latin America from the 16th through the early 19th centuries who had been born in Spain; an elite group who enjoyed special favor of the Spanish crown and appointment to high office positions

inaugural

connected to the ceremony that marks the beginning of a period of office

oppression

continuing cruel or unjust treatment of a social group

bipartisanship

cooperation between political parties that otherwise oppose each other

ironclad

covered or protected with iron

Which Native American groups attempted to resist the Indian Removal Act?

creek and cherokee

pivotal

critically important; marking a turning point

ford

cross at a shallow place

tyranny

cruel and oppressive rule by a government

The Articles of Confederation gave Congress the power to __________

declare war

repealed

declared that a rule is no longer valid

aberration

departure from a typical course of action; deviation from natural state

polarized

divided strongly over an issue or opinion

exhumed

dug out of the ground

Federalists

early American political party that advocated a strong national government early US political party; an advocate of a strong central government

Anti-Federalists

early American political party that wanted strong state government and focus on personal property

Democratic-Republican

early US political party; an advocate of states' rights and limiting the strength of the federal government

commerce

economic dealings, such as buying and selling

antagonist

enemy; one that opposes another

locomotive

engine that powers a train

aggrandizement

enhancement of power, wealth, ego, or position

Whig party

established in response to Andrew Jackson's presidency, a political party that believed in a strong federal presence in response to national issues

What was the main objective of Spain's exploration efforts?

excavating for gold

monopoly

exclusive control of a product or service

interstate

existing or occurring between states especially in the US

The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution because it invalidated the use of dragoons by the British Army.

false

nostalgia

feeling sentimental about the past, often with a desire to return to the past or to return home; homesickness

tenacious

fierce; refusing to give up

Panic of 1819

financial crisis that led to a collapse of the US economy for two years

disincentives

financial disadvantages established to discourage people from doing something

Nativists

followers of a movement in the 1800s in which native inhabitants were favored over immigrants

secede

formally withdraw from a government

cohesive

forming a united whole

independent

free from outside control

During the winter at Valley Forge, the __________ signed an alliance with the Continental Army to aid it in its fight against Great Britain.

french

transcontinental

going across a continent

hard currency

gold or silver coinage

contingency

group preparing for battle

potshots

gunshots that are fired in a careless way or at an easy target

What impact did Nat Turner's rebellion have on the United States?

harsher punishment of slaves

supremacy

having more power or authority than other individuals or groups

Why did William Lloyd Garrison start his newspaper The Liberator?

he wanted to spread the idea that slaves should be emancipated

hampered

impeded progress, delayed

Which of these choices best represents the political philosophy Jefferson valued above all?

individual rights and freedoms

civil liberties

individual rights and freedoms that protect all citizens and cannot be taken away even by the government that guarantees them

invalid

ineffective or nonbinding

sporadic

intermittent; not continual; interrupted

encroachment

intrusion on a person's territory

amphibious

involving forces landed from the sea

How did the closure of the Second Bank of the United States affect the economy?

it led to the Panic of 1837

territory

land considered to be a country's possession

artillery

large-caliber guns used in warfare

precedents

legal or political decisions that serve as rules for future similar cases

conquistadors

literally conqueror in Spanish; the military forces Spain sent to colonize the New World

anesthesia

loss of feeling in a person's body or part of the body through the use of drugs

inferior

lower in status or rank

pneumonia

lung inflammation caused by a bacterial or viral infection

courier

mail carrier

canal

man-made waterways used for travel

steam engine

mechanical device that created rotary motion to make manufacturing easier

Puritans

members of a sect that aimed to reform the Church of England; term frequently associated with austerity, strictness, and rigidity of belief

Separatists

members of a sect that broke away from the Church of England in the 16th century, also called Pilgrims

emplacement

military installation consisting of a prepared position for siting a weapon

​line formation

military maneuver adapted from the medieval wall shield formation

solidarity

mutual support, fellowship, and agreement

indigenous

native to an area, such as Native Americans

idyllic

naturally beautiful and peaceful

What ultimately led to the end of the mountain men era?

near extinction of beavers

neutrality

neither helping nor harming either party or side; impartial

isolationist

not engaging in the affairs of others; self-contained

What compelled Frederick Douglass to share the story of his life?

not escape not good income

What led to the viability of the Jamestown colony?

not gold

Which of the following best describes the rights given to the citizens of Jamestown by the Virginia Charter of 1606?

not land

What were the expectations of the British from the Albany Congress in 1754?

not loose confederation

How did the idea of manifest destiny shape the attitudes of United States citizens?

not native americans not tyranny

Which statement best describes attributes of the southern colonies?

not religious freedom

domestic

occurring in a particular country

Federalism refers to the political concept __________.

of a covenant binding together a group

sociological

of or relating to the study of society, social institutions, or social relationships

ratification

official agreement, usually reached through a vote

pet bank

one of a number of banks owned by friends of Andrew Jackson which were given the rights to store government funds after the Second Bank of the United States closed its doors

indentured

operating under a binding agreement; historically, the state of being under a contract by which a person agrees to work for a set period in exchange for passage to a colony

writ

order from a government power

What is the most likely reason that Stephen F. Austin became an empresario?

out of respect for his father's dreams and last wishes

bank notes

paper money consisting of a bank's promissory notes to pay a specified sum on demand

What was the central theme of Jacksonian Democracy?

passing legislation that would benefit the common man

nationalism

patriotic feelings or principles

Treaty of Ghent

peace settlement between the United States and Great Britain that ended the War off 1812

Reconstruction

period after the cessation of hostilities in the Civil War where the Southern states rejoined the Union and were economically, socially, and politically reconstructed

heretics

persons with beliefs against what is generally accepted

coercion

persuasion through the use of force or threats

legalistic

pertaining to religious legalism, the belief that salvation comes through obedience to law

Third Estate

poor, working-class French citizens with few rights and high taxes

impressment

practice of kidnapping sailors and forcing them to serve in the navy

thwarted

prevented

privateer

private individual authorized by the government to attack enemy vessels

lucrative

producing a great profit

propaganda

published material designed to persuade the public's ideas about a matter

eloquence

quality of being fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing

arbitrarily

randomly, illogically; legislation not based on legal precedent

escalation

rapid increase

abstain

refrain from a certain behavior or action

abstained

refrained from doing

Louisiana Territory

region in North America stretching from New Orleans to the Great Lakes and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

ominous

relating to an omen; signs that point to events ending badly

transatlantic

relating to crossing the Atlantic Ocean

parole

release of a prisoner on the promise of good behavior

Puritanism

religion practiced by Puritans, members of a sect that aimed to reform the Church of England; a term frequently associated with austerity, strictness, and rigidity of belief

During the 19th century, as European immigrants arrived to work in Pennsylvania's industrial mills and factories they built upon that colony's history of __________.

religious toleration

labor-intensive

requiring a great amount of work

deserters

runaways; those who have abandoned a responsibility

blockade

sealing off a place to prevent things from entering or leaving

doctrine

set of beliefs held by a group

compromise

settlement of a dispute with each side making concessions

shrapnel

sharp pieces of metal blasted outward by an exploding bomb or shell

infantry

soldiers who travel and fight on foot

minister

someone authorized to conduct religious worship; pastor

maxims

statements of general truth or rule of conduct

peculiar

strange or unusual

The Republicans of the Early National Period wanted a __________.

stronger state government, allowing only certain qualified citizens to participate in government, and protection of private property

provisions

supply of needed items such as food and survival gear

reservation

an area of land in the US that is kept separate as a place for Native Americans to live

lame duck

an elected official whose time in office will soon end

orator

an eloquent public speaker

abolition

an ending, termination, eradication, or removal

plantation

an estate where cash crops are grown, often housing the property owner and the land laborers

famine

an extreme shortage of food

anaconda

an extremely large snake related to the boa constrictor that feeds by strangling its prey

preconceived notion

an idea thought to be true, despite no actual evidence supporting that idea

eclectic

an inclusive mixture of diverse types of things or people

inflation

an increase in prices of goods while the value of money falls

concussion

an injury to the brain that is caused by something hitting the head

intuition

an inner understanding based on feeling or instinct, not rational thought

embargo

an official ban prohibiting a country from a specific activity, such as trade

adversary

an opponent in a conflict

Virginia Declaration of Rights

(1776) document drafted by James Madison proclaiming the inherent rights of men

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835

Texicans

American residents of the Mexican-held region of Texas before independence

war hawks

Americans advocating for war

Who was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans?

Andrew Jackson

LYDIA DARRAGH

As the British made their way through the territories, they often used colonial citizens' homes to station officers. During the early part of the Revolution, the British used Lydia Darragh's home as a headquarters. The Quaker woman overheard the British plan to attack Whitemarsh in Pennsylvania. She copied down the plans and passed these secret military operations on to Continental officers. Her daring contribution led to a victory for the Patriots.

Why did John Jacob Astor want to establish Astoria?

Astor believed establishing a fort on the Pacific Ocean would help him corner the Asian market

AFRICAN AMERICANS

At the beginning of the American Revolution, General George Washington had opposed the recruitment of African Americans, either free or enslaved. After spending a winter at Valley Forge, Washington agreed to add African American troops to the Patriot cause. In some instances, slaves who served on the behalf of their masters were granted their freedom.

What led to the Battle of Bunker Hill?

British spotted fortifications by militiamen on Breed's Hill

Congreve rockets

British weapon designed by William Congreve

The __________ was the first submarine to be successfully used in battle.

CSS H.L. Hunley

Why did the Proclamation of 1763 lead to colonial dissatisfaction?

Colonists were prevented from settling territory taken from the French during the French and Indian War

Which two documents constructed in Philadelphia also denoted the spirit of the city?

Declaration of Independence, United States Constitution

MARGARET CORBIN

During the American Revolution, many wives followed their husbands throughout the war. Margaret Corbin accompanied her husband and attended to many of his needs. However, she did more than just follow him. When the Redcoats attacked Fort Washington, she fought beside her husband until he was shot and killed. After his death, she continued to fight. After the war, Corbin became the first woman to receive a lifetime pension for serving as a soldier.

What was the importance of the Oregon Trail?

Enabled largest scale migration of Americans into the west

ALEXANDER HAMILTON

Founding Father (NY) aide-de-camp for Washington during Revolutionary War served under Washington during the Whiskey Rebellion established the national bank first Secretary of the Treasury leader of the Federalist Party wrote 51 of the 85 Federalist Papers leveraged national and state-assumed debt for foreign credit mortally wounded by Aaron Burr in a duel

JOHN JAY

Founding Father (NY) president of the Continental Congress during the American Revolution served as ambassador to Spain and France as well as Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the War governor of New York (1795-1801) first Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court (1789-1795) slave owner; abolished slavery in New York (1799) led to gradual emancipation feared mob rule and wanted to protect private property and human rights wrote five of the 85 Federalist Papers concerned with foreign influence

JAMES MADISON

Founding Father (VA) father of the Constitution and the Bill of rights helped write the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) tobacco planter and slave owner Secretary of State (1801-1809) party to Marbury v. Madison (1803); established judicial review fourth president of the United States (1809-1817); presided during War of 1812 wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions with Jefferson wrote or contributed to 29 of the Federalist Papers concerned with individual rights and liberties

Albert Gallatin

French immigrant and Jeffersonian Democrat elected to US Senate and served as Secretary of Treasury for years

BENEDICT ARNOLD

Hero of the Battle of Saratoga, Benedict Arnold was a major general in the Continental Army. He believed multiple demotions and disagreements with the Continental Congress were reason enough to sell military secrets to the British.

What type of material was scarce in the South?

Iron

Why might the Mexican government have been afraid of further American immigration into Texas?

It believed American settlers would reject the Mexican government

What was the significance of the closing of the Silk Road?

It encouraged Europeans to develop naval technology to help them find new ways to obtain Asian goods.

What was the impact of the Hartford Convention?

It led to the end of the Federalist Party

Which of the following was the last attempt made by the British government to prevent war?

It lifted trade restrictions

What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

It provided Portugal with the opportunity to establish colonies in the Americas.

Why did General Winfield Scott serve as an immediate advisor to Lincoln?

Lincoln had no experience in commanding a military group

Because he had supported Texas independence, Santa Anna branded __________ a traitor to Mexico. Yet some Texas leaders were also suspicious of him.

Lorenzo de Zavala

MARY DRAPER

Massachusetts homemaker Mary Draper was a widow when fighting broke out at Lexington. Like many other colonial women at the time, she contributed what she could to the Patriot cause. She made food, clothing, and ammunition and distributed them to soldiers passing by her home.

Why did Lincoln dismiss General McClellan after the Battle of Antietam?

McClellan had chosen not to pursue the fleeing Confederates

Tejanos

Mexican residents of southern Texas; still a term describing Texan-Mexican-American culture

The United States believed that the capture of __________ would lead to an end of the Mexican-American War.

Mexico City

What disadvantages did Native Americans experience in their trading with Europeans?

Native Americans became reliant on European technology.

NATIVE AMERICANS

Native Americans tended to side with the British because of Parliament's policy to protect their hunting grounds. Colonists sought westward expansion, which was a direct threat to Native American interests. However, some Native Americans sided with the United States. Many of the eastern tribes had amalgamated into American culture. These groups believed it was necessary to defend their homes.

Why did the British choose to attack the United States at the site of New Orleans?

New Orleans was the gateway to the interior of the western frontier

Which of the following statements best describes how the First Great Awakening influenced the American Revolution?

People were encouraged to voice their disagreements with church leaders, which led to people voicing their opinions about government

How did Pennsylvania's toleration of different sects lead to the colony's prosperity?

Religious toleration led to an increase in immigration and plentiful labor.

Which event led to the founding of Rhode Island?

Roger Williams was excommunicated from the Massachusetts Bay colony for his beliefs.

Why did Dolley Madison refuse to evacuate the capital immediately?

She couldn't carry everything she wished to save by herself

How did the French and Indian War contribute to the American Revolution?

The British government attempted to force the American colonies to pay for the Seven Years' War through taxation. Aid from the French helped support American colonists in their decision to become independent from Great Britain.

Which position most identifies Jefferson's stance on foreign affairs?

The United States should maintain isolationism as a foreign policy stance

What is the significance of the Bill of Rights??

The amendments constitute the government's recognition of naturally occurring rights and liberties.

Which of the following does not describe why settlers may not have been supportive of the Second Bank of the United States?

The bank used specie as its main form of currency

How did trade with Asia impact Italy?

The increased trade with Asia led to an economic boom what sparked a cultural revival

chloroform

a colorless sweet-smelling liquid used for anesthesia

Edward Coke's Laws of England inspired colonists such as James Madison, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, who incorporated many of Coke's ideas into the Constitution.

True

Protestant

Western Christians who belong to groups that arose during the Reformation in response to the Catholic and Anglican religions

philanthropist

a compassionate person who promotes the welfare of others

JEWISH AMERICANS

While the Jewish population in the colonies was small in comparison to Anglican colonists, they did contribute both personally and financially to the war effort. Francis Salvador immigrated to Georgia before the war and died in battle before his family could join him in the colonies. Haym Salomon contributed heavily to the Patriot cause, raising $650,000 for the Continental Army.

DEBORAH SAMPSON

Women were not allowed to serve in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Realizing the limitations of military codes, Deborah Sampson took the name Robert Shirtliffe, cut off her hair, and disguised herself as a man. She hid her identity for three years until she was wounded in battle and detected by an army surgeon. The doctor treated her wounds in private and kept her secret until the end of the war.

Reformation

a 16th-century movement aim to reform the Roman Catholic Church that led to the formation of various Protestant churches in Europe

Tecumseh

a Shawnee chief of the later 18th-early 19th century

Battle of the Thames

a battle during the War of 1812

ethic

a belief in the perfection of a principle or idea

dark horse

a candidate about whom little is known but still unexpectedly wins an election

militia

a civilian military group, often organized by local residents

specie

a coin issued by the government as currency

What type of government was created by the Articles of Confederation?

a collection of 13 states tied together in a loose union

imminent

about to happen at any moment

dictatorship

absolute authority exercised by one individual

vigilance

actively keeping careful watch for possible dangers

cabinet

advisors to an executive branch

Tariff of Abominations

also known as the Tariff of 1828; a tax on imported goods to protect American-manufactured goods

Anglo American

an American settler of English descent

Shawnee

an Indian tribe that lived in the region that became Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky

insurrection

an act or instance of revolting against civil authority or an established government

pueblo

an adobe building; also a term used for a small Indian or Mexican town in the desert Southwest

truce

an agreement between enemies to cease fighting

submarine

an airtight warship designed to operate underwater

confederacy

an alliance of peoples or groups