American History Exam Term 3
How did reforms form the Urban League
-created a network of local clubs & churches to assist African Americans migrating to northern cities -Focused on political justice -helped the poor find jobs, housing, clothing, etc. -There was another group that helped Mexicans called mutalistas
American Railway Union
An industrial union, grouping all railroad workers rather than separating them by the job they held. Ran by Eugene Debs
Tenement Act of 1901
Forced landlords to install lighting, provide at least on toilet, and more
Why did more people have more money and leisure time?
Ford raised his workers pay and cut their hours
Why do you think Marcus Garvey rejected the goals of earlier African American leaders such as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois?
Garvey wanted separation of races whereas Washington and DuBois wanted blacks and whites to work together
16th Amendment
Gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax
What is the 16th Amendment?
Gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax
What was the Big Stick Policy?
a broader policy for the U.S. actions in Latin America. It came from an old African saying, "speak softly and carry a big stick. You will go far". Roosevelt saw it as U.S.'s responsibility
How did Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal policy improve the economy?
It kept the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor
What did families do to cope with declining income during the Great Depression?
Parents would scramble to find new jobs and meals were rationed. Families would go to soup kitchens and bread lines for a free meal. They also sold whatever they could
John Lewis United Mine Workers
John Lewis, president of the United Mine Workers, and a number of other labor leaders established the CIO
transcontinental railroad
a rail link between the eastern & western U.S
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union
Terrence V. Powderly
Leader of the Knights of Labor
How did women's' rights cause reforms?
Many employment opportunities were still denied to women until many years later. They were denied access to their professions, many women poured their knowledge & skills into the reform movement, gaining valuable political experience as they fought for change.
Why did immigrants come to the U.S. & what impact did they have upon society?
Many immigrant came to the U.S. because farmers were forced off their land. Others came for a fresh start. Many left because of repeated wars, political revolutions, disrupted economies, and political refugees. The U.S. also offered plentiful land, plenty of employment, inexpensive farmland, the chance to find gold, and housing. There was also political and religious freedom. In 1890, immigrants made up a huge precent of society, and ultimately helped our economy and culture.
What organization did WEB DuBuis help find?
National Association for the Advancement of Color (NAACP)
National Origin Act of 1924 and the quota system
National Origins Act established the quota system, or the arrangement that limited the number of immigrants who could enter the U.S. form specific countries
Sherman Antitrust Act
Outlawed any trust that operated "in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states"
What kinds of people are helped by the Social Security program?
People who were retirees, the unemployed, stricken mothers and children, the blind, and the disabled
Frances Perkins
Roosevelt's nominated social worker to serve as his Secretary of Labor. She was the FIRST woman Cabinet member in U.S. history.
"big stick" diplomacy
Roosevelt's policy of creating and using a strong military to achieve America's goals when necessary
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere from free intervention by European powers
Which class of women could not enjoy new technologies at home? Why not?
Rural Americans because they had no access to electricity
Who benefitted from the 1920s lifestyle? Who did not like these changes?
Rural cities benefitted from this era, but Progressives and farmers disliked these changes
Vandeville
a type of show, including dancing, singing, comedy sketches, that became popular in the late nineteenth century
Andrew Carnegie
a wealthy business man of steel. He used vertical integration
John D. Rockefeller
a wealthy businessman who worked in the oil business and made deals with railroads to increase his profits
League of Nations
a world organization created after WWI to promote peaceful cooperation between countries
How was money a cause of U.S. imperialism?
U.S. businessmen wanted to expand trade
What was the result of the Business cycle?
entrepreneurs tried to control the market so they can survive an economic down fall. Railroad companies began to combine in order to compete with large companies such as Vanderbuilt's
What did Mellon do?
he cut the federal budget from a wartime high of 18 billion to 3 billion
What did the Brain Trust help FDR carry out?
his New Deal
The Grange
farmers organization after the Civil War
Freedmen's Bureau
federal agency designed to aid freed slaves & poor white framers in the South after the civil war
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
federal agency set up by Congress in 1932 to provide emergency government credit to banks, railroads, and other large banks
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act
federal agents inspect food, drugs, and meats that come across state lines and require federal inspection of meat processing plants
Why was Roosevelt rewarded the Nobel Peace Prize?
for demonstrating America's new stature in the world and because of his actions during the Russo-Japanese War
Fireside Chat
informal radio broadcast in which Franklin Roosevelt explained issues and New Deal programs to average Americans
People began to purchase things they couldn't afford through the use of what?
installment buying/buying on credit
How did the moving assembly line help the production of cars?
it brought cars to workers who each added one part
How can you prove the temperance movement was successful?
it led to the 18th Amendment
How did the department of labor help working conditions?
it monitors businesses engaged in interstate commerce and keep capitalist from abusing their power.
Clayton Antitrust Act
it protects businesses and consumers from abusive business activities. It prosecutes companies that trade stocks dishonestly and fine companies that publish false ads. It also regulates buying on the internet
How was militarism a main cause of WWI?
it was the policy of building up a strong force to prepare for war. i.e. the navy, army, planes, etc. It also led to an arms race
Civil Rights Act of 1865
laws that banned discrimination in public facilities & transportation
What areas did reforms affect?
local, state, and national
Conspicuous Consumerism
purchasing of goods & services for the purpose of impressing others
What was the Wagner Act?
recognized the right of workers to join labor unions. It gave workers the right to collective bargaining
reservation
specific areas set aside by the government for the Indians' use.
Ku Klux Klan
organization that promotes hatred& discrimination against specific ethic and religious groups
How was jealousy a cause of U.S. imperialism?
other countries, especially European, had worldwide empires and the U.S. didn't
What did the Hawley-Smoot Tariff lead to?
other nations to retaliate and raise tariffs
What is the 18th Amendment?
outlawed the production & sale of alcohol
18th Amendment
outlawed the production and sale of alcohol
Spoils System
practice of a political party in power giving jobs & appointments to its supporters, rather than to people based on their qualifications
According to the Treaty of Versaille, what was Germany forced to do?
take full blame for WWI, completely disarm, pay reparations to the Allies, and give up colonies to the Allies
Social Gospel
taking the Gospel and applying it to society
How did Indian affairs increase positively?
the Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged native religions, languages and customs. They also created the Indian New Deal
What was the hallmark of the nation's business cycle?
the Great Clash
What was formed in 1912 that helped child labor laws?
the United States Child Bureau of Labor
Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal" doctrine
the doctrine that emerged after the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. It argued that as long as states maintained the "separate but equal" facilities they did not violate the 14th Amendment
What marked the end of Reconstruction?
the election of Rutherford B Hayes
What was the catalyst for Wilson to start PREPARING for war? (not the catalyst to join the war)
the sinking of the Lusitania
What political & economic advantages did black southerners lose?
they were threatened by the Ku Klux Klan, and they lost the right to go to integrated church. They also eliminated black government officials.
Why did FDR launch a Second New Deal?
to help meet the goals of relief, recovery, and reform
What was Britain's goal of setting up a blockade against Germany?
to intercept contraband goods
Why did American entrepreneurs invest money in products?
to make a profit
What was the goal of the Anti-Imperialist League
to object imperialism because it "violates the Declaration of Independence"
What was the purpose of "settlement houses"?
to provide social services like schools for the poor
What were the people's hopes for Reconstruction?
to punish the South
What was the goal of the temperance movement?
to stop alcohol abuse and problems created by it
corporation
to take advantage of expanding markers, investors developed a form of group ownership. A number of people share the ownership of a business
What did Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, want?
volunteer cooperation between labor and business
What is the 17th Amendment?
voters could directly elect senators instead of state legislatures
What is the 17th Amendment?
voters could vote directly on senators instead of state legislatures
direct election of senators
voters could vote directly on senators instead of state legislatures
Why was initiative a progressive reform?
voters themselves could pass laws instead of waiting for election officials to act
How did labor unions struggle under Coolidge?
wanted higher pay and better working conditions
What happens in growth periods of the business cycle?
workers are hired, wages rise, and demand for products increase
How did autos change American lifestyles including teens, highways, roads, suburbs, and traffic?
Since automobiles became increasingly popular, road construction boomed, and highways were implemented. The ability to drive to work permitted people to live father from their work. This led to suburban communities linked to cities by arteries of highways and roads. Since more than half of the population owned a car, many people got into the cars and left which increased traffic everywhere
What party did Woodrow Wilson represent?
The Democrats
What is one example of trustbusting?
The Elkins Act in 1903 that imposed fines on railroad and gave special rates to favored shippers
What was the Poor Monetary Policy?
The Fed kept interest rates high which restricted the money in circulation
Why did war break out in the Philippines after Spain was defeated?
The Filipinos were angry at the U.S. for not granting independence
what two parts of the business cycle do companies want to avoid?
depression and recovery
Who took over the banking industry?
J.P. Morgan
monopoly
complete control of a product or service
Was Wounded Knee harmed by Native Americans and the Army?
no
working class doesn't work + they don't have any money to buy products =
no income for upper classes
What is the 19th Amendment?
no one could be denied the right to vote based on sex
How was assassination a main cause of WWI?
of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
localism
policy relief on by President Hoover in the early years of the Great Depression whereby local and state gov. act as primary agents of economic relief
Gold Standard
policy/designating monetary units in terms of their value in gold
imperialism
political, military, and economic domination of strong nations over weaker territories
What was the main message of the 14 Points?
"peace without victory"
What were the six main problems Progressivists focused on?
-corrupt political machines -trust & monopolies -inequities -safety -city services -womens' suffrage
What are the main causes of WWI?
*M*ilitarinism *A*lliances *N*ationalism *I*mperialism *A*ssasination
What was the spoils system?
- party supporters snatched government jobs even if they weren't qualified -made political parties powerful
How is "pump priming" different than "laissez faire" policies
-"Pump priming" is being involved in the economy -laissez-faire is leaving the economy alone
How was Hawaii imperialized
-1790s American planters started sugar cane plantations in Hawaii -1887 planters gained control of the gov. from King Kalakua -1891 the king died, and his sister Lili became Queen. She resented the power of the white minority & abolished the constitution that gave them political power -1893 Queen Lili was dethroned -1898 U.S. annexed Hawaii
How were Mexican Americans discriminated?
-4 out of 5 list their lands - after the Mexican American war - inflicted property damage and wrote about it in their newspapers
What groups did the KKK not like?
-African Americans -Jews -Catholics -Immigrants
How did the United States extend it's influence in Asia?
-Americans declared equal trade in China -They intervened and squashed the Boxer Rebellion -They reaffirmed the Open Door Policy
What were the Democratic presidents we learned about?
-Andrew Johnson -Woodrow Wilson -Franklin Delanor Roosevelt
How did African Americans help women's suffrage?
-Ida B. Wells founded the National Association for Colored Women -The NACW supported day cares for the children of working parents -fought against segregation, lynching, and Jim Crow Laws
How did industrialization change how businesses were ran?
-Business leaders combined funds and resources -Investors formed corporations that protected them from losing more than their original investment -Aided by railroad and the telegraph, corporations could operate . in different regions
How were Chinese immigrants discriminated?
-Chinese Exclusion act prevented Chinese laborers coming into the country - faced severe job discrimination but many were able to start their own shops
What are some other challenges the New Deal faced?
-FDR had to cut back on government spending to reduce the deficit -Interest rates rose -It caused the economy to sink and unemployment soared -With his support wavering FDR didn't want to push anymore reforms on Congress
What were the three main push factors?
-Farmers were pressured by land reforms & low prices -Revolutions & war disrupted economies & left political refugees -Religious persecution forced to flee violence
Who was Fredrick Jackson Turner?
-He argued the frontier served as a safety value -Urged oversea expansion as the next frontier to avert future discontent in the U.S.
Identify two threats to U.S. interests in China, and describe how the U.S. government responded to those threats
-In response to the growing influence of outsiders in their country, some Chinese joined secret societies. Over time, simmering anger exploded into an outright rebellion against "foreign devils" Congress responded by quashing the Boxer Rebellion -As the Boxer Rebellion engulfed China, Congress restated the Open Door Policy to prevent anymore threats
List FDR's effects on the Presidency?
-Increased power of the President and executive branch -Made mass media, such as radio, an essential tool in advertising and promoting policies -Expanded role of the President in managing the economy -Expanded role of the President in developing social policy -Won third and fourth terms, leading to passage of Twenty-second Amendment, which limited Presidents to two consecutive terms
What were the push factors that compelled immigrants to leave their home?
-Land reform and low prices forced many farmers off their land -A fresh start -Repeated wars and political revolutions -Disrupted economies -Political refugees -Religious persecution
Why did Bryan lose to McKinley
-McKinley had more money that Bryan -He allowed party regulators do his campaigning -Marcus Hanna, the political powerhouse who orchestrated McKinley's run, made Bryan & the Populists supporters seem like a dictator & a threat to the Republic
What examples show that many people blamed Hoover for their difficulties?
-People affected by the Great Depression would gather in poor towns called HOOVERvilles. -The homeless covered themselves with newspapers called HOOVER blankets. -Many walked around looking for jobs with their empty pants pockets inside out which signaled poverty. They called these HOOVER flags
How did frustration lead to violence as the government moved to crush Indian resistance?
-The Red River war led up to the defeat of the Southern Plain Indians. -The Sioux were victorious at the Battle of Little Big Horn. -Chief Joseph & the Nez Perces surrendered after attempting to retreat to Canada
What were the three main pull factors?
-The U.S. offered inexpensive western farmland as well as employment -"chain immigrants" joined families in the U.S. -Religious & political freedom
Identify two potential signs of weakness in the economy of the late 1920s and predict what might happen if those problems are not solved
-The pounding desire to strike it rich often led investors to ignore financial risks -Rural Americans faced many economic hardships If these problems aren't solved, then these could potentially be factors that lead to the Great Depression
What was the National Origins Act and quota system?
-The quote allowed up to 2% if the total population of that specific nationality to live in the U.S. This limited the ability to enter
What were the Republican presidents we learned about?
-William McKinley -Theodore Roosevelt -William Howard Taft -Warren Harding -Calvin Coolidge -Herbert Hoover
Woodrow Wilson
-Won the election 10 1912 -Democrat
Theodore Roosevelt
-Won the election of 1904 -Republican Party -Progressive Party called the Square Deal
William Howard Taft
-Won the election of 1908 -Republican -Progressive President -He was not reelected
What were two effects of the Jim Crow laws
-blacks lost the right to vote -Segregated areas were normal
How did Japanese and Native Americans face discrimination?
-by 1932, two thirds of tribal lands had been sold off -in 1913, CA restricted land ownership which excluded Japanese -in 1922 the Supreme Court allowed the limitation
List the new appliances purchased by consumers
-cars -electric washing machines -irons -vacuum cleaners -radios -refrigerators
Who was Ida B Wells?
-condemned violence against the blacks, disfranchisement, poor schools, and the future of Black people. She got fired from her old jobs so she became a top journalist
What are the four parts of the business cycle?
-expansion -peak -contraction -trough (depression)
List the major problems facing farmers of the West & South during the Gilded Age
-farm prices plummeting -the cost of doing business rising -mortgaging their farms -dealing with dishonest merchants & landlords who paid less for crops & charged more for supplies than promised
How did family living change because of the Great Depression?
-father's hours were cut resulting in lower wages -soup kitchens and bread lines increased -people lived in railroad cars
At the national level, what does Congress pass laws establishing?
-federal regulation of meat packing/food/drug -federal regulation of railroads -lowered the tariffs -established federal control over the banking system -enacted legislation to improve working conditions
How did Immigrants transform American society?
-fueling industrial growth -helped build railroads -work in factories -turned traditions into culture -became active in labor unions & politics
Who was Alfred T Mahan?
-he argued that many great nations owed their greatness to naval power -urged construction of a fleet of ships, acquisition of oversea bases, and construction of a canal across Central America
Who was Charles Forbes?
-he ran the Veterans Administration -he wasted hundreds to millions of dollars by buying overpriced, unneeded supplies
Who was Florence Kelley?
-helped found the NCL (National Consumers League) which aimed to make workplaces safer & urged women to buy products made in safe conditions -Founded Women's Trade Union League which let girls work for a federal minimum wage & a 8 hour workday
How did FDR's president change America politically?
-increased power of the executive branch and president -democrats were majority -increased power in economics and social policy
What were the main reasons of the 18th Amendment?
-it used wheat and potatoes that could be used to feed soldiers -the beers were mainly German -sober workers=sober soldiers
What issues did prohibition bring?
-it was enforced -bootleggers, speakeasies, racketeering -Al Capone and related organized crimes
What was the Pendleton Civil Service Act?
-jobs were obtained by competitive examination - slowly public school jobs decline -"ITS NOT ABOUT WHO YOU KNOW, ITS ABOUT WHAT YOU KNOW"
How did reforms help civil rights?
-middle class protestants were racist -They wanted a Model America based on protestant ethics -Racial theories were also used to justify laws that kept blacks from voting. Many Progressives supported racial predjuice -After a 1908 riot in Illinois, Progressives joined to form the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
What are some examples of the new technology Ford used?
-moving assembly line -scientific management
What caused WWI?
-nationalism -imperialism -militarism -alliances -assassination of Frances Ferdinand
What were the pull factors that drew immigrants to come to America?
-plentiful land -employment -inexpensive farmland -reduced fares on railroads -Were recruited to build railroads, dig in mines, work in oil fields, harvest produce, or toil in factories -findings of gold -joined family/friends -political/religious freedom
How were blacks' right to vote restricted in the south??
-poll rates -literary test -grandfather clauses -violence
Who was Harding?
-promised to return to normalcy -favored business interests & reduced federal regulations (opposite of Progressives) -was popular fun-loving, wanted others to make decisions for him
Who was Garvey?
-promoted black nationalism and separation of races -supported black-owned businesses -founded "Back to Africa" movement and Universal Negro Improvement Association -Convicted of mail fraud and deported
Why was the summer of 1919 called a red summer?
-race riots broke out in several cities -the KKK revived -Garvey & the Universal Negro Improvement Association rose to power
Who was Calvin Coolidge?
-reduced national debt, trim the budget, and lowered taxes -saw industrial profits and growth in the stock market
How did FDR's president change America economically?
-restored trust in banks and stock market -increased homeownership -modernized rural America -protected workers
How did the automobile change America?
-road construction boomed -new businesses opened -car-related industries boomed -workers lived farther away -families used car for vacations -few people traveled by train
Provide examples of bias against German-Americans
-seen as cruel enemies -stopped being taught in public schools -stopped playing German music -German measles were called liberty measles -hamburgers were called liberty steaks -dachshunds were called liberty pups -were pressured to condemn German government -gave up speaking German -gave up reading German newspapers -couldn't participate in patriotic drive -were harassed, beaten, and killed
Who was Thomas Jefferson?
-sickly, shy boy -doctors forbade to play sports -as a teen, Roosevelt took up sports to make himself healthy -came from a New York, rich family -Attended Harvard University -loved outdoors -in 1884, Roosevelt (26) experiences his mom and wife died unexpectedly -lived and worked with outdoors -returned to New York after 2 years & entered policies
How did farmers change because of the Great Depression?
-they lost their land, home, and equipment -they originally got this land through the Homestead Act *fun fact
What was the crisis for farmers?
-to much production -prices were low -they lost their European markets -their equipment was expensive
What are some causes of the Great Depression?
-wages were at an all time low -consumers were increasing their debt -farmers were struggling -banks had loans that could not be liquidated -spending started to slow down -unsold goods began to pile up -all this led to the stock market crash
How did FDR's president change America socially?
-welfare state -people looked to the government for every problem -used mass media
How were women a big part of the reforms?
-women wanted to further they're rights & were disappointed when they did not appear in the fourteen & fifteenth amendment
What was the result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff?
-world trade only made the gult of American factory -farm products were harder to sell
What were the effects of the stock market?
1. 12 million people were out of work 2. 12,000 were unemployed EVERY DAY 3. 20,000 companies and 1,616 banks had gone bankrupt 4. 25% were unemployed 5. Total loss amounted to $30 million
What was Wilson's biggest successes after the Spanish-American War?
1. Abolished dollar diplomacy 2. instituted moral diplomacy 3. supported human rights & national integrity
What was Taft's biggest successes after the Spanish-American War?
1. Abolished the Big Stick Policy 2. Instituted the Dollar Diplomacy 3. Looked to increase American Investment
What are the five 14 Points we need to know for the exam?
1. An end to secret agreements among nations 2. Freedom of the Seas, free trade 3. Limit on arms 4. Allow national groups self-determination 5. Formation of League of Nations in order to protect the independence of all nations and settle internal disputes.
List the states affects by the Dust Bowl
1. Colorado 2. Kansas 3. Nebraska 4. New Mexico 5. North Dakota 6. Oklahoma 7. South Dakota 8. Texas 9. Wyoming
What were the results of the Spanish American War?
1. Cuba got independence 2. U.S. got control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
List the four parts of the business cycle and identify which word means depression
1. Expansion 2. Peak 3. Contraction 4. Trough (depression)
In complete sentences, using proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation, write a paragraph which identifies two Americans-one president and one non-president- and how each helped change American History in a significant way from 1870-1940. Each example must include specific information to support your selection.
1. FDR- created reforms, helped get America out of the depression, united Americans 2. WEB DuBois- pushed African Americans to step forward and lead their people in their quest for political and social equality and civil rights. He wanted equality immediately. Founded the NAACP which aimed to help African Americans become physically free from peonage, mentally free for ignorance, disfranchisement, and socially free from insult
Identify 3 reasons why the agricultural sector of the economy had problems in the 1920s
1. Farmers contracted huge debts 2. The demand for American crops fell sharply 3. They were confronted by several natural disasters
What were some problems in the Philippines?
1. Filipinos resented U.S. takeover 2. Aguinaldo led a 3 year rebellion against the U.S. 3. They didn't get independence till 1946
What was Roosevelt's biggest successes after the Spanish-American War?
1. He built the Panama Canal 2. Win the Nobel Peace Prize for the Russo-Japanese War 3. Roosevelt Corollary
What did Taft do after the Spanish-American war?
1. He was appointed governor of the Philippines 2. He censored pres & jail dissidents 3. he established a health care system 4. He created staffed schools 5. He built roads & bridges 6. He limited self rule
What did the Dawes Act entail?
1. It divided tribal lands into small pots 2. Each family received 160 acres 3. Surplus lands were sold to white settlers and the profit of those sales went to Native American schools
What are the causes of U.S. imperialism?
1. Jealousy 2. Money 3. Fuel 4. Power 5. Manifest Destiny 6. Monroe Doctrine
What problems did African Americans face?
1. Lynchings 2. Jim Crow Laws 3. KKK 4. Negro League in Baseball
What were the effects of the Spanish-American War?
1. McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war 2. War lasted 3 months 3. Roosevelt warned Dewey to be ready to take the Philippines 4. Roosevelt became a rough rider & military hero 5. Roosevelt became McKinley's vice president
What issues did Panama face?
1. Panama Canal went right through they're land 2. Roosevelt used U.S. warships to threaten Colombia and help Panama gain it's independence. He used the Big Stick Policy to force them. Then the U.S. signed a treaty with Panama to build a canal
List 6 major problems the Second New Deal addressed
1. Problems of elderly 2. Problems of the poor 3. Problems of the unemployed 4. Created new public-works projects 5. Help to Farmers 6. Workers Rights
What are some success women had before the 19th Amendment?
1. They could be a stay at home mom 2. They could get an education 3. Limited number of work hours 4. The temperance movement 5. First birth-control clinic opened
How did the U.S. imperialize China?
1. They instituted the Open Door Policy 2. John Hay, the U.S. secretary of state, announced that the U.S. expected equality of treatment for commerce
What are two ways the suffragettes tried to get women's suffrage?
1. They would starve themselves until they were granted the right to vote. 2. They would storm the White House with picket signs
What were the causes of the Spanish American War?
1. U.S. sympathized Cuban Rebels who wanted freedom from Spain 2. José Martí launched a war for independence from Spain 3. Concentration Camps 4. Yellow Press wanted to sell papers 5. Explosion of the Maine
In complete sentences, using proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation, write a paragraph explaining how the United States became a world power between 1870 and 1920. The explanation must throughly discuss three specific causes or examples.
1. WWI-imperialism, nationalism, redrew America so we basically won 2. Spanish-American War- imperialism, gained Guam and the Philippines 3. Big Stick Corollary- threatened countries with America's big army, held beliefs that Americans were superior and that they were to uphold weaker nations.
In complete sentences, using proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation, write a paragraph which explains three key changes in the United States from 1870-1935. Each change must be significant, throughly explained, and include a description of the U.S. before and after the change.
1. Women Rights A. Before-had very few rights like staying at home and thats about it B. After- They could vote bc of the 19th Amendment, they could go to school ,they could work, etc. 2. African American Rights A. Before- had very few rights and were basically slaves B. After- they could do pretty much what a white man could do 3. Great Depression A. Before- Great Depression, Americans weren't unified, fights were breaking out B. After- Positive reforms united Americans, helped Americans out of the Great Depression, Americans looked to the government to solve everything.
What are two forms of innovation during the 1800s?
1. air brakes 2. refrigeration
What were the factors used to increase industrial growth?
1. factories used new tools & methods to produce supplies in large numbers 2. Railroads expanded across the nation 3. The government encouraged immigration 4. Natural resources provided fuel for growth
Compare the 3 positions America took on when deciding if they should enter the war or not
1. isolationists- war was none of America's business and the nation should isolate themselves 2. interventionists- the war affected American interest & the U.S. should join the Allies 3. internationalists- the U.S. should play an active role & work towards achieving a just peace but not enter the war
What are the factors of production?
1. labor 2. land 3. factory 4. power 5. capital 6. transportation
What were some José Martí's most important successes?
1. launched war for independence 2. used guerrilla warfare 3. many people died in his intense concentration camps
What new technology emerged as a result of WWI?
1. machine guns 2. mobile artillery 3. tanks, submarines, airplanes 4. militarism
What are the major problems Progressivists tried to solve?
1. political reform 2. women winning the right to vote 3. honest government 4. booming growth of cities 5. business owners/politicians control of services 6. the class system
What were the major reforms the Progressives made for society and the economy
1. political reforms 2. women winning the right to vote 3. honest government 4. booming growth of cities 5. business owners/political control of services 6. the class system
What was the three goals of the legislation of the New Deal?
1. relief 2. recovery 3. reform
Radical Republicans gained control of Congress & designed an ambitious Reconstruction Plan. What did the Reconstruction Plan include?
1. the division of the South into 5 districts controlled by the Union generals 2. They required southern states to grant the vote to black men & passed the 14th amendment 3. By 1868, many southern states had black elected officials
When does Germany surrender WWI?
11/11/98 at 11:00 a.m.
What happened in FDR's first 100 days in office?
15 bills were passed
18th Amendment & the Volstead Act
18th Amendment made manufacturing, transport, and sale of alcohol lawful. The Volstead Act enforced the 18th Amendment
flapper
1920s women who defied traditional rule of conduct and dress
Scopes Trial
1925 trial of a Tennessee school teacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution
Great Depression
1929-1941 when the U.S. economy faltered and unemployment soared
What evidence is given to show that Americans enjoyed a higher "standard of living" in the Twenties?
60-100 million Americans went to the movies each week, many bought radios and phonographs
Lusitania
A British passenger liner that was sunk by a U-Boat
U-Boat
A German submarine
Oliver H. Kelley
A Minnesota Farmer, businessman, journalist, and government clerk
Ida B. Wells
A black teacher that helped form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). The group helped families strive for success and to assist those who were less fortunate
How did stock prices contributed to economic growth?
A bull market occurred which meant the prices of stock kept rising and people purchased stocks on credit aka buying on margin
Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
A calvary unit organized by Theodore Roosevelt that consisted of nugged Westerners and upper-class easterners who fought during the Spanish-American War
Matthew Perry
A commodore who sailed a fleet of American worships into present-day Tokyo Bay, Japan. He negotiated a treaty that opened Japan to trade with America. He set a precedent for further expansion across the Pacific
American Federation of Labor
A craft union or loose organization of skilled workers from 100 local unions devoted to specific trades or crafts
José Martí
A cuban patriot that launched a war for independence from Spain. Fighters used guerrilla warfare tactics of hit-and-run raids against Spanish forces
President Hardings Ohio Gang
A group put together by President Harding who helped Harding make decisions for the government. They were greedy, small-minded men who saw government service as a chance to get rich at the expense of the very citizens they were supposed to serve
guerrilla warfare
A form of nontraditional warfare generally involving small bands of fighters to attack behind American lines. Filipinos relied on this form of warfare
George Creel's Committee for Public Info
A government agency created by George Creel during WWI to encourage Americans to support the war. Creel was appointed director of it
Franklin Roosevelt
A governor of New York that accepted the Democratic Party's nomination for President. If though he lost his first time running, he made a political comeback in 1932. People opposed Hoover because of the Great Depression. Roosevelt won by a landslide against Hoover
What was the status of Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War?
A governor would be appointed by the U.S. president and a bunch of cases called the Insular Cases deemed that Puerto Rico did not have the same rights or tax status as other Americans
How did the uneven distribution of the nation's wealth weaken the American economy?
A healthy economy needs more people to buy products, which in turn creates even more wealth. In this way, a healthy economy and underconsumption that can limit economic growth. The uneven distribution of wealth in the 1920s pointed to an uncertain future for the American economy
Fredrick J. Turner
A historian who wrote In the Significance of the Frontier in American History, he noted that the frontier had been closed by gradual settlement in the 19th century. He urged oversea expansion as a way to keep the "safety value" open & avoid internal conflict.
Knights of Labor
A labor union that included all workers of any trade, skilled or unskilled, and included African Americans. It was also kept a secret
Anti-Imperialist League
A large group of anti-imperialists who condemned imperialism as a crime & attacked as "open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our government
What did many Americans believe societies were becoming?
A melting pot. This excluded Asian immigrants who became targets of social & legal discrimination
Alfred T. Mahan
A military historian & an officer in the U.S. Navy who played a key role in transforming America into a naval power. In The Influencer of Sea Power Upon History, Mahan asserted that since ancient times, many great nations had owed their greatness to powerful naives.
Allied Powers
Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia
Brain Trust
A nickname for the diverse group of men and women that helped Roosevelt plan the New Deal
Mark Twain
A novelist that mocked American life in his 1873 novel, the Gilded Age. He claimed American society as having a rotten core covered in gold paint
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A novelist who explored reality of the American Dream of wealth, success, and emotional fulfillment
Horatio Alger
A novelist who focused on moral issues. He wrote about characters who succeeded by hard work while other novelists questioned a society based on rigid rules of conduct
What was the Social Security Act?
A pension system that provided for retirees, the unemployed, victims of work-related accidents, aid to mothers and children in poverty, and the disabled. It reduced poverty among the elderly
bull market
A period after WWI were the stock prices raised increasingly
Rural to Urban Migrant
A person who moves from an agricultural area to a city.
Conscientious objector
A person whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in the war
How would a photograph from a city in 1910 differ from one in 1850?
A photograph from a city in 1910 might look different because there was more lights, skyscrapers, school libraries, train stations, financial institutions, office buildings, residences street cars, mass transit, electric, etc
imperialism
A political, military, and economic domination of strong nations over weaker territories
Boss Tweed
A powerful NYC politician. Tomas Nast did a series of cartoons which exposed Tweed's illegal activities. Eventually he was arrested, but he escaped & fled Spain. There, he was identified through one of Nast's cartoons
sweatshops
A small, dark, hot, and dirty workhouse
What was the National Recovery Association (NRA)
A program that established codes of fair competition, set minimum wage for workers, and minimum prices for good
Industrial Works of the World
A radical union of unskilled workers with many socialists among its leaders
Skyscraper
A very tall building made of steel
What was the Zimmermann Note?
A secret message from Germany to Mexico that urged Mexico to attack the U.S. if the U.S. declared war on Germany
What were the Harlem Hell Fighters?
A segregated African American Army who fought successfully in France
Who was Eugene V Debs?
A socialist candidate for president. He was arrested for protesting the draft and was convicted of violating the Espionage Act
Bessie Smith
A soloist who was known as "Empress of Blues"
What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff?
A tariff that protected American manufactures from foreign competition
Mary McLeod Bethune
A teacher who worked to improve educational opportunities for African Americans. She served as FDR's special adviser on minority affairs. As the director of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration, this made her the first black woman to head a federal agency
Gilded Age
A term coined by Mark Twain that described the post-Reconstruction era which was characterized by an outward appearance of success
Russo-Japanese War & Roosevelt's Nobel Peace Prize
A war between Japan & Russia in 1904 over the Russian troops in Manchuria. When the talks between the countries stalled, President Roosevelt intervened and convinced the two sides to sign a peace treaty. For his efforts, Roosevelt won the Noble Peace Prize.
Under Harding and Coolidge, what did the U.S. become?
A world leader
What resulted from the Palmer Raids?
ACLU formed to protect people's rights and liberties
Andrew Jackson
Abraham Lincoln's vice president. He became president after Lincoln's assassination
What was the role of advertising & marketing?
Advertising & marketing were very important if businesses wanted to become popular. Companies began to create trademarks and logos. Consumers began to recognize familiar logos and started buying more name brand goods
What does the fact that government regulation of business was not very successful at first tell you about the relationship between the government and big business?
After lassez-faire took off, the government was not very interested in companies until it got out of control, and as you can tell from previous attempts, businessmen held little respect for the government
How were civil & political rights of certain groups in America undermined/repealed during the years after Reconstruction?
African American lost their right to vote as it was limited. There was also rules called Jim Crow Laws that segregated African American people from white Americans. Chinese immigrants also faced repealed rights. They could not be employed, they had to go to segregated schools, and they were attacked by mobs. Mexican Americans faced the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which allowed whites to take their land. Women even faced a repeal of rights. They had to fight for their right to own property, vote, and receive an educations
Ida B Wells' anti-lynching campaign
African American woman who fought for justice. She wrote an editorial attacking the practice of lynching in the South. Local whites responded by running her out of town. In exile, she embarked on a lifelong crusade against lynching.
How did African Americans express a new sense of hope and pride in art and literature?
African American writers started writing books and poems describing life and hardships of them. For example, the creation of "New Hero" suggested a radical break from their past
What new opportunities did the War Effort present for African Americans?
African Americans could serve in the military
How did WWI and the Great Migration of African Americans to the North lead to the Harlem Renaissance?
African Americans were everywhere giving them a chance to spread their culture as much as they could
Exoduster
African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War
What was the result of the CIO's United Auto Worker's sit down strike?
After 44 days, General Motors recognized the new union. This success led to others and union membership soared.
consumer revolution
After WWI, new goods increased majorly, but these goods were affordable to Americans.
how did the southern economy & society change after the civil war?
After the civil war, the economy continued to lag. They had to repair war damages, and they only thrived on natural resources. Society lagged as well. Schooling was limited, and so was wages son no one wanted to come to the South. Little banks survived the war, and little people were rich.
how did the disputed election of 1876 result on the end of reconstruction?
After the compromise of 1877 Rutherford B Hayes promised to pull remaining federal troops from the south and he ended reconstruction as a result of his election
Jingoism
Aggressive nationalism; support for warlike foreign policy
What Rural Relief Programs were produced?
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) -ended overproduction and raised crop prices Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) -built dams to control floods and generate electricity
Why did the Spanish American war end?
Aguinaldo was captured
Why does Hoover win in 1928?
Al Smith (his opponent) was: -a democrat -New York mayor -a "wet" -Catholic Hoover was: -Republican -Ran European Relief programs after WWI -"dry"
What was the first state to be imperialized?
Alaska
laissez faire
Allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulation.
phonograph
Allowed people to listen to the same music in the radio but whenever they wanted
why were farms important in the 1800s?
America exported grain, steel, & textiles in huge amounts and became a world economic power.
Repatriation
America's attempt to return Mexicans back to their own country
What was the Freedom of the Seas?
America's claimed right to trade with each other in the war
Why did the U.S. decide to enter the war & fight on the Allies side?
American authorities received an intercepted telegram from the British that claimed the Germans wanted to form an ally with Mexico. So, if the U.S. declares war on Germany, Mexico would declare war on the U.S. and win back all the land that was stolen from them during the Spanish-American war. Then, Germany announced unrestricted warfare against Britain.
How did industrialization [heavy industry] and new technology affect the economy and society?
American exports of grain, steel, and textiles dominated international markets. Exports of foods and goods greatly expanded the American economy. As the United States grew as an economic power, it often clashed with economic and political policies of other countries. Massive changes in the industry altered how Americans lived and worked. Farms became mechanized, meaning fewer farm laborers were needed. Out-of-work farmers and families moved to urban areas to find work. Many moved to manufacturing centers that had sprung up around factories. The mass production of goods meant these farmers has easy access to clothing and supplies they had to hand make in the past. Yet, they faced higher costs of living which depended on cash wages to buy food.
What is an economic benefit for imperialism?
American industrialists sought a new oversea market
Marcus Garvey
American leader who saw black exploited everywhere. He promoted the idea of universal black nationalism and organized a "Back to Africa" movement to fix this problem
jazz
American musical form developed by African Americans based on improvision & blending blues, ragtime, and European-based pop music
doughboys
American troops who saw lots of action in spring and summer
How did Americans affect the end of WWI and its peace settlements?
Americans affected the war by joining the Allies which gave them a military advantage. Then Wilson interrupted the peace settlement by bringing in the idea of "peace without victory" and creating the 14 points
What did easy credit lead to?
Americans racking up more personal debt
In what ways did Americans support the war effort?
Americans supported the war effort by working in war industries and factories, lending money to the government to pay off war debt, and rationing their food to feed the troops abroad
What was the Pure Food and Drug Act?
An act implemented to make federal agents inspect all foods and drugs sold across state lines and required a federal inspection of food and drug processing plants. It also banned the interstate shipment of impure food and other mislabeling of food and drugs
What was the Meat Inspection Act?
An act implemented to make federal agents inspect any meat sold across state lines and required federal inspection of meat processing plants
Selective Service Act
An act passed by Congress that authorized a draft of men ages 21-30 to register for the military
Sedition Act & Eugene V. Debs
An act passed in 1918 by Congress which made it unlawful to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the U.S. government, Constitution, and/or military. After giving an antiwar speech, socialist Eugene V. Debs was imprisoned under this law
Dawes Plan
An agreement between Germany and the U.S. in which the U.S. would loan money to Germany so they could make reparation
Interstate Commerce Commission
An arrangement to oversee railroad operations. The first federal body to monitor American capitalism. Why its important: Competing railroads entered a secret agreements to divide up the nation's freight, a practice called pooling.
Zora Neale Hurston
An author who expressed a longing for the independence of both black and white women
What was the Red Scare?
An era when violent strikes occurred often, the Soviet Union emerged, and bombs were getting sent in mailboxes.
Ellis Island
An island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the U.S. The immigrants were mostly European
What did rising wages mask?
An uneven distribution of wealth
Who took over the steel industry?
Andrew Carnegie
Who was president during the transformation of the south and west?
Andrew Johnson
Why did Congress become the biggest branch of government in the 1880s?
At the time executive branch was weak. The presidents had no control over anything, so the legislative branch-- Congress-- saw this as their opportunity to rise to control. It was not divided at the time, making it bigger
installment buying & credit
At the time, people who did not have enough ready cash could buy what they wanted on credit. This new credit system was called, installment buying. Installment buying is the method of purchase in which the buyer makes a small down payment and then pays off the rest of the debt in monthly payments
What was the fifth territory the U.S. imperialized?
China
Who was processed at Angel Island?
Chinese and Asian Immigrants
Bank Holiday
Banking Bill gave Roosevelt the power to declare a four day "bank holiday" in which banks all over the country were order to close. The closings gave banks time to get their accounts in order before they reopened for business
What was the Civil Right act of 1875?
Banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation. Supreme Court ruled in a series of cases that such decisions were local issues.
Why did many African Americans rise to fame?
Bc they refused second class citizenship
Why did Wilson urge Americans to stay neutral?
Because America had a long history of staying out of conflicts, and many Americans favored one side more than the other
Why did entrepreneurs benefit from laissez-faire policies?
Because businesses were under minimal government regulation so they could pretty much do whatever they wanted.
General Weyler was called "The Butcher" why?
Because hundreds of people died in his concentration camps
Why did Theodore Roosevelt become involved in the 1902 coal strike?
Because it was near winter and he thought the whole nation would suffer without coal
Why was the progressive reform necessary?
Because many businesses were harmful or corrupt, the government was making unfair rules, women couldn't vote, political corruption, etc.
How did WWI change opportunities for women and lead to the passage of suffrage (19th Amendment)
Because men were busy fighting in the war, women moved to the workplace to fill their empty spots. They worked in factories, railroads, as telegraph operators, trolley conductors, doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, clerks, on farms, and more. They joined the Red Cross, American Women's Hospital Service, and the Army Corps of Nurses. They convinces President Wilson & he supported their movement. He granted women the right to vote because he believed it was vital to winning to the war
Why did American labor make greater progress during the 30's than the prosperous 20's?
Because new unions enlisted millions of workers from the mining & automobile industries, new rights were granted, workers used these rights to their advantage, and members gained better wages and working conditions
Why might Jane Addams be considered a Progressive Era "hero"
Because she opened Hull House which grew to have 400 settlement houses
Why did the U.S. reject the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations?
Because the U.S. felt they were giving up to much power under the League of Nations so therefore they would sign the Treaty unless there was changes.
American industrialists want a new oversea market
Because the U.S. had raw materials, but not enough market to consume all the goods they produced
Americanization
Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
How did big businesses shape the American economy in the late 1800s & the early 1900s?
Big businesses were ran by power/money hungry entrepreneurs and investors. More people jumped on the bandwagon after many people became rich and soon the whole country was starting businesses. The United States was soon recognized for their stable and booming economy
What was Oct. 29 1929 called?
Black Tuesday
bootlegger
Bootleggers sell illegal alcohol during Prohibition
What is the relationship between Amendments 18 & 21
Both prohibited alcohol, but the 21st Amendment prohibited it till a certain, responsible age
How are the International Common Commission and the Sherman Antitrust Act alike and different
Both the ICC and the SAA began as a trend toward government limits on corporate power. But the ICC oversaw railroad operations and the SAA was an act passed by the Senate in the 1880s that outlawed trusts.
How do the Platt Amendment and the Roosevelt Corollary reflect similar assumptions about the governments of Latin American nations?
Both the Platt Amendment and the Roosevelt Corollary gave U.S. the right to govern or intervene in governing other nations like Latin Americans because Latin Americans can't supposedly handle governing them self.
Why did the Freedom of the Seas fail?
Britain and Germany set up blockades
Settlement houses
Buildings that ran Americanization programs
Why did business leaders create new forms of ownership like monopolies, cartels, and trusts?
Business leaders created new forms of ownership because they wanted more power/money and if there was threatening competition, they had to drive them out.
How did Alfred Mahan influence U.S. policy?
By calling upon America to build a modern fleet and urging the necessity of foreign bases where American ships could refuel and gather fresh supplies
How did Germany attack Belgium?
By going through France
Why did Americans no turn to radical alternatives like other countries?
Communism wasn't working out in Europe and Americans didn't want to bring to America. They also trusted the gov
How did immigrants adjust?
By settling in communities with people of their own ethnic group
How was power a cause of U.S. imperialism?
Captain Mahan said, "The U.S. should become a world power by becoming a sea power"
Homestead Strike at Carnegie Steel
Carnegie Homestead Plant in Pennsylvania cut workers wages. Immediately a strike was called, but Carnegie and his partner Henry Frick had a private police force come in and break up the strike. An anarchist tried to assassinate Frick but failed.
New immigrant
Catholic or Jewish immigrants who were often unskilled, poor, and likely to settle in cities rather than farms
What was the main prejudice German & Irish (old immigrants) immigrants faced?
Catholicism
What were the causes and effects of the Spanish-American war? Who might agree with the John Haye's opinion that the Spanish-American War was a "splendid little war"? Who might disagree and why?
Causes: -Cuban Rebels revolting against Spanish rules -Yellow Presses urging people to pick a side -the Maine Effects: -The Treaty of Paris -Imperialism debates -America is superior Most Americans would probably agree with John Hayes that the Spanish American War was splendid and fun, but Spanish speaking countries like Cuba and Philippines might disagree because Americans took over their land and imperialized
What did the prevalence of child labor in the 1800s tell you about how society viewed children at the time?
Children were basically viewed as young adults and slaves because they had to work for wages and they did as they were told.
How did child labor cause the Progressives to demand reform?
Children were working and not receiving an education. It affected their health and welfare
Why did cities of the late nineteenth century have many problems?
Cities were becoming overcrowded so they needed tenements which were unhealthy and dangerous. Water was also dirty, sanitation was poor, and there was a multitude of fires, crimes, and neighborhood gangs
What challenges did city dwellers face, and how did they meet them?
City dwellers had to live in tenements because they could not afford to ride mass transit and had to live near their work. Housing was also densely populated and overcrowded. They also shared toilets and sanitation was not great. To meet the need of people, the government took water for reservoirs and instituted a new filtration system. People also faced fires, crimes, and neighborhood gangs but many cities develop professional fire fighting teams, police forces were placed in the streets, and police allowed immigrants to sleep at station houses to avoid gangs
How did city planners try to improve city life?
City planners tried to improve city life by creating the White City which consisted of boulevards, parks, buildings, and street lamps. They also segregated parts of the city having separate zones for heavy industry, financial institutions, and residences. They built huge parks and purchased areas along the Schuylleill River to protect water supply
What programs were produced for job relief?
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) -put young men to work improving national parks, forests, and wilderness area Public Works Administration (PWA) -workers who built bridges, dams, power plants, and government buildings
How was Japan imperialized?
Commodore Matthew Perry demanded trading rights after it had been closed to all foreigners for 200 years. Perry arrived on great, modernized ships and it was a wake up call for Japan to become more modernized
Teller Amendment to the war resolutions
Congress enacted 4 resolutions that amounted to a declaration of war on Spain. The 4th resolution-the Teller Amendment- stipulated that the U.S. had NO intention of annexing Cuba
Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Congress established this commission to regulate the stock market and make it a safer place for investments.
What was Congress's response to the people's concern about the impact of industrialization on the environment?
Congress set aside protected lands like Yellow Stone that no one could build factories on or near
What were the pros and cons of imperializing Alaska?
Cons: -It was expensive -People mocked Seward claiming it was useless frozen tundra Pros: -had lots of valuable resources like fish, gold, copper, etc. -Got rid of Russia from North America -Helped the U.S. take over Canada
Who did not support the New Deal and why?
Conservatives thought it was making the government to power, thought it destroyed free enterprise, was undermining individualism, and argued the New Deal did not do enough to end the Depression
What examples demonstrate economic prosperity in the1920s under Harding & Coolidge?
Consumption went up, the gross national product went up, and the stock market went up
Who took over the railroad industry?
Cornelius Vanderbilt
How did the effects of disease and the destruction of the buffalo impact Native American culture?
Diseases and the destruction of the buffalo impacted Native American culture by causing rebellions, fights, and failed peace plans
What were the three types of Reconstruction?
Economic, political, and physical
What did the Platt Amendment give the U.S. control of?
Cuba-financially & military
How did the Great Depression affect banks?
Depositors tried to withdraw their money from the banks, but only few banks could sustain the "run" of requests. Soon banks began to fail & close
Elisha Otis
Developed a safety elevator that would not fall if the lifting rope broke
How did economic & cultural diversity cause conflicts in the West?
Differences in food, religion, and cultural practices reinforced each group's fear and distrust of the others. Chinese immigrants, Mexicans, and Mexican Americans were mostly targets. Ranchers would belittle home-steaders calling them "sodbusters" to mock their works. Natural resources were also limited. In the El Paso Salt War, Mexicans, who mined salt from the salt beds of El Paso, were upset when Americans claimed the salt beds and aimed to make a profit off of it.
Teapot Dome Scandal
During Harding's presidency, a scandal occurred in which the Secretary of the Interior leased government oil reserves to private oilmen in return for bribes
okies
Dust Bowl refugees
Who led the Philippines in their rebellion against the U.S.?
Emilio Aguinaldo
Philippine insurrection and Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist leader, organized the Philippine insurrection, or rebellion, after finding out the U.S. and Philippines were not allies
Ghettos
Ethnic neighborhoods that contained people who shared their native language, religion, and culture
Who was processed at Ellis Island?
Europeans
how did the impeachment of Andrew Jackson demonstrate "balance of powers" between the executive & legislative branch?
Executive branch is our government and the legislative branch is Congress. They showed a balance of powers by acknowledging what he has done and voting on wether he should be impeached or not
Urbanization
Expansion of cities and/or an increase in the number of people living in them
Ernest T Hemmingway
Explored similar themes of Fitzgerald but in real idiom
Who was Jacob Riis?
Exposed deplorable conditions poor people were forced to live under through his photography
What was the "bank crisis" under FDR?
FDR declared a 4 day holiday to close banks so they could get in order. This also marked his first fireside chat with the American people. When banks reopened=no more runs on the banks
Who was Susan B Anthony?
FEMINIST!!! Was the first women to vote but she did so illegally resulting in her getting arrested but they eventually let her go for fear she may cause a scene.
What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?
Fall, the man at fault, was sent to prison for taking control of federal oil reserves and leasing them to private oil companies
How did Rural American Struggle?
Farm incomes declined & remained flat throughout the 20s
Tenant-Farmer
Farmer who works for a landowner rather than for himself
Who saw signs of weakness before the Great Depression hit?
Farmers
List various new techniques (including mechanized farming) used by farmers on the Plains
Farmers on plaines used a various of new techniques in the South.They developed barbed wire that enabled a farmer to fence land cheaply to keep out wandering livestock. They also invented .a plow that could tackle the sod-covered land, the grain drill that opened furrows and planted seeds, and the windmill tapped underground water.
How did the deflation/decrease in the money supply in the late 1800s hurt farmers?
Farmers were already suffering, but due to the decrease in money, they entered a four-year-depression. Labor unrest & violence also hurt farmers
Why were farmers angry @ r.r. companies & banks?
Farmers were angry at companies because they felt that monopolies charged whatever ridiculous rates they wanted, and banks set interest rates at super high levels
Farmer's Alliances & cooperatives
Farmers' Alliances became important reform organizations. These Alliances formed cooperatives to collectively sell their crops & they called on the federal government to establish "sub-treasuries"/postal banks to provide farmers with low-interest loans
How did the Farmer's alliances begin a crusade big businesses?
Farmers' Alliances hoped cooperatives would push the cost down of doing business & the prices for crops up. Some cooperative efforts succeeded. The Georgia Alliance led a boycott against manufactures who raised the price of the special cord farmers used to wrap bundles of cotton
Who struggled for prosperity under the presidency of Coolidge?
Farmers, labor unions, and African Americans, and Mexican Americans
What Federal systems were produced for finance?
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) -insured bank deposits Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) -regulated the stock market
How did the Federal government take control of the economy?
Federal agencies over-saw food production, full distribution, and railroads
How did the Pure Food and Drug Act AND the Meat Inspection Act improve working conditions?
Federal agents inspected food, drugs, and meats that came across state lines and required federal inspection of meat processing plants
Who was Lindbergh?
First man to fly SOLO across the Atlantic in the his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis. It took 33 hours
Susan B. Anthony
First women to vote. Was arrested for voting illegally and fought very hard for women rights to vote
Describe middle class entertainment.
For entertainment, the middle class could enjoy vacations, Coney Island, Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, Chautauqua Circuit, plays, movie theaters, exhibitions, and baseball
Why did immigrants & rural agricultural migrants move to cities?
Foreign immigrants moved to the city by coincidence, to join family members, or to be recruited by companies needing laborers. Rural agricultural migrant moved to the city for land and economic opportunities
Carrie Chapman Catt
Founded the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA). It grouped women from all around the world to get the right to vote
Florence Kelly
Founded the National Consumers League which gave special labels to goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions. It urged women to buy them and to turn away from products that didn't have these labels
Research online the following and the impact on ships and territories: Four- Five- Nine- Power Treaties of the Washington Department Conference
Four-Power Treaty was not seeking any further territory Five-Power Treaty changed character of navy by limiting battleship inventories Nine-Power Treaty affirmed the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China
Who was the first female cabinet member?
Frances Perkins
What president brought the U.S. out of the Great Depression?
Franklin Delanor Roosevelt
How many years was FDR president?
From 1932-1944
What is initiative?
Gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting citizens' signatures on a petition
Kaiser William II of Germany
German emperor that assured Austria Hungary that Germany would be an ally to them if war came
What MAJOR event almost happened once Russia started fighting their own civil war
Germany advanced on the Western Front which almost caused the collapse of Paris
What was the result of the U.S. joining the war?
Germany increased U-Boat attacks and the convoys of American and British ships were protected
What was Germany's promise to Mexico found in the Zimmermann Note?
Germany promised to help Mexico gain the land it lost to the U.S.
What was the Central Powers consisted of?
Germany, Austria Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
What was the Triple Alliance consisted of?
Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy
Central Powers
Germany, Austria Hungary, later Ottoman Empire
What was the Triple Entente consisted of?
Great Britain, France, Russia
What was the Allied Powers consisted of?
Great Britain, France, Russia, and U.S.
Welfare State
Government that assumes responsibility for providing for the welfare of the poor, elderly, sick, and unemployed
Bonus Army
Group of WWI vets who marched on Washington D.C. in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised to them by Congress
How did reforms reform society?
Growing cities couldn't provide necessary services for people like garbage collection, sales housing, and police/fire protection. So reforms came up with the Tenement Act of 1901
moving pictures
Handful of studios in Hollywood establishes monopolies that controlled the production, distribution, and exhibit of movies
How did Coolidge become president?
Harding died
What was the second state that the U.S. imperialized?
Hawaii
How did Henry Ford change the car so everyone could afford one?
He applied innovative manufactoring technology
W.E.B Du Buis
He argued that blacks should demand full & immediate equality & not limit themselves for vocational education
Why did Toledo Mayor, Samuel Jones, get the nickname "Golden Rule" Jones?
He asked his employees of the S.M. Jones Company to work hard , be honest, and live by the Golden Rule. If they did this, he promised fair wages and safe working conditions. He did the same once he got into office. He worked to improve conditions for the working class
What happened to Wilson in Sept. 1919?
He became ill and suffered a stroke
Who was Andrew Jackson?
He became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He restored political power to southerns if they swore diligence to the U.S. He was impeached from president but he was NOT removed from office. He simply lost control of Reconstruction.
What was FDR's approach to the Great Depression?
He believed leadership could come from the Fed.
What was Hoover's approach to the Great Depression?
He believed the state and local government and private agencies should provide relief.
What was Wilson's Big Lie?
He claimed the U.S. would never seek 1 additional foot of territory again BUT he sent General Pershing and 10,000 troops into Mexico
What was Theodore Roosevelt's role in the U.S. Forest Service and conservation
He didn't agree that all wild areas should be preserved because some held natural resources. The object of his policy was to use some of the areas for houses
How did the New Deal attempt to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the depression?
He enacted reforms to prevent future depressions. His reforms restored the nation's confidence, reformed the financial system, helped farmers, aided rural southerners, provided relief, promoted industrial recovery, and found jobs for many Americans
What are some examples of William taft being a progressive president?
He enacted the Payne-Aldrich Act which lowered tariffs and the Manns-Elkins Act which gave the government the control over telephone and telegraph rates.
Why didn't Coolidge help those who struggled under his presidency?
He felt it wasn't his job
Who was Herbert Hoover (before he was president)
He led the Food Administration Board which set prices for agriculture products
Why did President Roosevelt need his wife, Eleanor, to serve as his "eyes and ears"?
He needed his wife to travel widely and interact with American people. She made the people feel that the government cared
How did Roosevelt resolve the segregation of Asians?
He negotiated the "Gentlemen's Agreement"
What did Roosevelt do with his Great White Fleet
He sent it around the world to show off American's naval power
Paraphrase the main idea of Claude McKay's poem "If We Must Die" in your own words.
He showed ordinary African Americans struggling for dignity and advancement in the face of discrimination and economic hardships. In his poem he captures his sense of anger and militancy. He also said if African Americans were going to die, they would die like they wanted, as men
Who did FDR seek help from?
He sought help from his Brain Trust and his wife.
How did Hoover's views on government influence his response to the depression?
He thought the depression was part of the economic cycle & decided to use the hands-off method. EX: -asked wealthy to donate and they did but it wasn't enough -asked state and local gov. to provide more jobs and relief measures
What was Theodore Roosevelt's role in the 1902 Coal Strike?
He threatened to send federal troops to take control of the mines and to run them with federal employees
How did McArthur's tactics in removing the Bonus Army affect Hoover's political future?
He used VIOLENT tactics to remove the Bonus Army & it ruined any chances of reelection
Who was John Maynard Keynes
He used public-works project to put money in the hands of consumers. He believed that consumer spending would stimulate the economy. Believed in deficit spending was needed to end the depression. He called this method pump priming
How did Roosevelt use trust busting?
He used the Sherman Anti Trust Act. He dismissed bad trusts, ones who bullied small businesses or cheated consumers. The Northern Security case, the first example of Roosevelt trust busting, was dismissed by the use of anti trust legislation to dismantle a monopoly. The Northern Security Cade was a principal railroad lines that ran from Chicago to the Pacific North West
Who was Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette?
He was a Wisconsin senator. He was elected through the direct primary election. He limited campaign spending, started commissions to regulate railroads, and oversaw taxation
Thomas Edison, Electric bulb, and electric motors
He was a creative genius who had had only a few months of formal education before receiving more than 1,000 patents for new inventions. In 1880, he and his team invented the lightbulb to develop affordable lighting in homes. A few years later, they also developed a plan for central power plants to light entire sections of cities
How did President Garfield die?
He was assassinated by a man who thought the Republican Party owed him a job
Was McKinley for or against imperialism?
He was for it. He said it was the U.S.'s responsibility
Who was Benard Baruch
He was the head of the War Industry board which regulated war-related businesses
Who was Thomas Edison?
He was the most prolific inventor of the era. He and his team developed the light bulb electric motor, and more
Henry Ford and the Model T
Henry Ford was a carmaker who used methods & ideas that revolutionized production, wages, working conditions, and daily life. He created he first reliable and affordable car that the common citizen could buy
Who was president during the Great Depression?
Herbert Hoover
Who was the Republicans 1928 candidate?
Herbert Hoover
How did public opinion about the purchase of Alaska differ from the view of historians today?
Historians use to wonder why the U.S. wanted vast tundras of snow and ice, but today, people don't want snow and ice and there is global warming deteriorating the ice
How did the war affect Americans at home?
Home-bound Americans were affected in many ways because of the war. Because the war was so long, we needed more men to fight. Many men were ripped from their homes and forced to joining the army under the Selective Service Act. People who worked in factories had to change their production. Americans at home didn't know much about the war, so Congress had to teach them.
How did Franklin Roosevelt economic policies differ from those of Hoover's?
Hoover believed that money for the depression should come from state and local governments and private agencies. Roosevelt believed that money for the depression would come from strong action and leadership by the federal government
Why did Herbert Hoover lose the election of 1932 to FDR?
Hoover was president during the Great Depression, and none of his ideas were working. Americans were ready for a change from the Republican ways.
What was Hoover's "volunteerism" plan & why did it fail to solve the country's economic crisis?
Hoover's plan was to put more money into the hands of businesses & individuals to encourage more production & consumption. He encouraged business and labor to voluntarily work towards common goals. However, it did not work because it relied too much on voluntary cooperation. Business at wages and laid off workers because it was in their own best interests. Farmers boosted production because it was in the best interests of their families
company towns
Housing in isolated communities owned by businesses and rented out to employees
Explain why you agree or disagree with this statement: "The late 1800s was a time of great progress for all Americans."
I disagree with this statement because the late 1800s was not a good time for farmers. Considering that most of the population was farmers at the time, farmers were forced out their jobs because machines were making food now. Farmers were forced to urban areas to find a whole new way of living, and while they did have access to many goods and supplies, many fell into poverty because food was expensive in providing for their families.
Do you think the United States would have gone to war with Spain w/o the explosion of the Maine? Why or why not?
I do think the United States would have gone to war with Spain even without the explosion of the Maine because there was so many other factors that went into it like the Yellow Press and Cuban Rebels, and the explosion was just the tipping point
Why do you think President Cleveland called the high tariff "unjust taxation"? Explain his POV?
I think President Cleveland made this statement because he was known as the honest president. He felt bad for the U.S. citizens & wanted to let his people know what the high tariffs were really were. As president, he thought it was his job to be honest to the people.
What role do you think racial attitudes played in U.S. policy in the Philippines?
I think racial issues like the segregation in San Fran schools played a negative role the U.S. policy. That is why they had to institute the Gentleman's Agreement
If you had been President in 1894, would you have supported or opposed the annexation of Hawaii? Give reasons for your answer?
I would have opposed the annexation of Hawaii because I would want the territory to belong to its natives. America had many benefits on the islands, so they didn't need ownership to get what they wanted. They had a naval base in Pearl Harbor which was considered a foreign fuel stop along with developing sugar plantations
What did WEB DuBouis believe?
Ignored everything Washington said. He pushed African America to step forward and lead their people in their quest for political and social equality and civil rights. He wanted equality immediately
Angel Island
Immigrant processing station that opened in San Fransisco Bay in 1910. The immigrants were mostly Chinese and Asian
How did the new immigrants influence the economy as both consumers and laborers?
Immigrants came to cities looking for jobs so they helped the economy as eager laborers. Immigrants also bought many things they couldn't get back home which increased the economy
What problems did immigrants face in coming to America?
Immigrants faced hard decisions to their homes and families, a hard and expensive journey, an unpredictable outcome of their life in America, the difficulty of learning a new language, and the adjustment of a foreign culture.
What were fraternal associations?
Immigrants formed them based on ethnic and religious identity. They provided social services and financial assistance
In what ways did immigrants affect the American economy & culture
Immigrants helped the economy by fueling industrial growth, laboring in coal mines, steel mills, textile mills, and factories. Women immigrants worked in factories as seamstresses, laundresses, and/or doing piecework. Immigrants helped American culture by making traditions apart of our culture.
What were the principal issues dividing imperialists and anti-imperialists?
Imperialists argued that the U.S. had a responsibility to take over the Philippines. They argued it was a valuable steeping stone into trade with China. They warned that if they gave it up, the Philippines would be taken over by someone else. But the Anti-Imperialists disagreed
Morse's telegraph
In 1844, this man perfected telegraph technology or the process of sending messages over wire by taping little messages in Morse Code
Edwin Drake Oil Well
In 1859, the world's first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania was drilled.
Summarize the immigration and rural/urban population graphs found in the book
In 1870, just as many Northern & Western European immigrants came to America, the population was mainly rural. In 1880, when Northern & Western European immigrants, Asian Immigrants, and American Immigrants reached their peak, the rural population decreased by 2%. In 1890, when Southern & Eastern Europeans began to rise, the population became quiet a bit less rural, however, it was still way more rural than urbane. In 1900, the peak of the Southern and Eastern Europeans, the population was only a little more than 50% rural.
Bell's telephone
In 1876, this man patented the telephone where people could actually listen and talk through.
Provide examples of discrimination toward Chinese immigrants during the Gilded Age
In 1879, California barred cities from employing people of Chinese ancestry. Several years later, San Fransisco established a segregated "Oriental" school. Elsewhere, mobs of whites attacked Chinese workers, saying they had taken "white" jobs
Chinese Exclusion Act
In 1882, a law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers
Time zone
In 1884, delegates from 27 countries divided the globe into these. There is one for each hour of the day. It is still used today.
Pullman Strike
In 1894, nearly 300,000 rail workers walked off their job. This escalated, halting both railroad traffic and mail delivery.
Espionage Act
In 1917, Congress passed this act to enforce severe penalties for anyone engaged in disloyal or treasonable activities.
radio broadcasts
In 1920, an executive of the Westinghouse Company started a station called KDKa in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. It was an immediate success
How did reforms help unfair & dangerous working conditions?
In 1990, there was the highest rate of industrial accidents. The most famous, the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, news laws were passed to protect factory workers like child labor laws
How did the Plessy v. Ferguson decision support the existence of Jim Crow laws?
In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Jim Crow laws. It did by arguing that as long as states maintained "separate but equal" facilities, they did not violate the 14th Amendment. Yet in reality, separate facilities were not always equal
alliances
In WWI, there were two major ones. The Triple Alliance (made up of Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Great Britain)
How were the experiences of the urban unemployed and the rural poor similar and different?
In both urban and rural areas, people were unemployed and evicted. However, on the farm, farmers could still work and become Tenant Farmers, but urban folks had to find completely new jobs
Bessemer Process
In the 1850s, this man developed a process for purifying iron. This resulted in strong, lightweight steel. American industries soon adopted this process, and by 1890 the United States was outproducing British steel manufacturers
Who sank the Lusitania?
The Germans
What were the major ideas of the Populist Party Platform?
In the South, the Populist Party tried to unite blacks & whites in hope of succeeding. However, the Democratic party used racist tactics such as a warning that a Populist victory would lead to a "Negro Supremacy" to diminish the appeal of the Populist Party.
What did Hoover believe?
In voluntary cooperation between businesses & labor
Who won Little Big Horn?
Indians
Who immigrated to the U.S. in 1840s-1850s?
Irish & Germans
What was Roosevelt's Corollary
It added to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the U.S. would act like an international policeman in the Western Hemisphere to stop European intervention
What was the Platt Amendment?
It approved or rejected ant treaty signed by Cuba and it intervened to preserve order in Cuba. It also leased military bases in Cuba.
What were some of the effects of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
It barred immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years. However in 1943, Chinese were let back into America because they helped us in WWII
How did nationalism cause tensions to rise?
It caused a desire to avenge perceived insults and past losses. It felt like the national identity was centered around a single ethic group. It questioned the loyalty of ethic minorities and social darwinists applied the "survival of the fittest: idea to nations
How did economic competition increase nationalistic feeling?
It caused demand for colonies and military bases in Africa, Pacific Islands, and China
How did the New Deal change the social, economic, and political landscape of the U.S. for future generations?
It changed the role of the federal gov. in the economy, increased the power of the president, changed the relationship of American people in their gov., and also helped women to increase their political influence and promote women's rights
What happened to the stock market on 11/29/29?
It crashed launching America into the Great Depression
What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
It created jobs on public works projects. Workers built highways, public buildings, rivers, harbors, and promotes soil and water conservation. Artists were hired to enhance public spaces
What was the Espionage Act?
It gave authorities power to ban newspapers or other materials that could incite treason
Why was the arrival of the American soldiers significant?
It gave the Allies a military advantage
Why was Roosevelt interested in the environment?
It held natural resources and progressives opposed natural reforms
How did reform change the lives of various groups of people?
It help many people like the poor, African Americans, and women.
How did the federal trade commission help the economy?
It monitored business practices that might lead to a monopoly. It also watches for false advertising and/or dishonest labeling
What was the Sedition Act?
It outlawed speech that went against the government
How did the federal reserve act monitor the economy?
It places national banks under the control of a FRB which sets up national banks to hold the reserve funds from commercial banks. It helps protect the American economy from having too much money ending up with one person, bank, or region
What was the Chinese Execution Act?
It prohibited immigration by Chinese labors, limited the rights of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. and forbade the neutralization of Chinese residents
What did the Jones Act promise?
It promised the Filipinos independence in their future.
How did the Clayton Antitrust Act improve working conditions?
It protects businesses & consumers from abusive business activities. Recently, it prosecuted companies that trade stocks dishonestly and fined companies that published false ads. It also regulated buying on the internet
How did alliances increase nationalistic feeling?
It provided a promise of assistance that made leaders reckless and aggressive
How did the Hawley-Smoot tariff affect world economy?
It raised prices on foreign imports to such a level that they could not compete in the American Market. The tariff inspired European countries to retaliate and enact tariffs of their own. The international move towards high protective tariffs closed markets and destroyed international trade
What did the Gentlemen's Agreement state?
It removed prejudice laws and in return, Japan couldn't send anymore of it's citizens to the U.S.
What was the Fair Labor Standards Act?
It set a minimum wage and maximum workplace. It outlawed child labor
Why was the Harlem Ren. significant?
It was a cultural focal point of migration
What was Racketeering?
It was an illegal business scheme to make a profit. It forced local business owners for a protection profit
What was the Hepburn Act?
It was empowered by the ICC to enforce limits on the prices charged by railroad companies for shipping, tools, ferries, and pipelines
What was the Palmer Raids?
It was lead by Mitchell Palmer and it was a series of raids conducted to capture and arrest suspected radicals and immigrants. Immigrants were deported without a trial.
What was the Committee on Public Info?
It was led by George Creel and the goal was to enforce government propaganda to support the war
Describe trench warfare & explain how it led to stalemate on the Western Front in France
It was the event in which soldiers would dig deep trenches into the ground and assume a position. Then, they would kill with guns from their position in the ground. Soon both the Central and Allied powers were doing this on the Western Front. This led to a stalemate because both sides were in tenches so there was a lack in offense and a unsuccessful, overpowering defense
What was Upton Sin Claire's "The Jungle" about?
It was the product of a Muckracker. It exposed meat packaging places. It showed that employees did not wash their hands, used the same knives in every part and for every animal, and the machinery was unsafe.
What is easy or difficult for women to get the right to vote?
It was very difficult. Many went on hunger strikes, were arrested, and protested for YEARS before they could get the right to vote
What was the fourth territory the U.S. imperialized?
Japan
Who did the U.S. have similar imperialistic policies with?
Japan
What is jazz, and what does it mean to call jazz an indigenous American musical genre?
Jazz is a style of music based on improvision. Indigenous means "native to" and jazz music originated in the South, it was native to the African Americans
Who took over the oil industry?
John D. Rockefeller
How did the increased popularity of sports heroes and the disillusionment of the "Lost Generation" writers represent different responses to the same events?
Journalist captured excitement of sports events in their colorful prose. Journalists also captured moments in sports history which made athletes look like superstars and superheros
Grandfather Clauses
Law to disqualify African American voters by allowing the vote only to men whose fathers & grandfathers voted before 1867
Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Kept the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor
John Maynard Keyes, deficit spending, "pump priming"
Keynes was a British economist that argued deficit spending would get America out of the depression. He put people to work on public projects and put money into the hands of the consumers who would buy more goods, stimulating the economy. He called this theory pump priming
Congress of Industrial Organization
Labor organization founded in the 1930s that represented industrial workers
What did all three republicans believe in?
Laissez Faire
What cities had huge immigrant cities?
Large cities like New York, San Fransisco, and Chicago
Fair Labor Standards Act
Law that set a minimum wage, a maximum work week of 44 hours and outlawed child labor.
Social Security Act
Law that set up a pension system for retirees, established unemployment insurance, and created insurance for victims of work-related accidents. It also provided aid for poverty-stricken mothers & children, the blind, and the disabled
Vladimir Lenin; Russian Communist/Bolshevik Revolt
Lenin and a group of radical communists staged a revolution and gained complete control of Russia. This made Russia dropout of WWI.
Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of Saint Louis
Lindbergh, an aviator, flew from New York in his plane the Spirit of Saint Louis and flew to France. He was the first Pilate to fly across the Atlantic solo and non-stop
What was the Dawes Plan?
Loaned money to Germany so it could pay reparations to Britain and France. In return those countries could repay the U.S. for wartime loans. This program damaged the reputation of the U.S.
What economic & social factors changed the West after the Civil War
Lots of economic opportunities sprang up in the West after the Civil War. Mining towns made a fortune off of miners' needs, and big businesses made mining into a billion dollar business. Society was made up of hopeful miners and cattle ranchers. There was also a large amount of whites scattered all over the South.
What was the busiest city in the world in 1990?
Manhattan, NY
How did Americans differ on major social and cultural issues?
Many city dwellers enjoyed a rising standard of living while most farmers suffered through hard times. Education also became more important and many Americans differed in wether Darwin's theory should be taught. Fundamentalism also grew and caused controversy
Commodore Dewey in the Philippines
May 1st 1898. Commodore Dewey steamed his ships into Manila Bay, Spanish-held Philippines. His ships quickly destroyed the Spanish forces. It was an American victory.
Washington Naval Disarmament Conference
Meeting held in 1921-1922 where world leaders agreed to limit the construction of warships
Why was the draft considered "controversial"?
Men refused to enter the war, many religions and moral exempted people from the draft, women
Mexican Migration and "barrios"
Mexicans moved to the U.S. for many of the same reasons African Americans did, but Mexicans also moved to escape poverty and violence. They hoped for better lives of employment for their families. They created "barrios" which were Hispanic neighborhoods that added important economic dimension to their heritage
How did mining in the West change over time?
Mining in the West changed from being a hobby to a competition. It was also modernized. Companies with capitals took mining under their wing and made it a business. They used machines instead of people to dig, and they recruited crews from China and Mexico to work in the dangerous underground conditions
Federal Trade Commission
Monitors business practices that might lead to a monopoly. It watches for false advertising and/or dishonest labeling
Department of Labor
Monitors businesses engaged in interstate commerce and keeps capitalists from abusing their power
How did corporations use strategies to eliminate competition and decrease costs?
Monopolies and cartels were used to force competitors out of business, and horizontal and vertical integration was used to buy out businesses.
What factors contributed to consumerism?
More people began to work for companies rather than farms which led to more products, and even farmers made more cash as they sold more crops. More products were available at lower prices, and this led to consumerism
How did daily life change as a result of new technology?
Morse's telegraph gave rise to a communication revolution. The telephone debuted in 1876 the wireless in 1896. The Bessemer process created strong, lightweight steel. It changed construction by the use of skyscrapers and elevators
Langston Hughes
Most powerful African American literary voice. He believed the movement was not politics but a celebration of African American culture & life
What happened when the Northerners lost the will to remake the South?
Most troops were withdrawn from the South, and Democrats regained power by discrediting African American politicians
Tenement
Multistory building divided into apartments to house as many families as possible
What did vaudevilles do?
Music, sports, and vaudevilles brought people from different cultures together & helped encouraged assimilation
Did the stock market crash start the Great Depression?
N O
How are the NAACP and the Urban League different?
NAACP- wanted political and civil rights Urban League- wanted employment and relief
What was the 15th amendment?
NO MALE could be denied the right to vote
Work Progress Administration
New Deal Policy that provided work relief through various public works projects
Public Works Administration (PWA)
New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings
Wagner Act and collective bargaining
New Deal law the abolished unfair labor practices, recognized the right of employees to organize labor unions, and gave workers the right to collective bargaining, or the process in which employer's negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
New Deal program that provided young men with relief jobs on environmental conservation projects, including reforestation and flood control
Who were new immigrants
New immigrants were mainly Catholics and Jews from Southern and Eastern Europe. They came alone and settled in cities. They were poor and had no skills
What was the consumer revolution?
New products flooded the market and people were eager to buy them because of their creative advertising. Also, with installment buying, people could buy more things
What were the effects of railroad construction in the "new south"?
New railroad lines connected urban hubs with rural cities and towns, railroads moved people and products, and cities grew
Yellow Press
Newspapers that used sensational headlines & exaggerated stories in order to promote leaderships
Do you think FDR's court-packing plan was justified? Explain.
No I do not believe FDR's court-packing plan was justified because I feel like he was acting childish just because the Supreme Court was eliminating his policies. He was interfering with other branches of government.
19th Amendment
No one could be denied the right to vote based on sex
Do you think Woodrow Wilson succeeded in carrying out the principle of moral diplomacy in Latin America? Explain
No, I do believe Wilson succeeded in carrying out the principle of moral diplomacy because he invaded Mexico with his troops.
What was the date of Armistice?
November 11 1918
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply in the Great Clash
How did new immigrants differ from old immigrants?
Old immigrant were often skillful and rich. They often settled on farms. However, new immigrants were unskillful, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and settled in cities
Who were old immigrants?
Old immigrants were mainly Protestants from Northern & Western Europe. They settled on farms with families, and they came to America as families. They had money, skills/trades, and/or and education.
Haymarket Riot
On May 4, protestors met in Homestead Square, PA. A frenzy broke out when a protestor threw a bomb & killed a police officer. Dozens of police men and protestors were killed.
How did the two sides in the Scopes Trial represent conflicting value systems? What did each side value most?
One side took a more traditional belief on evolution taken from the Bible while the other was modernist, believing in the Darwinist theory of evolution
Ku Klux Klan (examples)
Organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups. They burned crosses outside of homes, waved flags, preached rare, bribes politicians, lied to members, and more
Jones Act
Passed by Congress in 1916, pledged that the Philippines would ultimately gain their independence
What happened after immigrants left the steerages?
Passengers were processed by station such as Ellis Island or Angel Island.
How was manifest destiny a cause of U.S. imperialism?
People believed "it is our fate to control other people around the world" aka SOCIAL DARWINISM
How did the Great Depression affect banks
People feared that their money would be lost so they ran to the bank in attempt to withdraw their funds. Banks didn't have enough money to give so they closed
Why was there a fear of immigrants form Southern and Eastern Europe after WWI?
People thought they were communists and socialists. And native born worker didn't want their jobs to be taken away
Why were people concerned about the impact of industrialization on the environment?
People were concerned in about huge factories polluting the environment with chemicals.
Why do you think the depression led to the development of some extreme proposals?
People were desperate for a change and some were willing to go to extreme measures for a change. People were tired of being poor and out of work.
Summarize the Ballinger-Pinchot problem
Pinchot publicly criticized Ballinger. Pinchot said that Ballinger, who opposed Roosevelt's conservation policies, had worked with business interests to sell federal land rich in coal deposits in Alaska.
Federal Reserve Act
Places national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board which sets up regional banks to hold the reserve funds from commercial banks. It helps protect the American economy from having too much money end up with one person, bank, or region. It sets the interest rate that banks pay to borrow money from other banks, and it supervises banks to make sure they are well run.
How did political cartoonists raise the alarm about corruption in government?
Political cartoonists rose the alarm about corruption in government by creating cartoons expressing their concern about the damaging effects of corruption & big money. They often made cartoons that depicted powerful politicians
New Deal coalition
Political force formed by diverse groups who united to support FDR and his New Deal
How was Reconstruction unsuccessful?
Political rights of African Americans disappeared & de jure segregation became the law in southern states
How do President Roosevelt's actions toward Japan illustrate the use of diplomacy and compromise?
President Roosevelt showed diplomacy and compromise towards Japan after he understood Japan's anger towards segregation in schools. He even negotiated the Gentlemen's Agreement just for Japan.
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
President after Taft. Started the Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Antitrust Act, and Underwood tariff
20th Amendment
President must take office Jan. 20
22nd Amendment
Presidents can't be election more than twice
What problems did the peace treaty solve and create?
Problems Created: -self determination was violated -Germans were attached to non German nations -Ottoman Empire broke up -Iraq couldn't practice self determination Problems Solved: -there was no war debt because they made Germany pay it all.
How did reforms ease problems for the poor?
Progressive reformers worked to help society. People like Jane Addams led the settlement house movement. Her urban community centers provided social services for immigrants and the poor.
What were the Progressive "Common Beliefs"
Progressives believed that industrialization and urbanization had created social and political problems. The middle class Progressivists believed that highly educated leaders should use modern ideas and scientific techniques to improve society.
How did the approach to government of Harding and Coolidge differ from that of the Progressives?
Progressives were bent on reforms and believed in an activist government. Harding and Coolidge were more relaxed and wanted to see things take their own approach. They believed in an older, capitalistic America
Who were progressive reformers?
Progressivists like women, presidents, the middle class, African Americans, etc.
21st Amendment
Prohibition is repealed (liquor is legal)
Prohibition "drys" & "wets"
Prohibition is the forbidding by law the manufacturing, transport, and sale of alcohol supporters of prohibition were called "drys" and non supporters were called "wets"
Grange Laws
Provided education on new farming techniques & called for the regulation of railroad & grain elevators
What 3 programs provided work relief? (jobs)
Public Work Administration (PWA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Mass Transit
Public transportation systems that carried large numbers of people.
What did the U.S. gain control over after the Spanish-American war?
Puerto Rico in the Caribbean, Guam in the Pacific (we still own both)
Even though Spain was declined an imperialist power what did they still control? (before Spanish-American War)
Puerto Rico, Cuba in the Caribbean Sea, and the Philippines in the Pacific
What was the result of the Spanish-American War?
Puerto-Rico and Guam became U.S. territories
William Randolph Hearst
Pulitzers competition who wrote, Morning Journal, which had the same idea
What did Radical Republicans want to happen to the South?
Radical Republicans wanted the South to be punished
Who was William Howard Taft
Ran for president in 1918 and beat William J. Bryan. He created the department of Labor and filed more antitrust lawsuits than Roosevelt. He also strengthens ICC r.r. regulation and the 16th Amendment. He got in trouble though for firing the head of the NPS earning Roosevelt's anger.
Literacy Tests
Reading & writing test formerly used in some southern states to prevent African Americans from voting
What are the four parts of the business cycle?
Recession, depression, recovery, and peak
After the Civil War, what was the main focus?
Reconstruction
War Industries Board
Regulated all businesses involved in the war effort
Why was nativism a big deal for immigrants?
Religious differences sparked suspicion among groups, and competitions for jobs & housing led to division and prejudices. This was because of the idea of nativism
What party did Theodore Roosevelt represent?
Republican
What party did William Taft represent?
Republican
Who took credit for the strong economy?
Republicans
Suburb
Residential areas surrounding a city
What was his role in the 1902 coal strike
Roosevelt did not send troops, he summoned both sides of the White House & found the to accept an arbitration commission. While he was not consistently pro labor, he defended workers
What is an example of a state reformist?
Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette
How can business leaders like Rockefeller & Carnegie be called both "robber barons" & "captains of industry"?
Rockefeller & Carnegie were brilliant business men who drove out hundreds of companies & profited thousands of dollars. However, they hurt many companies by robbing them of their money after they invested in monopolies and cartels.
Why was Theodore Roosevelt's party nicknamed the Bull Moose Party?
Roosevelt once said, "I feel as strong as a bull moose" and it stuck
What was the Square Deal?
Roosevelt's 1904 campaign slogan. It was the framework for his entire presidency. It stated the needs of workers, businesses, and consumers should be balanced. limited power of trusts, promoted public healthy and safety and improving work conditions
What was the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti?
Sacco and Vanzetti were two anarchists charged with committing murder. Witnesses to the scene claimed the robbers "looked Italian"
What territory did the U.S. annex third?
Samoa
What is an example of a local reformist?
Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones
What was the Schenuk vs. U.S. Court case?
Schenuck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by attempting to cause subordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. He suggested the draft was motivated by capitalism. The votes for his case were 9 (for the U.S.) to 0 (for Schenuck)
Who purchased Alaska and for how much?
Secretary of State William Seward for $7.2 million
Mass culture
Similar cultural patterns in a society as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising
How did Eleanor Roosevelt inspire women?
She transformed the role of the First Lady from ceremonial to political activist. She traveled widely, campaigned for FDR, offered policy advice, and wrote a newspaper column.
In what ways did former slaves build a new life after the civil war?
Slaves worked hard for new lives. Some moved north or west but many stayed in the South. They build churches that double for community centers, employment agencies, schools, and protest centers. They legalized and celebrate their marriages, and set up houses. Women cared for their families. Freed people went to schoo
Why did the Kellogg-Briand Pact say nations should "prohibit war as an instrument of national policy"
So they could avoid another World War
How did Social Darwinism, Manifest Destiny and the closing of the American frontier each contribute to overseas expansion?
Social Darwinism- Americans worried that if the U.S. remained isolated while Europeans gobbled up the rest of the world, America wouldn't survive. Manifest Destiny- Thought Americans had a strong responsibility to spread their Western values. Closing of American Frontier- it had supplied an arena where ambitious Americans could pursue their fortune and start fresh.
How does socialism differ from free enterprise capitalism?
Socialists preferred to have public control over properties and income, but capitalists prefer private property and income
Melting Pot
Society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Sought to end overproduction and raise crop prices by providing financial aid and pay farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock
Soup kitchens & bread lines
Soup kitchens and bread lines were people who were hungry could go get a free meal. They were ran by charities and public agencies.
how did southern African Americans both gain & lose civil rights after the civil war?
Southern African Americans gain the right to serve their country in government or military, they could buy farmland, own businesses, and excess education. They lost the right to go to integrated church, and eliminated black government officials. However they could ride trains and use public facilities such as hotel
how did southern agriculture suffer from the domination of cotton?
Southern agriculture suffered because they depended too much on one crop. Soon the Boll weevil, a beetle, ate their entire cotton supply. Now, they had no major productions of any crop.
After the 1900s, who made up 70% of all immigrants?
Southern and Eastern Europeans
how were southern white democrats able to regain political control?
Southern white Democrats argued that republican programs for public schools and roadbuilding result in higher taxes. They shunned anyone who supported Republicans and grasped at any opportunity to discredit them as corrupt & incompetent. They threaten African-Americans with violence and soon many white men were governors or former confederate leaders in Congress
what positive steps did the south take to industrialize after the civil war?
Southerners started the idea of the cash crop after the war. They also had a huge supply of cotton they used to their advantage. Farmers banded together to dominate the agricultural business as well.
What were the terms of the treaty ending the Spanish-American War of 1898?
Spain had to give up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. It also sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million. The U.S. could not take control of Cuba, but they could take control of the Philippines
speakeasies
Speakeasies were secret drinking establishments in cities
What was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Policy?
Square Deal
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
Started with the Japanese attack on a Russian fleet in China. Roosevelt ultimately resolved it with a conference with the two countries.
Open Door Policy
Statement by America that claimed the government favored trade in China, but did NOT want colonies there. Claimed any nation could trade in any nations sphere of influence in China
Who were two very important women for the women's reforms?
Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
"dollar diplomacy"
Taft's policy of expanding American investments abroad
talkies
Talkies were the first movies to be synchronized with sound and action
"Lost Generation"
Term for American writers of the 1920s marked by disillusion with WWI and a search for a new sense of meaning
How did these opportunities for women prove?
That they were able to prove to President Wilson they could vote
What was the fear in the 1870s?
The "new immigrants" would come over to America
Homestead Act
The 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willingly to live on & cultivate it for 5 years
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The 1926 agreement in which many nations agreed to outlaw war
What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?
The AFL represented skilled workers who joined craft/trade unions. It was formed by John Lewis to unionize industrial workers
What New Deal program helped farmers and rural areas?
The CCC helped preserve the the environment and rural areas and New Deal members helped end the Dust Bowl for farmers
How did the CIO differ from the AFL?
The CIO organized campaigns tended to be lower paid & ethnically more diverse than those workers represented by the AFL
What was the U.S.'s large, powerful navy called?
The Great White Fleet
What did the Insular Cases say about the status of Puerto Ricans? How did President Wilson modify the status of Puerto Ricans?
The Insular Cases said -Americans could not assess taxes on Puerto Rican goods (however the Supreme Court ruled the taxes legal) Woodrow Wilson modified -by signing the Jones-Shafroth Act, he granted Puerto Ricans more citizenship rights & gave islanders greater control over their own legislature
The Jazz Singers
The Jazz Singers was the first talkie
Sinking of the Maine
The Maine exploded in Havana harbor and the Yellow Press accused Spain of blowing it up. However, instead of declaring war, McKinley ordered a special naval board of inquiry to investigate the cause. It concluded a mine had destroyed it
How did Roosevelt's "big stick policy" enhance the Monroe Doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine discourages European intervention in the U.S., which makes Americans superior, and Roosevelt's big stick policy held beliefs that Americans were superior and that they were to uphold weaker nations
How is the NAACP and the Urban League different?
The NAACP wanted political and civil rights where as the Urban League wanted employment and relief so that African Americans could settle and find jobs in the cities
What impact did the building of the Panama Canal have on American trade?
The Panama Canal cut off 8,000 nautical miles off the trip across the coasts of the U.S. which sped up trading.
What were the positive effects of the Pendleton Civil Service Act?
The Pendleton Civil Service Act did NOT manipulate anyone's political connections & it reduced the power of the spoils system.
What Amendment was Cubans FORCED to agree to?
The Platt Amendment
What famous court case helped crest Jim Crow Laws
The Plessy v. Ferguson case claimed that Jim Crows were ok as long as they were equal in segregated areas.
William Jennings Bryan
The Populist' nominee as their presidential candidate. Bryan's campaign was like no other. For the first time, a presidential candidate toured the nation and spoke directly to the people
How did the Supreme Court justify the restrictions of the Sedition Act in the case Schenck vs. U.S.?
The Sedition Act made it unloyal to use abusive language about the government, constitution, or military forces, but after the Schenck vs U.S. case, the Court ruled that there are times when the need for public order is so pressing that the 1st Amendment, protection of speech, did not apply
How does FDR fight against the Supreme Court?
The Supreme Court had struck down many of FDR's programs so FDR added six new Justices to the Court. Critics attacked his court-packing plan as an attempt to expand political power, but this plan failed. However, it marked a turning point in history of the Supreme Court
How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo affect relations between Mexican Americans and white Americans in the Southwest?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made relations between Mexican Americans and white Americans rocky. The white Americans were just taking the Mexican Americans land, and the Mexican Americans put up a fight. Large groups of Mexican Americans like Las Gorras Blancas targeted the property of large ranch owners by cutting holes in barbed-wire fences and burning houses.
How did the U.S. annex Samoa?
The U.S. almost went to war with England and Germany for it, but England gave up, and after WWII, Germany suffered greatly due to the war. **Today Samoa is still apart of the U.S.**
How was Monroe Doctrine a cause of U.S. imperialism?
The U.S. had warned Europe to stay out of Latin America; (other presidents will later build on this idea)
How was fuel a cause of U.S. imperialism?
The U.S. needed coaling stations for steam powered stations
Identify examples of the failure of peace plans and treaties
The United States Indian Peace Commission failed because Native Americans couldn't settle on farms and adapted to the civilization of whites. The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 failed because the Sioux couldn't live on a reservation controlled by the government. The Bureau of Indian Affairs failed because Indians could not live with imposed restrictions. Indian agents stole funds and resources that were supposed to be distributed to the Indians. Many agents lacked support from the federal agency.
What did the U.S. refuse to join
The World Court
How did the automobile affect other related industries?
The automobile used new techniques like mass production, the assembly line, and scientific management. Other related industries could use these same techniques to make more products faster and easier. Other industries like the steel, glass, rubber, asphalt, wood, gasoline, insurance, and road-construction industries benefitted from the automobile
Nativism
The belief that native born white Americans are superior to newcomers
What is Social Darwinism?
The belief that wealth was a measure of a person's value & those who had wealth were the most "fit". They believed the government should STAY OUT of private businesses, and they worried about the methods of industrialists so they called for federal regulation of business practices.
Are the benefits of progress worth the costs?
The benefits of progress did help shape America's economy today, but citizens had to pay a lot of money. Overall, I do think the benefits of progress were worth the money because even though people sacrificed a lot, America has been shaped into a great economy for future generations.
Dust Bowl
The central and southern Great Plains during the 1930s when the region suffered from drought and dust storms
Why did unemployment rise?
The collapse of stock prices, combined with consumer spending led to business to fall. Business leaders believed that the survival of their companies depended on layoffs as well as other thing
What did Lincoln and Congress agree on just before the War ended?
The creation of Freedmen's Bureau
What did the Dawes Act go against?
The culture of the Plain Indians & opened up the Indian territory for Americans
Which of the motives for American imperialism do you think was the most important and why?
The desire for raw materials & natural resources because if the country has no resources then the economy will start to decline
How did the triangle shirtwaist fire cause the Progressives to demand reform?
The factory unsafe and workers comp didn't exist
Brooklyn Bridge
The first was a bridge spanning from the East River in New York. It was completed in 1853, and at the time, it was the longest bridge in the world
Railway Strike of 1877
The first major strike. Striking workers responding to wage cuts caused massive property destruction in several cities
What did the Great White Fleet demonstrate?
The growing American military power
How did racism in the South hurt the Populism movement?`
The main idea of the Populists was to build a new political arty from the ground up. They warned people about the dangers of political corruption, an inadequate monetary supply, an an unresponsive government
mass production & the mechanized assembly line
The mechanized assembly line was the arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled. This made mass production was easier. Mass production is the production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines. People could double the size of the mass produced item, but in half of the time
How did middle class urban life differ from life for the urban poor?
The middle class tried to imitate the higher class, but soon rich & poor were wearing the same clothing styles, owning the same gadgets and toys, and preparing the food all under mass culture
Brooker T. Washington
The most famous black leader during the 19th century. He argued that African Americans needed to accommodate themselves for segregation
What is the progressive reform?
The movement inspired by industrialization and urbanization that promoted reforms. Basically, they made reforms to help society and politics
Great Migration of African Americans
The movement of African Americans from the rural south to the north. They moved to escape Jim Crow laws and poverty. They also moved to find better jobs in the city
How do you think the arrival of okies affected native Californians?
The native Californians were probably upset to be flooded by people who lost everything expecting to find everything. Californians lost everything as well, but then these unknown people show up looking for prosperity???
Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto
The pamphlet not only explained ideas of socialism, but also denounced capitalism & predicted that workers would overturn it.
How was Reconstruction a success?
The physical and economic rebuilding of the South began this time & the nation was permanently reunited
Why was the Indian Subjection essential to the economic progress of the West?
The policy of concentration was established in 1851. Whites signed treaties with tribes. The government moved them to an established reservation, and appointed federal Indian agents provided goods for the tribe & taught them to farm/raise cattle.
stock market speculation
The practice of making high-risk investments in stocks in hopes of obtaining large profits
how did the pressures of westward expansion cause Native Americans to be displaced from their ancestral homelands?
The pressure of westward expansion caused Native Americans to be displaced from their ancestral homelands because there was disperse cultures that used the land however they wanted, and they were threatened by advancing settlers.
What was the Dust Bowl?
The remaining farmers who did not move to the city suffered the Dust Bowl on the Great Plains. It was a series of drought and dust storms
Why did both supporters and opponents of immigration quotas believe they were defending American traditions and values
The supporters thought they created more jobs. They also believed that America was based on immigrants and thought it was important. The opposers thought they gave more American traditions. They also thought immigrants stole their jobs, cultural traditions, and political views
buying on margin
The system of buying stocks in which a buyer pays a small percentage of the purchase price while the broker advances the rest
How did the system of patents encourage innovation and investment?
The system of patents encouraged innovation and investment because common, everyday people were getting grants from the government to produce their invention. It made people feel like anyone could get a patent, which they could, and produce a world wide invention.
Social Darwinism
The theory that by natural selection, only the fittest survived and reproduced in the world of American capitalism.
How did railroads contribute to the settlement & growth of the West?
The transcontinental railroad reached across the nation, so many people used it to their advantage and were able to settle in the West. Many towns were booming after being declared a stop on the railroad. The railroad also sparked industrial development by the continuous movement of products
Steerage
The worst accommodations on the ship. It was located on the lower deck with no private cabins. They were crowded and dirty.
Who ran as the Republican candidate in 1912 BUT DID NOT GET ELECTED
Theodore Roosevelt
Who won the election of 1904?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who were the president(S) during the Progressive Era?
Theodore Roosevelt (1904) William Howard Taft (1908) Woodrow Wilson (1912)
Who was elected in 1904 and what was his political program?
Theodore Roosevelt/Square Deal
Explain what was wrong with the banking system before Woodrow Wilson's reform.
There was no central authority to supervise banks. Interest rates fluctuated wildly and wealthy banks had control over the same national, state, and local banks reserve fund
How did the Fed's constriction of money supply make the situation worse?
There was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the stock market crashed
Suspension Bridge
These were one of the most important uses of steel. These were roadways suspended by steel cables above water.
What did bootleggers do?
They MADE and SOLD beer illegally, they did NOT drink it
What happens to competitors of a monopoly in a depression?
They are wiped out
How did Imperialists justify their actions?
They believed Social Darwinism and felt that certain nations & races were superior ti others. They also believed that God granted them the right to settle frontier. Manifest Destiney
Why did the Progressive movement begin?
They believed that industrialization and urbanization had created social and political problems
How is the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Urban League similar?
They both banded together to help African Americans
How are the NAACP and the Urban League similar?
They both bonded together to help African Americans.
What were the secret societies of the Chinese like?
They celebrated their traditional culture and made Chinese convert to Christianity
What economic troubles did the U.S. face after WWI?
They faced a recession, economic slowdown, women lost their jobs to returning soldiers, tension was caused over jobs and housing, inflation (prices rise), union strikes for higher pay, etc.
African American soldiers
They faced discrimination in the U.S. Army, but demonstrated their patriotism. EX: They won a french award for bravery
How did the political role of American women change in the years after WWI?
They gained political and social rights like men
What political & economic advantages did black southerners gain?
They gained the right to vote and to access education
How did enslaved people carve new lives?
They got married, built strong churches, Freedmen's Bureau schools filled up, and adults/children learned how to read
Why did farmers saw signs of weakness before the rest of America?
They had huge surpluses that depressed prices. They also could not afford to buy goods or repay their loans. They were already in the Great Depression before the rest of the nation
What did immigrants do once they settled in America?
They had to find homes and jobs, and they had to learn English and American customs
How did the U.S. foreign policy respond to WWI?
They held the Washington Naval Disarmament Conference which limited the construction of warships AND they established the Kellogg-Briand Pact which outlawed war
What did entrepreneurs do in the 1880s?
They helped fuel industrialization & helped spur innovation
Describe Americans contributions to the war effort.
They joined the Allies and helped stop Germans from advancing at Cantigny and other places. They helped the Allies launch counteroffensives, attacked Germany with the help of France, and helped bring the war to an end.
How were women in the progressive era important?
They led the temperance movement, fought for the right to vote, started NAWSA, and more.
What happened to the people who borrowed money to buy stock when the market crashed?
They lost that money & owed debt that had to be paid in cash
Why was the journey tough for many immigrants?
They only brought what they could carry. They also traveled in steerages, and in steerages, illnesses spread quickly.
African Americans who moved North of the Mason-Dixon line during the Great Migration were often limited to what kind of housing and jobs
They received the lowest wages and the poorest housing conditions
Why did the major strikes of the 1800s lead to a backlash against labor unions?
They set important trends so that employees could appeal for court orders against unions
Taft and Roosevelt both ran as Republicans in 1912, why did this affect the election of 1912?
They split the Republican party because they could not agree on anything. This helped Woodrow Wilson to easily sneak his way to the top.
Why do you think the revived Ku Klux Klan was able to spread beyond the South, and what groups were targeted besides African Americans?
They stated to target new Americans taking shape in the city. They targeted Jews, Catholics, and immigrants
What did many immigrant do once they got to America?
They stayed in the cities were they landed, found jobs in factories, and lived in ghettos
Why did people think the Second New Deal was wasteful?
They thought the government was spending money it didn't have and the Fed's deficit soared
What are the three major topics usually discussed between labor workers and management employers during collective bargaining?
They typically talked about hours, wages, and the working conditions
What was Germany's goal of the Zimmermann Note?
They wanted JAPAN to attack the U.S.
How were Asians segregated?
They were banned from attending school with white children in schools in San Fransisco
What happened if Indians followed the Dawes Act?
They were granted citizenship
What were reservationists?
They were led by Henry Lodge and they thought parts were vague. They also thought it may lead U.S. to war without consent of Congress, but they were willing to negotiate charges
What were the Four-Minute Men?
They were members of the Committee on Public Info that made speeches urging Americans to make sacrifices for the goals of Freedom and democracy
Why do you think African Americans suffered more extensive discrimination during the depression then during more prosperous times?
They were the first hired aka last fired (first hired, last fired). And there was a huge competition for jobs.
What happened to those who bought stocks?
They were wiped out
How did employers see labor unions as a threat to their businesses and profits?
They were worried that labor unions would convince workers to quit, to go on strike, or convince people to not work at all. This would cause businesses to loose production members, which slows production, which means less is produced and people cannot buy it, so business is driven away and their profit decreases.
What were boll weevils?
They wiped out entire crops, and because of them it was a struggle for farmers to survive
Several factors led to increased industrial growth during the Civil War, what did this begin?
This laid the groundwork for postwar prosperity
Why did many people believe Bryan would win the election of 1896? What was his message in his speech, "Cross for Gold"?
Through his "Cross for Gold" speech, Bryan wanted to address the national democratic convention on the subject of gold standard & changed it to silver. Many believed he would win because he had a successful win for Congress & he tried new techniques for campaigning.
Harlem Renaissance
Time in the 1920s in which African American novelists, poets, and artists celebrated their culture
Why did both farmers and industrialists want to expand American overseas markets
To achieve a higher demand and increase wages from countries around the world
What was the goal of the Freedmen's Bureau?
To aid freed slaves, and attend to the South's immediate needs
what steps were taken to foster assimilation of Native Americans?
To assimilate the Native Americans, they established the Dawes General Allotment Act which granted Native Americans 160 acres of farmland. They were also encouraged to send their children to boarding schools
What was Lincoln's hopes for Reconstruction?
To bind the wounds of the ruined South
What was the role of organized crime an gangsters like Al Capone during Prohibition?
To defend illegal actions an to show organized crime as okay
protective tariff
To encourage the buying of American goods, Congress enacted taxes that would make imported goods cost mote than those locally
Why did Congress force protective tariffs?
To encourage the buying of American goods.
What did Booker T Washington believe?
Told African Americans to put away their desire for political rights and instead focus on building economic security
Mass production
To meet the growing demand, factory owners developed systems for turning out large numbers of products quickly and inexpensively.
Why did Wilson travel to France for a peace conference?
To present his plan of the 14 Points
Why were voting reforms necessary in the Progressive Era
To reform society they needed to reform the political process, the government, election rules, and more.
What was the purpose of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?
To strengthen anti-trust laws by spelling put those activities in which businesses could not engage
Louis Armstrong
Trumpet player who became the ambassador of jazz
Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
Two rival newspaper publishers. They both fueled the publics dislike of the Spanish government
How did domestic and foreign policy change direction under Presidents Harding and Coolidge?
Under Coolidge, the federal gov. gained power, the economy soared for almost 6 years generating industrial profits. There was also significant growth in stock market
How did the U.S. become an economic power?
Under Harding the taxes on imported good went up 25%, European markets retaliated creating a tariff war, and the Dawes plan
Neighborhood gangs
Urban groups that clashed along ethic & racial fault lines. Young boys joined for safety. Race, class, neighborhood loyalties, and conflicts continued to define neighborhood life for many generations
How did easy credit & installment debt cause consumers to have problems later on?
Using the installment plan, they paid a small percentage down and the rest over a period of months or years. Americans bought stock on credit making such stock purchases on margin. Every year Americans accumulated more debt. In the past, they feared debt and put off buying until they had enough cash. However easy credit changed this and it would only mask the problem for so long.
Calvin Coolidge "Silent Cal"
Vice president for Harding. After Harding died he became president. He was known as Silent Cal because he was quiet, honest, and frugal. He measured his words carefully
17th Amendment
Voters could directly elect senators instead of state legislatures
How did economic extension lag?
War damage was extensive, it lacked a well-trained labor force and wages were low, and lack of capital (money) led to a dependence on northern bankers
Who was the president(S) after WW1 during the roaring 20s?
Warren Harding (1921) Calvin Coolidge (1923)
Fredrick Law Olmstead
Was paid to design Fairmount Park. He was a landscape engineer that also designed Central Park and other similar parks
How was imperialism a main cause of WWI?
When one country takes over another country economically & politically
Did rapid industrialization improve the lives of Americans?
Will many Americans like Rockefeller and Carnegie did improve their lives during rapid industrialization, many American lives did not improve because they were forced to work in sweatshops for little money and long hours.
Who won the election of 1908?
William Howard Taft
Who was elected in 1908 and what was his political program?
William Howard Taft//no political program
Who were two famous Anti-imperialists?
William Jennings Bryan and Mark Twain
Who was president during the Gilded Age?
William McKinley
"moral diplomacy"
Wilson's statement that the U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote human rights
What opportunities could women achieve during WWI?
Women could fill jobs that were once vocated by men, and they could act as doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, telegraph operators, and farmers
How did women gain political experience?
Women learned how to organize, persuade, and publicize their causes to improve life or themselves, families and their communities
Who won the election of 1912?
Woodrow Wilson
Who was elected in 1912 and what was his political program
Woodrow Wilson/New Freedom
How did the rise of labor unions form relations among workers, big business, and the government?
Workers desperately wanted to get the government involved with their labor unions. The workers held no respect for big business, and big business held no respect from the government
Identify the major problems faced by workers on the mechanical assembly line
Workers on the assembly line faced overheating, diseases, injuries, and more
Do you think women activists during the late 1800s had any effect on the political or social life of the country? Explain
Yes I do think women activists had lots of effect on the political/social life of the country because they fought for their rights, but they weren't obnoxious. Many important women like Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Stanton, and Frances Willard led groups and spoke out. As a result of women speaking out, the attendance of colleges increased, and they played an important role in reform movements.
Did the expand role of the federal government during the New Deal benefit the nation? Explain your answer
Yes because it helped them get out of the depression
Would you characterize all of the government's policies in the late 1800s toward business as laissez faire? Explain
Yes because the people were taking businesses into their own hands and doing whatever they wanted with them. The government did not really stop anyone with their business. It was in the businessman's hands and they took it and ran with it
Do you think that Harding should be held responsible for the scandals in his administrations? Explain
Yes, because he had so much faith in everyone and he was not aware of the people taking advantage of him. He wasn't prepared to govern the U.S., but he ran for office anyway?
What was the catalyst for Wilson to declare war?
Zimmermann note-they declared war on Germany and joined the Allies
What was the Lusitania?
a British passenger ship
Who was Emilio Aguinaldo
a Filipino nationalist
Queen Liliuokalani
a Hawaiian nationalist who resented the increasing power of the white planters, who owned much of the Hawaiian land. She abolished the constitution that had given political power to the white minority
Henry Cabot Lodge
a Republican foreign policy expert that Wilson hated. He led the reservationists who rejected the Treaty of Versailles
sitting bull
a chief of the Sioux partnered by Crazy Horse
Zimmermann Note
a famous telegram written by GERMAN foreign Minister, Zimmermann, that proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico that would fight against the U.S.
patent
a grant by the federal government giving the inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time
convoy
a group of merchant ships that sail together, protected by warships
Panama Canal
a human made waterway that links the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean across Panama
What was the "new south"
a more modernized economy, more textile factories and lumber mills, and iron, coal, and steel processing plants sprang up
Progressive reforms
a movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization & urbanization by promoting reforms. Progressives believed that new ideas & honest efficient government could bring about social justice. Progressives wanted to bring reforms to help solve these problems and injustices
Progressivism
a movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms. Progressives believed that new ideas & honest, efficient government could bring about social justice.
fundamentalism
a movement/attitude stressing strict & literal adherence to a set of basic principles
Joseph Pulitzer
a newspaper writer who started a morning paper called, World. He went on to publish, Evening World, at night. He grew rich because papers were inexpensive but they were supported in part by businesses that placed ads in their pages
vigilante
a self-appointed law enforcer
Alice Paul
a social activist who tried to win the right to vote. She formed the National Women's Party (NWP) which used public protest marches. They helped win the right to vote because their actions made the NAWSA look tame
Who was Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones
a successful reform mayor of Toledo. When he was a the boss of his company, he claimed that workers should/would receive a large enough salary to support their families. If employees worked hard, were honest, and followed the Golden Rule, they would get fair wages and safe working conditions. As a politician, he continues this slogan and improved conditions, opened free kindergartens and instituted an 8 hour pay day.
Horizontal integration
a system of combining many firms in the same business
open range system
a system were vast areas of grassland were livestock roamed & gazed was not fenced in. Ranchers claimed ownership & knew the boundaries of their property
What was the 13th amendment?
abolished slavery
Impeachment
accusation against a public official of wrongdoing in office
How was alliances a main cause of WWI?
agreements between nations to aid and protect one another
How did farmers struggle under Coolidge?
agricultural prices kept falling
What was the NAACP?
aimed to help African Americans become physically free from peonage, mentally free for ignorance, disfranchisement, and socially free from insult
Populist Party
aka the Peoples Party. It was a political party formed in 1891 to advocate a larger money supply & other economic reforms
What did the Homefront require?
all men from ages 21-30 to register for the military draft
What is referendum?
allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature
referendum
allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature
What killed Harding?
although unknown, many believe it was the stress of the Teapot Dome Scandal
cartel
an arrangement where businesses who make the same product agree to limit their production while keeping prices high and eliminating their competition
socialism
an economic and political philosophy that favors public control of property and income
What is direct primaries?
an election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections
direct primaries
an election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections
modernism
artistic & literary movement sparked by a break with past conventions
The 1920s brought rapid growth in the U.S. and much of this boom is due to what?
automobiles
What was the temperance movement?
banned the sale and production of alcohol
Why were Americans upset about the Lusitania?
because it violated the Freedom of the Seas
Why were investors in a frenzy to sell stocks at any price?
because the stock market was beginning to fall
Lincoln's Assassination
before he could get support for his modern plan-freedmen's bureau-he was shot on april 4 1865
Why did drys favor the prohibition?
believed it was good for society
What does assimilation mean?
blending
What was the a major source of food and clothing for Plain Indians?
buffalo
Finish this phrase: "The Business of America is _______________"
business
How did European nations imperialize?
by adding colonies in Africa and Asia to extend their political, military, and economic influence
How did they work to modernize the economy in the "new south"
by supporting industries and diversifying agriculture
How did progressive reformers reform?
by using logic and reason
Francis Ferdinand's Assassination
catalyst for WWI. Carried out by Bosnians who were ethnic Serbs and believed Bosnia belonged to Serbia. They saw Ferdinand as a tyrant
Why was referendum a progressive reform?
citizens could approve the laws that would help their society
Why was direct primaries a progressive reform?
citizens could decide who could run for office
Why was the 17th Amendment a progressive reform?
citizens could on who they wanted & they would recall them as well.
Why was recall a progressive reform?
citizens could remove anyone that was not improving society
Trust
companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, and the trustees combines them into a new organization
Radical Republicans
congressmen who advocated full citizenship rights for African Americans along with a harsh reconstruction policy for the south
Who opposed progressive reforms?
corrupt politicians and big business owners
Cash crop
crops grown for sale
Hoover Dam
dam on the Colorado River that was built during the Great Depression
spheres of influence
distinct regions dominated and controlled by an outside power. Rather than compete for Chinese trade, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia carved China into this
What led people to purchase goods they couldn't afford?
easy credit
Trickle Down Economics
economic theory that holds the money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers
What did rural people believe?
education interfered with farming
why were employees generally opposed to labor unions?
employees saw it as a threat to their business and profits
Why did wets oppose the prohibition?
encouraged hypocrisy and illegal activities.
13th Amendment
ended slavery on 1865. In return the president promised to uphold states' rights, with the laws of individual states taking precedence over federal regulations
How did African & Mexican Americans struggle under Coolidge?
faced discrimination
Monroe Doctrine
foreign policy doctrine set forth by Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention on the Western Hemisphere
What did urban people believe?
formal education was essential for a good job
initiative
gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting citizens' signatures on a petition
What is recall?
gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended
recall
gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended
militarism
glorification of the military
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
government agency that built dams in the Tennessee River valley to control flooding and generate electric power
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
government agency that insures bank deposits, guaranteeing that depositors' money will be safe
Civil Service
government departments & their non elected employees
Black Cabinet
group of African American leaders who served as unofficial advisers to FDR
Las gorras blancas
group of Mexican Americans living in New Mexico who attempted to protect their land & way of life from encroachment by white landowners
What was the 14th amendment?
guaranteed full citizenship status & rights to every person born in the US.
14th Amendment
guaranteed full citizenship status & rights to every person both in the U.S., including African Americans. Ratified in 1868
15th Amendment
guaranteed the no male citizen could be denied the right to vote on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Ratified in 1870
What did General Pershing do to untrained men?
he turned them into soldiers and led them into France.
What was McKinley's response to the start of the Spanish-American War?
he warned Spain to make peace and sent the Maine to Havana Harbor
What did Nativists fear?
immigrants would take their jobs
sand creek massacre
in 1864, Colorado militia killed a camp of Cheyenne & Arapaho Indians.
the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
in 1911, 146 died in a factory fire. Many young women jumper to their deaths or burned
What did fundamentalist believe?
in Protestant teaching and taught that every word in the bible was literal truth
What did modernist believe
in science and secular views
Where did Mexicans settle?
in sparsely populated areas of the Southwest
irreconcilables vs. reservationists
irreconcilables- senators who opposed any treaty ending WWI that had anything to do with the League of Nations reservationists- senators (led by Lodge) who opposed the Treaty of Versailles to end WWI UNLESS specific changes were included
land grant
land designated by the federal government for building schools, roads, or railroads.
Samuel Gompers
leader of the American Federation of Labor
Chief Joseph
leader of the Nez Perces tribe. He led a group of refugees on a trek of more then 1,300 miles to Canada.
Indian New Deal
legislation that gave Indians greater control over their affairs and provided funding for schools and hospitals
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to one's nation
List the deadly technologies used in WWI
machine guns, artillery field guns, poison gas, submarines, tanks and armored cars, and airplanes
Hooverville
makeshift shantytowns set up by homeless people during the Great Depression
What did Ford apply to car making?
mass production technology
United Auto Workers and the sit-down strike
members of the CIO formed the UWA and staged a sit down strike in Flint Michigan. The workers refused to leave the workplace until a settlement was reached
Capitalism (free enterprise)
most individuals own most businesses
collective bargaining
negotiating as a group for higher wages or better working conditions
Farmer's alliance
network of farmer's organizations that worked for political & economic reforms in the late 1800s
Jeanette Rankin
only woman in Congress to oppose joining WWI
reparations
payments for war damage
Business Cycle
periodic growth & contradiction of the economy
How was nationalism a main cause of WWI?
pride in devotion to one's country. Extreme patriotism
Reconstruction
program implemented by the federal government between 1865 & 1877 to repair damage to the south caused by the Civil War & restore the southern states to the Union
First New Deal
programs and legislation enacted by Franklin Roosevelt during the Great Depression to promote economic recovery and social reform
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
protective import tax authorized by Congress in 1930
When Wilson returned form the peace conference, what two angry groups did he face?
reservationists and irreconcilables
De facto segregation
segregation by unwritten custom or tradition
De jure segregation
segregation imposed by the law. Legal separation of races that became the law in all southern states
Jim Crow Laws
segregation laws enacted in the South after Reconstruction
Casualties
soldiers who were killed, wounded, and/or missing
What was the Teller Amendment?
stipulated that the U.S. wouldn't annex Cuba
What did Progressive Reformers believe?
that industrialization and urbanization had created social and political problems
battle of little big horn
the 1876 battle where the Sioux defeated the U.S. Army troops
Dawes General Allotment Act
the 1877 law that divided reservation land into private family plots
Pendleton Civil Service Act
the 1883 law that created a civil service system for the federal government in an attempt to hire employees on a merit system than an a spoils system.
Wounded Knee
the 1890 confrontation between the U.S. calvary & the Sioux tribe that marked the end of Indian resistance
General Pershing
the commander American forces in Europe who guided the creation of American Expanding Forces. He turned untrained army men into an effective fighting force. He them led his force in France. He helped the Allies win the war
Entrepreneurs
the heroes of capitalism were people who invested money in a product or enterprise in order to make a profit
14 Points
the list of terms resolving WWI & future wars outlined by President Wilson
What was the Great Migration?
the movement of African Americans to the north. They hoped to escape Jim Crow laws, poverty, and the finding of new jobs
Vertical Integration
the process of gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phrases of a product's development. It allowed companies to reduce costs & charge higher prices to competitors.
Self-determination
the right people have to choose their own form of government
How did time help the production of cars?
the time dropped from 12 hours to 90 mins
Redeemer South
the whites regained all their power over African Americans
Why did people borrow money to buy stock. (This was around Sept. 1929!)
they assumed the more they bought the stock prices would go up
How was life difficult for farmers in the "new south"?
they depended on cash crops, and the price of cotton decreased resulting in no profit
How did Chinese respond to the growing influence of outsiders?
they joined secret societies like the Boxer Rebellion
What were irreconcilables?
they opposed the League of Nations and treaties that entangled the U.S. in world politics
How did child labor laws help unsafe/unfair businesses?
they succeeded in reducing child labor & improving school enrollment
What was unique about the U.S.'s past three presidents in the 1920s?
they were all republicans
pull factors
those that attract them to a new place
push factors
those that compel people to leave
Assimilate
to be absorbed into the main culture of society
How did the New Deal hurt African Americans?
unemployment stayed low, many African Americans urged FDR to end racism but he did not, FDR did not support anti-lynching laws, African Americans did not receive equal wages, and domestic and farm workers occupations that employed many African Americans were exempted from the New Deal
installment debt
using the installment plan, Americans paid a small percentage down and the rest over a period of months or years. This helped Americans accumulate more debt
Boxer Rebellion
violence started by members of a secret society in China, which prompted the governments of Europe and America to send troops to squash the rebellion
What happens in contraction periods of the business cycle?
workers are fired and wages drop
What was the Poor Fiscal Policy?
was that the budget should be balanced. Hoover's administration put through the largest increase tax increased in history to balance the budget
Before 1920 who could afford cars?
wealthy people
"run on banks"
when people go to the bank to get their money all at once
what is the business cycle?
when the economy grows and contracts
Who are muckrakers?
writers who uncovered and exposed misconduct in politics/businesses
Where muckrakers effective? How do you know?
yes because they brought more awareness to rundown business and tenements