American History: Unit 2 Study Guide

Declaratory Act (1766)

*Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed*, the Act declared that *Parliament had the power to tax the colonies* both internally and externally, and had *absolute power* over the colonial legislatures.

Albany Plan of Union

1754, plan devised by Benjamin Franklin before the French and Indian War which called for a joint colonial council to address shared colonial issues rejected but influenced colonial though before and during the American Revolution

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

American Revolutionary War

1775-1783

Declaration of Independence

1776 document written by *Thomas Jefferson* outlining reasons for the colonies to break the ties with England and establish independence. Issued by the *Second Continental Congress*

First Continental Congress (1774)

56 delegates met in Philadelphia to defend colonies' right to run their own governments. Supported Boston protests; decided that if *Britain used force, America would, too* Agreed to meet again in 1775 if *British relation did not improve*

Saratoga (1777)

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the *turning point of the war*. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

egalitarianism

A belief in the equality of all people

inflation

A decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services.

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Boston Massacre.

Boycott

A refusal to buy or use goods and services.

Trenton (1776)

A victory that provided a morale boost for the Continental Army. Washington lead a dangerous crossing of the *Delaware River* into New Jersey, capturing the Hessian forces.

Use the information in the table to answer the question that follows. What key feature of mercantilism is reflected in the information in the table? A. Colonists produced mostly agricultural goods and raw materials for export. B. Colonists exported goods to the country that paid the highest price for them. C. Colonists supplied all of their needs and exported the surplus to Great Britain. D. Colonists lacked the resources to support a manufacturing economy of their own.

A. Colonists produced mostly agricultural goods and raw materials for export.

Use the excerpt to answer the question that follows. Yet the hatters of England have prevailed to obtain an act in their own favor restraining [preventing] that manufacture in America . . . . In the same manner have a few nail-makers and a still smaller body of steel-makers (perhaps there are not half a dozen of these in England), prevailed totally to forbid by an act of Parliament the erecting of slittingmills, or steelfurnaces in America; that the Americans may be obliged to take all their nails for their buildings, and steel for their tools, from these artificers [manufacturers] . . .—Benjamin Franklin, "Causes of the American Discontents" (1768) Based on this excerpt, Benjamin Franklin would MOST likely agree with which statement? A. Mercantilist policies harmed American manufacturers and consumers. B. Parliament should become more involved in regulating the colonial economy. C. English manufacturers made better quality goods than American manufacturers. D. Rapid industrial expansion in England made it difficult for Americans to compete.

A. Mercantilist policies harmed American manufacturers and consumers.

Use the passage in the box to answer the question that follows. During the mid-1700s, several religious leaders rose to prominence throughout the American colonies. Preachers like George Whitefield (1714-1770), Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758), and Gilbert Tennent (1703-1764) delivered dramatic and emotional sermons at revivals that attracted large crowds. Sometimes these audiences brought together a social mixture of men and women, whites and African Americans. The revivalist preachers often challenged the authority of ministers who did not demonstrate sufficient piety and passion, which caused tensions within denominations that sometimes led new religious groups to arise. What was a consequence of the religious movement described in this passage? A. Religious diversity increased in American society. B. Enlightenment ideas became less appealing in colonial culture. C. People began to settle western territories to practice religious freedom. D. Colonial authorities enforced laws to protect established religious institutions.

A. Religious diversity increased in American society.

The Stamp Act of 1765 led most directly to which of the following outcomes? A. Required the colonies to use paper from London with a tax seal on it B. Forced the colonies to pay taxes on the paper produced in New England C. Forced all mail in the colonies to carry a tax seal. D. Required all mail to be delivered by Royal commissioners.

A. Required the colonies to use paper from London with a tax seal on it

Which of the following historical events was a direct result of the passage of the Coercive Acts? A. The First Continental Congress. B. The Boston Tea Party. C. The Battles of Lexington and Concord. D. The Boston Massacre.

A. The First Continental Congress.

Which of the following was the most important factor in preventing Cornwallis' retreat from Yorktown? A. The French Navy's control of the Chesapeake Bay B. The threat of a mutiny from the British Hessian mercenaries C. Francis Marion's militia had occupied the Yorktown Peninsula D. The French Army was marching on Yorktown from Richmond

A. The French Navy's control of the Chesapeake Bay

Why did American colonists support the British in the French and Indian War? A. The French established trading centers on lands claimed by the colonists. B. The French forced Indian communities off of their native lands. C. The French sought to bring about an end to the Atlantic slave trade. D. The French monopolized trade along the Mississippi River.

A. The French established trading centers on lands claimed by the colonists.

Which of the following factors best describes the reasons for the American Revolution? A. The Townshend Acts, mercantilist economic policies, and the influence of Enlightenment ideals. B. The limitation of religious liberty in the Colonies, the prosecution of the Sons of Liberty, and the Quartering Act C. The limitation of immigration to the New World and taxation without representation. D. The French Revolution and the draft imposed by the British to fight Napoleon.

A. The Townshend Acts, mercantilist economic policies, and the influence of Enlightenment ideals.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Quartering Act? A. To lessen the costs of stationing soldiers in the Americas. B. To bring the colonies under control. C. To punish the colonies for violating the Proclamation of 1763. D. To punish the colonies for the Boston Massacre.

A. To lessen the costs of stationing soldiers in the Americas.

Use the excerpt to answer the question that follows. The end of government being the good of mankind, points out its great duties: It is above all things to provide for the security, the quiet, and happy enjoyment of life, liberty, and property . . . . The same law of nature and of reason is equally obligatory on a democracy, an aristocracy, and a monarchy: Whenever the administrators, in any of those forms, deviate from truth, justice and equity, they verge towards tyranny, and are to be opposed; and if they prove incorrigible, they will be deposed by the people, if the people are not rendered too abject.—James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, 1764 How did this point of view influence the development of American democracy? A. by justifying independence when the British began violating colonists' rights B. by advocating the overthrow of government whenever citizens disagree with it C. by promoting a federal system as the most effective way to organize government D. by defining government's role in providing direct economic assistance to citizens

A. by justifying independence when the British began violating colonists' rights

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, helped organize the *Boston Tea Party*, Founder of the *Sons of Liberty* and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the *Declaration of Independence*

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence aka *Tories*

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician Devised the Albany Plan of Union He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll. *He rejected it* and issued a proclamation that the colonies were in rebellion.

Minutemen

Another word for the colonial militia men who fought in the American Revolution

Boston Massacre (1770)

Armed clash between unruly Bostonian protesters and locally stationed British soldiers, killing five people, including *African American Crispus Attucks*

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense

Which of the following answers best describes the results of the Battle of Bunker Hill? A. The Continental Army was destroyed, and the British took the field. B. The Continental Army inflicted more casualties, but the British ultimately took the ground. C. The British army inflicted more casualties, but the Continental Army took the ground. D. Both sides fought each other to a standstill.

B. The Continental Army inflicted more casualties, but the British ultimately took the ground.

What invention helped colonists become aware of what was going on in other colonies during the Revolutionary War period? A. the telegraph B. the printing press C. the caravel D. the phonograph

B. the printing press

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

Battle in Massachusetts in which the British won, but had more casualties than the Americans; showed American potential; *deadliest battle in the war*

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that *Parliament spoke for all British subjects*, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Thomas Hutchinson

British governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston Tea Party

Which war was a major factor in the beginning of the American Revolution? A.King Philip's War B. English Civil War C. French and Indian War D. Hundred Years' War

C. French and Indian War

Which sequence of events is in the correct order? A. Battle of Lexington, Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party B. Boston Tea Party, Stamp Act, Battle of Lexington C. Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, Battle of Lexington D. Boston Tea Party, Battle of Lexington, Stamp Act

C. Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, Battle of Lexington

The first law passed by Parliament to raise revenue from the colonies was the A. Navigation Acts B. Sugar Act C. Stamp Act D. Townshend Acts

C. Sugar Act

The Fourth of July is celebrated in the U.S. because A. George Washington became president. B. it was the beginning of the Revolutionary War. C. the Declaration of Independence was signed. D. the British granted the colonies independence.

C. the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Which war did Benjamin Franklin use the illustration above in an attempt to form an alliance within the British colonies? A. the American Revolution B. the Spanish-American War C. the French and Indian War D. the War of 1812

C. the French and Indian War

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the *British* forces that were *defeated at Yorktown in 1781*, ending the American Revolution.

Which of the following is true about the Massacre of 1770? I. It resulted in the immediate passage of the Coercive Acts II. It began when American colonists opened fire on a group of British troops III. Five colonists and no British troops were killed A. I, II, and III B. I only C. II only D. III only

D. III only

Use the excerpt to answer the question that follows. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . . .—The Declaration of Independence What change occurred in the United States during the early 1800s that better reflected this ideal? A. Women played a more active role in government. B. African Americans enjoyed greater social opportunities. C. The status and treatment of Native Americans improved. D. Property qualifications for voting were gradually removed.

D. Property qualifications for voting were gradually removed.

Which British action motivated enslaved men to fight with the British in the American Revolution? A. The British Parliament outlawed the slave trade. B. The British people voted to free all enslaved people. C. The British king promised to abolish slavery if they won the war. D. The British military promised freedom to enslaved men who fought for them.

D. The British military promised freedom to enslaved men who fought for them.

Base your answer to this question on the quotation below and your knowledge of American History. ...I challenge the warmest advocate for reconciliation, to shew [show], a single advantage that this continent can reap, by being connected with Great Britain. I repeat the challenge, not a single advantage is derived. Our corn will fetch its price in any market in Europe, and our imported goods must be paid for, buy them where we will... . — Thomas Paine, 1776 According to this statement, What does Thomas Paine suggest that the American colonies should do? A. negotiate an end to the conflict with England B. form an alliance with England C. declare independence from England D. boycott goods from England

D. boycott goods from England

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended the war between the former colonists and England, recognized American Independence and drew the nation's borders (*Canada to Florida; Atlantic Sea to the Mississippi River*)

Lexington and Concord (1775)

First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775 between the British and *Minutemen*

James Otis

First to challenge the British; from Boston; challenged the writs in court as violation of English law; *later went insane*

Thomas Gage

General of the British Army

Friedrich von Steuben

German baron who helped *train the Continental army at Valley Forge* during the American Revolution

Who served as a defense attorney after the Boston Massacre?

John Adams

Two Treatises of Government

John Locke

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution, highly disliked by the colonists.

Why was there a currency shortage?

More Specie left the colonies

Stamp Act (1765)

Passed by Parliament that placed a tax on newspapers and official documents sold in the colonies

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops.

Sons of Liberty

Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and James Otis *Led most violent protests in Boston*

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party -*closing the Port of Boston* -revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter -expanding the *Quartering Act* to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes -placed Boston under *martial law* In response, colonists convened the *First Continental Congress* and called for a complete *boycott* of British goods.

What did the British want the colonists to pay their debt back in with?

Specie

Yorktown (1781)

The British plan to defeat the colonists consisted of conquering the colonies from the south all the way to the north. When Cornwallis arrived at Yorktown, the French blocked the waterways while Washington's men surrounded his troops. This *marked the end of English control over the American colonies*.

Why did England strictly enforce the Navigation Acts?

There was a massive national debt and the felt like the colonists should help pay it

Whose house did the Sons of Liberty and other rioters destroy and steal?

Thomas Hutchinson

Why was it hard for colonists to get jobs during martial law?

Troopers weren't paid enough so they were also competing for jobs

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Marquis de Lafayette

Young French officer who assisted Washington in the American Revolution.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

a 1776 pamphlet that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)

a group of 200 colonists dressed as Mohawks boarded 3 British ships and dumped 18,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor

militia

a group of ordinary people who train for battle

What did the Colonists see the taxation and army in America as?

a plot to deny their liberty

profiteering

charging an extra-high price for a good or service that is in high demand

Stamp Act Congress

delegates from 9 colonies met in NYC to issue the *Declaration of Rights and Grievances*

Second Continental Congress (1775)

delegates from the colonies met to discuss problems with England/King George III; decided to recognize the Minutemen as the Continental Army, appoint Washington as Commander in Chief, and authorized the printing of colonial money

Republicanism

from Romans: leaders should be *selfless* and serve out of *duty* not love of power

Quebec Act

gave land in the Ohio Valley to Quebec

specie

gold and silver

Sugar Act (1764)

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies -navy enforced -*hurt colonial trade*

writs of assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

Tea Act

lowered the cost of tea, which gave the British East India Tea Company a monopoly

Admiralty Courts

military courts with no trial by jury, guilty until proven innocent

martial law

military government involving the suspension of ordinary law.

Committees of Correspondence

organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a *network of communication* between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament, who was *threatening colonial rights*. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Townshend Acts (1767)

passed by Parliament, put a *tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea*. The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying *smuggled tea*. Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Circular Letter

sent by Massachusetts General Court to other colonies expressing the "humble opinion" that he *Townshend Acts were "Infringements of their natural and constitutional Rights"* -proposed by James Otis to plan a meeting to get inter-colonial buy-in in opposition to the Stamp Act. -Boston was put under *martial law*

>Test Questions<

some of these