American Indian History (Final Exam)

In the 1950s and 1960s the United States engaged in a policy of "Termination and Relocation." What does this mean? How are "termination" and "relocation" different? What was the Indian Claims Commission? What was Public Law 280? Was this policy ultimately helpful for American Indians? Be sure to use specific examples from the reading and textbook to answer this question.

"termination and relocation" - moving Indians into society and out of tribes. Termination is removing the Indian in the man, relocation is moving indian tribes to different areas. Congress hear outstanding claims of Indian tribes against U.S. Public Law 280 is a federal statute enabling states to assume jurisdiction in matters involving Indians as litigants on reservation land. Yes/No - Some relationships were difficult (Cali & Alaska), others productive.

Tribal Law and Order Act

(2010) Signed by President Obama. Requires the Dept. of Justice to track down and deal with declining prosecutions in Indian country. It also gave tribal police more authority (they can arrest non-Indian suspects and can be deputized to enforce federal laws) and allows tribal courts to impose sentences up to three years instead of just one year. Also, there will be an increase funding for federal and tribal officers. applies on all reservations and surrounding areas Collab b/w state police and reservation police.

Indian New Deal

1930s legislation that gave Indians greater control over their affairs and provided funding for schools and hospitals. Remedy Native American hardships, reform their legislation. The centerpiece of the Indian New Deal was the Indian Reorganization Act. "Bill of Rights for Indians"

Trail of Broken Treaties

A cross-country protest in 1972 designed to bring attention to American Indian issues, like treaty rights, living standards and inadequate housing. AIM, the National Indian Brotherhood, the Native American Rights Fund, the National Indian Youth Council, the National American Indian Council, the National Council on Indian Work, the National Indian Leadership Training, & the American Indian Committee on Alcohol and Drug Abuse all participated in the protest. Drew up the Twenty-Points position paper, meant to reestablish the sovereignty of the Indian Nations. Staged by the American Indian and First Nations organizations.

What was the Indian New Deal? Who was John Collier? What were the aims of the Indian New Deal? Need to list at least 3. How were American Indians incorporated into the larger context of Roosevelt's New Deal (meaning, what programs did they participate in that any other American might have participated in during the New Deal). What was the Indian Reorganization Act? Was the Indian New Deal a success or failure? Provide at least 2 examples to support your answer.

Aims of Indian New Deal - tribes establish own government, federal employment to qualified indians in BIA, abolish allotment and return of unsold tribal lands, court of Indian affairs established. Yes/No. Started era of activism, caused resentment and alienated potential allies

Blood quantum

Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are those enacted in the United States and the former Thirteen colonies to define qualification by ancestry as Native American, sometimes in relation to tribal membership. Placed by the federal government. Restrict who can be a citizen of a tribe.

1987 California v. Cabazon

California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 480 U.S. 202 (1987), was a case before the United States Supreme Court on the development of Native American gaming. The Supreme Court's decision effectively overturned the existing laws restricting gaming/gambling on U.S. Indian reservations. The case made it all the way to the Supreme Court before a decision was rendered on February 25, 1987

John Collier

Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act January 1934. Commissioner of Indian Rights Association. Persuades Civilian Conservation Corp to crate special Indian section which employed 50,000 natives.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

June 18 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Enacted by the U.S. Congress, introduced by John Collier. Aimed to decrease federal control and increase Indian self-government and responsibility

Choctaw chief Philip Martin

Native American political leader, the democratically elected Tribal Chief of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. This federally recognized American Indian tribe has 8,300 enrolled members living on or near 30,000 acres (120 km²) of reservation land in east central Mississippi. Martin had a 40-year record of service to the Tribal government, including 32 years as the Tribe's principal elected official. Chief Martin left office in 2007 after the election of Miko Beasley Denson. He grew up in the culture of his people and attended local schools. Phillip Martin was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi in 1926, to parents who were Choctaw.

"fish-ins"

On March 2, 1964, Native Americans protest the denial of treaty rights by fishing in defiance of state law. Inspired by sit-ins of the civil rights movement, Actor Marlon Brando (b. 1924), Episcopal clergyman John Yaryan from San Francisco, and Puyallup tribal leader Bob Satiacum (1929-1991) catch salmon in the Puyallup River without state permits. The action is called a fish-in and results in the arrest of Brando and the clergyman.

Molly Spotted Elk

Stage name, real name is Molly Dellis, and is a Penobscot Indian dancer, actress, and writer. She was born November 17, 1903 on the Penobscot Indian Island Reservation in Maine. Molly learned traditional dances and performed for tourists who stayed at hotels. involved in Vaudeville shows at various times interspersed with her early education. She attended the University of Pennsylvania under the sponsorship of Frank Speck. Spotted Elk's career is marked by a tension between her desire for fame and success as an actress and performer, and the racist expectations of White American and European society that forced her to don skimpy buckskin costumes and act out stereotypes in order to do so.

What was the American Indian Movement? What were the causes of the movement? What were the aims of the movement? In what ways did the movement assert its authority? Give at least 3 specific examples of major AIM events and/or involvements.

The American Indian Movement is a Native American advocacy group in the United States, founded in July 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. AIM was initially formed to address American Indian sovereignty, treaty issues, spirituality, and leadership, while simultaneously addressing incidents of police harassment and racism against Native Americans forced to move away from reservations and tribal culture by the Indian Termination Policies. Events - Trail of Broken Treaties, Bureau of Indian Affairs takeover, Wounded Knee.

National Museum of the American Indian

The National Museum of the American Indian was designed by renowned Blackfoot architect Douglas Cardinal. As a link at YouTube.com says, "The National Museum of the American Indian is a museum operated under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution that is dedicated to the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of the native Americans of the Western Hemisphere. It has three facilities: the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., which opened on September 21, 2004, on Fourth Street and Independence Avenue, Southwest; the George Gustav Heye Center, a permanent museum in New York City; and the Cultural Resources Center, a research and collections facility in Suitland, Maryland." The museum houses the largest collection of Native American artifacts in the world and serves as one of the nation's finest symbols of Native American cultural sovereignty and repatriation.

Navajo Livestock Reduction (during WWII)

The Navajo Livestock Reduction was imposed by the United States government upon the Navajo Nation in the 1930s, during the Great Depression. The reduction of herds was conducted because grazing areas were becoming eroded and deteriorated due to too many animals.

What role did American Indians play in World War II? Include one example from each category: social involvement, political involvement and military involvement. In regards to returning veterans, were they able to take advantage of the GI Bill? Why or why not? What happened on the Navajo Reservation as a result of World War II?

These figures represent over one-third of able-bodied Native American men aged 18-50, and even included as high as seventy percent of the population of some tribes. Unlike African Americans, Native Americans did not serve in segregated units and served alongside white Americans. Yes to GI Bill, with exception of African Americans. Unemployment/poverty, navajo code talkers (many were recruited)

Women of all Red Nations

Women of All Red Nations (WARN) was a Native American women's organization. It was established in 1974 by Lorelei DeCora Means, Madonna Thunderhawk, Phyllis Young, Janet McCloud, and others. WARN included more than 300 women from 30 different tribal communities.[2] Many of its members had previously been active in the American Indian Movement and were participants in the 1973 Wounded Knee incident. The inaugural conference took place in Rapid City, South Dakota. WARN championed the health of Native American women, the restoration and securing of treaty rights, eliminating Indian mascots for sports teams, and combating the commercialization of Indian culture. They highlighted the high rates of health issues caused by nuclear mining and storage on Indian land, such as birth defects, miscarriages and deaths.[2] They also expressed concerns about forced sterilization of Indian women and the adoption of Indian children by non-Indians.

Claims Resolution Act

federal law enacted by the 111th Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 8, 2010. The act is a response to the Pigford v. Glickman case, where black farmers were found to have been discriminated against from 1983 to 1997 by the United States Department of Agriculture when applying for loans and assistance to start and to maintain farms. The case required a $50,000 dollar settlement to every discriminated farmer. However, many potential victims missed the application deadline for a settlement. The bill sets aside $1.5 billion for the estimated 75,000 farmers who are eligible for a settlement.[1][2] The bill also includes the settlement of the $3.4 billion Cobell v. Salazar trust fund lawsuit brought forth by Native American representatives against the United States government citing that the U.S. government incorrectly accounted for Indian trust assets.[3] The final version of the bill was passed by the US Senate by a unanimous voice vote on November 19,[4] 2010, and then approved by the US House of Representatives by a vote of 256 to 152 on November 30.[5] It was signed into law by President Obama on December 8, 2010. Claims Resolution Act Law and Legal Definition. The Claims Resolution Act of 2010 is a federal law that provides a remedial measure for discriminated farmers in the U.S. The Act enacted was enacted as a response to the Pigford v. Glickman