AMIND 440 EVERYTHING
According to this week's textbook chapter, how was early colonization justified?
ANSWER: Both A & B - In the name of religion (carrying the cross) - White supremacy (belief in cleanliness of blood)
Why did Thomas Jefferson eventually advocate for Indian Removal to lands west of the Mississippi?
After tribes resisted to Native American "Civilization" attempts, Jefferson decided the only solution would be to physically remove Native Americans from lands in the southeast, away from the "harm" of settlers and to free up lands for settlers, and so that Native Americans could become "civilized' at their "own pace."
What is this quote associated with: "Kill the Indian, Save the Man.
Boarding Schools
What does "no-fault history" mean, according to the final chapter of our textbook?
FREE RESPONSE
What was the argument in NCAI's "Proud to Be" commercial?
Native Americans are proud, diverse, modern people who identify with many different titles in society, but one thing they do not call themselves is "Redsk*ns."
What does the key term "cultural assimilation" mean?
the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture comes to resemble those of another group. May involve a quick or gradual change, depending on circumstances.
According to our textbook, what was the goal of overseas expansion by European powers?
to obtain more land, resources, and labor sources
What was the goal of overseas expansion by European powers?
to obtain more land, resources, and labor sources
What does Winona LaDuke discuss in the TedTalk "Seeds of Our Ancestors"?
ANSWER: All of the above - the cultural significance of certain crops to Indigenous peoples around the world - Taro or "kalo" and the Hawaiians' cosmogeneology - her people's efforts to regenerate native crops and resist genetic modification
What was happening in the U.S. during and after the Civil War?
ANSWER: All of the above. - Emergence of genocidal armies in the west. - Enactment of land grab policies. - Rapid industrialization.
Why did Thomas Jefferson eventually advocate for Indian Removal to lands west of the Mississippi?
After much resistance to "Indian Civilization" attempts, Jefferson decided the only solution would be to physically remove Indians from lands in the southeast, away from the "harm" of settlers and to free up lands for settlers, and so that Indians could become "civilized' at their "own pace."
What major events set the stage for the American Indian Civil Rights movement?
FREE RESPONSE
What does Manifest Destiny mean?
It is the 19th century belief that American settlers were destined, with the God-given right, to expand settlements from coast-to-coast of North America.
What was the historical significance of the location of the Occupation of Wounded Knee?
It was the same site of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre, the last massacre of the Indian Wars.
What are the earliest known cultural centers/civilizations of Mesoamerica and South America (in order of earliest to newest)?
Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca
What does decolonization mean?
the goal of undoing/removing/reversing the presence of colonization in order to regenerate Indigenous knowledge, epistemologies, cultures, and ways of life.
What does assimilation mean?
the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture comes to resemble those of another group, typically a dominant society. May involve a quick or gradual change depending on circumstances.
What were some ways the Cherokee attempted to resist forced removal?
ANSWER: A + B only - Through various petitions and court cases - Through the development of their own written language, their own Cherokee Constitution modeled after the U.S., and their own capital city
According to NCAI in the article "Ending the Era of Harmful Indian Mascots," why are Indian Mascots harmful to Native Americans?
ANSWER: All of the Above - Rather than honoring Native Americans, these caricatures perpetuate harmful stereotypes and contribute to a disregard for indigenous peoples - Derogatory "Indian" mascots have serious psychological, social, and cultural consequences for Native Americans, especially Native youth. - Most concerning when considering negative stereotypes are the alarmingly high rates of hate crimes and violence against Native peoples.
What does the "Doctrine of Discovery" entail?
ANSWER: All of the above - Criteria for claiming land and transfer of land - Government by agent or proxy - Coercion and subjugation of whole peoples
What were some major steps in the implementation of "Indian Removal"?
ANSWER: All of the above - Jefferson decided that the settlers couldn't peacefully coexist with Indigenous peoples and the Indigenous peoples were resisting the civilization projects -- Jefferson became an architect in the plans for Indian Removal - Andrew Jackson made Indian Removal from the Southeastern part of the United States a personal priority, as stated in his presidential inaugural address -- stakes became higher after gold discovered in Georgia on Cherokee territory - Andrew Jackson enforced Indian Removal in 1830, and encouraged settlers to encroach on Indigenous lands
Why are Native Hawaiians currently protesting for Mauna Kea?
ANSWER: All of the above - Mauna Kea is dormant volcano that is sacred to Native Hawaiians due to their beliefs, and many traditional/spiritual practices take place on the summit. - Many Native Hawaiians contend that the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) should not be built at the summit of Mauna Kea. - Native Hawaiians are calling attention to indigenous rights, sovereignty, and environmental stewardship
What is the significance of the California Gold Rush?
ANSWER: All of the above - Settler population went from 800 to 100,000 in 1 year and sped up process of California achieving statehood. - Gold seekers from all over the world brought devastation (starvation, rape, torture, death) to Native peoples in California. - Associated with Manifest Destiny, the 19th century belief that America was given divine guidance to achieve its pre-destined shape by expanding from coast-to-coast.
What types of evidence does NCAI use to support their argument in "Ending the Era of Harmful Indian Mascots"?
ANSWER: All of the above - Statistics from decades of social science research - Quotes and facts from reputable sources - Historical descriptions of the origins of Indian mascots
In the article, "Occupy Wounded Knee: A 71-Day Siege and a Forgotten Civil Rights Movement," why does the author call the occupation "forgotten"?
ANSWER: All of the above - The American Indian Movement is less well known than other movements of the 1960s, such as Black Panthers and MEChA - The author argues that, perhaps more than any movement, the American Indian Movement's work remains unfinished. - Despite being the "longest-lasting civil disorder in 200 years of U.S. history," the Wounded Knee Occupation and American Indian Movement are less well-known
What was the argument in "A Flawed Critique of Columbus Day"?
ANSWER: All of the above - The article "A Flawed Critique of Columbus Day" is a direct rebuttal to the "Columbus Day Comic," arguing that the comic ignored the perspectives of indigenous peoples and omitted the enslavement of Africans. - The article "A Flawed Critique of Columbus Day," like the "Columbus Day Comic," argues that Christopher Columbus committed horrible atrocities and should not be celebrated. - The article "A Flawed Critique of Columbus Day" argues that Bartolome Day should not be celebrated in place of Columbus Day -- instead the existing Indigenous Peoples' Day should be celebrated.
What was the main idea in the article "1491" by Charles C. Mann?
ANSWER: All of the above - The article shows how newly found evidence can change how history is understood/interpreted - The article engages multiple perspectives and opinions from experts - The article investigates various forms evidence and data
What was the significance of the location for the 1969 Occupation of Alcatraz?
ANSWER: All of the above - The occupation on Alcatraz Island was symbolic because it was an actual deserted prison island, which was equivalent to the current inadequate living conditions for many Native Americans on reservations. - The occupation on Alcatraz Island was symbolic because it was located at the entrance of the Golden Gate bridge in San Francisco, so "all ships from around the world... would first see Indian land, and thus be reminded of the true history of this nation." - The occupation on Alcatraz Island was symbolic because it had been deemed "surplus" lands by the U.S. government, which related back to a long history of stolen lands and broken treaties
What was the goal of the Dawes Act?
ANSWER: All of the above - To acquire and sell Indian lands that were deemed "excess" after allotment - To encourage individual ownership of land instead of communal farming - To stimulate assimilation of American Indians into dominant American society
What were the protesters at Wounded Knee hoping to achieve through the Occupation?
ANSWER: All of the above - To impeach and remove tribal chairman Dick Wilson. - To force the U.S. government to make amends on treaties from the 19th-20th centuries. - To increase American Indian visibility and call attention to injustices for American Indians
Why did we begin our course by investigating the controversies surrounding the Bering Strait Theory?
ANSWER: All of the above - To practice applying "historical thinking" as we approach our course subject matter and our required texts - To understand how history is shaped, and to understand how it is challenged frequently - To understand how history is often determined by power, and to understand why it's important to engage multiple perspectives
Why did we begin this week's materials by reading about the controversies surrounding the Bering Strait Theory?
ANSWER: All of the above - To practice applying "historical thinking" as we approach texts - To understand how history is shaped and how it is challenged frequently - To understand how history is often determined by power, and to understand why it's important to engage multiple perspectives
What is the current status of tribal sovereignty in the US?
ANSWER: All of the above - Tribes are domestic sovereign self-governing nations. - Tribes have a nation-to-nation relationship with the U.S. - State governments have very little power over tribes.
According to NCAI in the article "Ending the Era of Harmful Indian Mascots," why are Indian Mascots harmful to Native Americans?
ANSWER: All of the above. - Rather than honoring Native Americans, these caricatures perpetuate harmful stereotypes and contribute to societal disregard for indigenous peoples. - Derogatory "Indian" mascots have serious psychological, social, and cultural consequences for Native Americans, especially Native youth. - Most concerning when considering negative stereotypes are the alarmingly high rates of hate crimes and violence against Native peoples.
What was the argument in the "Columbus Day Comic"?
ANSWER: All of the above. - The "Columbus Day Comic" argues that Christopher Columbus brought devastation to the Americas, and various types of evidence is provided to support this argument. - The "Columbus Day Comic" argues that since Columbus did such horrible things, Columbus Day shouldn't be celebrated as a holiday. - The "Columbus Day Comic" argues that Bartolome Day should replace Columbus Day.
Which of the following is true about the Indian Wars following the Civil War?
ANSWER: All of the above. - The Indian Wars carried on until the end of the century. - Demobilized soldiers and officers without jobs after the Civil War ended joined the "army of the West." - Heightening of anti-Indian hysteria and settler-law-and-order.
How might the "1491" article connect with our course materials?
ANSWER: All of the above. - The article directly challenges the "Single Story," or stereotypes, of Indigenous societies being "primitive" by showing their advanced manipulation of environments. - The article directly pushes against "Firsting and Lasting" by providing evidence of Indigenous peoples not only inhabiting the Americas for much longer than previously thought, but they also had sophisticated, flourishing societies long before the arrival of European settlers. - The article shows examples of "historical thinking" by engaging multiple perspectives and various types of evidence to support its argument
Why did we begin our course with the history of indigenous peoples from Central and South America?
ANSWER: All of the above. - To begin history of the Americas from an Indigenous perspective, instead of from a settler perspective. - To learn about the major contributions and influences of these societies on the modern-day United States today; critiquing the stereotype that these civilizations were "primitive". - To challenge our previous notions of what defines "American" history by beginning with the history of the first civilizations in the Americas.
According to the article, how did the U.S. Founding Fathers ignore the clan mothers?
ANSWER: Both A & B - They intentionally left out the important roles of women in government and decision-making when creating the U.S. Constitution to maintain a patriarchal society. - They created the entire U.S. Constitution based on the Iroquois Great Law without credit and without granting Native Americans citizenship.
Identify where the following quote comes from. "Further, it would be fitting and symbolic that ships from all over the world, entering the Golden Gate, would first see Indian land, and thus be reminded of the true history of this nation. This tiny island would be a symbol of the great lands once ruled by free and noble Indians."
Alcatraz Proclamation
Who is depicted in this image, and what aspect of history does this image relate to? (It's a B&W image of an old giant white guy sitting on a chair carrying little Indian people)
Andrew Jackson is pictured. This image relates to Jackson's paternalistic and harmful treatment of the 5 Civilized tribes in the southeast during the era of Indian Removal and ultimately the Trail of Tears.
Examine the following excerpt, then determine the name of the text and name of the author: "My friends: I have long viewed your condition with great interest. For many years I have been acquainted with your people, and under all variety of circumstances, in peace and war. Your fathers were well known to me, and the regard which I cherished for them has caused me great solicitude for your situation. To these feelings, growing out of former recollections, have been added the sanction of official duty, and the relation in which, by the Constitution and laws, I am placed towards you. Listen to me, therefore, as your fathers have listened, while I communicate to you my sentiments on the critical state of your affairs."
Andrew Jackson's "Letter to the Cherokee Tribe"
What are 2 types of forced assimilation we learned about from the 1860s-1880s?
Boarding Schools and the Dawes Act
How did Native American families resist the influences of boarding schools?
By refusing to enroll their children in boarding schools; withdrawing their children from boarding schools and encouraging runaways; undermining the schools' influences during school breaks by encouraging children to continue speaking their language and to remember their traditions
What are the 2 types of assimilation we discussed this week?
Dawes Act and Boarding Schools
What does the term "Pocahontas Perplex" mean, and what are its effects?
Definition: the perpetuated stereotypes and Eurocentric male gaze placed on Indian women.Effects: national myth of Pocahontas; Indian women being portrayed as half good/half evil or Princess/Squaw dichotomy; a model for Indian-white relations.
What does "historical thinking" mean, and what is an example of ways we've practiced historical thinking in our course materials?
Definition: thinking critically about history instead of memorizing facts; engaging with multiple perspectives; observing how history is created and by whom; understanding that interpretations of history changes over time Example: using the "Danger of a Single Story" as a lens to approach our subject matter as well as our investigations of the Bering Strait Theory controversy
How might the Crusades have set the stage for future colonization of the Americas?
Europeans practiced colonization tactics in the wars against Middle East and North Africa in 11th-13th centuries, so these tactics had been perfected by the time Europeans began conquests of the Americas. This was also the beginning of justification for colonization based on white supremacy ("cleanliness of blood") and in the name of Christianity ("carrying the cross.")
Compare/contrast the terms "terminal narrative" and "survivance." Define each term and explain how they relate or differ based on our course materials.
FREE RESPONSE
Define self-determination and provide 1 example from our course materials. Based on the history we've learned, why is self-determination important to indigenous peoples?
FREE RESPONSE
Describe the major events were happening during and after the Civil War. How do these events relate to one of our key terms for the course?
FREE RESPONSE
Describe what was happening at the recent protests at Standing Rock and Mauna Kea. How do both events connect to 1 key term we've learned: How do both events build off of the history we've learned throughout the course?
FREE RESPONSE
How can the US come to terms with its past and acknowledge it responsibly, according to the final chapter of our textbook. Please list the 5 ways the author mentions.
FREE RESPONSE
What is the significance of both the 1969 Occupation of Alcatraz and the Wounded Knee Occupation in 1973? Describe both occupations and each of their historical roots. What were the occupations' lasting impacts?
FREE RESPONSE
What was the role of Spanish missions in California? How did Indigenous peoples resist? How are the missions talked about in California public schools, and why might there be problems with the way the subject is taught? How might the subject matter be taught more appropriately?
FREE RESPONSE
When and how did boarding schools emerge? What was the purpose of federally implemented boarding schools? What did Native families do to resist boarding schools? Lastly, what are the lasting effects on generations of boarding school survivors?
FREE RESPONSE
True or false: The fight for indigenous civil rights ended after the civil rights era of the 1960s-1970s.
False
What is one example of firsting, and what is one example of lasting?
Firsting: The "founding fathers" of the United States Lasting: The book/film "The Last of the Mohicans"
According to the textbook chapter "Bloody Footprints", where does the term "redsk*n" come from?
From a time when early settlers scalped and collected Native American heads for bounties in attempt to "clear" indigenous lands for settlement.
According to the textbook, where does the term "redskin" come from?
From a time when settlers scalped and collected Indian heads for bounties, which is why many find the Washington Redsk*ns name to be an offensive racial slur.
What was the purpose of Thomas Jefferson's excerpt from "Notes on the State of Virginia"?
In response to a French delegates questions, Jefferson compares Native Americans to Euro-Americans to reveal that they are similar, argue against misconceptions about them, and argue that they shouldn't be misunderstood as inferior. While still problematic from a modern-day lens, Jefferson's views were seen as progressive at the time. Overall, he was arguing for the Native American "Civilization Program" that would assimilate them into dominant society.
According to our textbook chapter "Culture of Conquest," how was early colonization justified?
In the name of religion (carrying the cross) and White supremacy (belief in cleanliness of blood)
Why might it be important to learn about the Puritans and the early settler wars in the "Bloody Footprints" chapter?
It complicates the single story of Puritans as peaceful and coexisting with Indian tribes, and it also shows the complex relationships between and amongst tribes.
Why might it be important to learn about the early settler wars in the "Bloody Footprints" chapter after learning about the Puritans?
It complicates the single story of Puritans as peaceful and coexisting with Indian tribes, and it also shows the complex relationships between and amongst tribes.
What tribe calls San Diego their home territory?
Kumeyaay
Which actor refused their Oscar for Best Actor award in protest of negative portrayal of Indians in Hollywood movies and to show support for the protesters at Wounded Knee?
Marlon Brando.
Who were the buffalo soldiers, and what was their role?
Recently emancipated slaves who became soldiers after the Civil War who were tasked with killing the buffalo (which were the Plains' Indians main economic source that held much cultural significance) in order to weaken their forces
According to the article "Iroquois Great Law," how was the United States Constitution created? How exactly did the Founding Fathers ignore the Clan Mothers?
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
According to the article, what does the "Pocahontas Perplex" mean, and what are its effects? What does the author advocate for as a solution to this problem?
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
Compare and contrast Andrew Jackson's intended audiences, tone used, and main ideas proposed in his 2 speeches (Inaugural and Second Annual Address) and his "Letter to the Cherokee." How do Jackson's texts fit into the time period?
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
Compare and contrast the authors' perspectives from the "Columbus Day Comic" and the "Columbus Day Critique."
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
Describe the "Proud to Be" commercial. Next identify who the intended audience is, and then explain what the commercial is arguing. Lastly, explain how it connects to our course materials.
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
What does the concept "firsting and lasting" mean? Name at least 2 examples of "firsting" and 2 examples of "lasting" based on the materials we've discussed so far.
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What does the key term "Doctrine of Discovery" mean, and what is 1 example of it from our course materials?
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
What does the key term "colonization" mean, and what is 1 specific example of this key term from our course materials so far?
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
What does the key term "decolonization" mean, and what is 1 specific example of this key term from our course materials so far?
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
What is the "Danger of a Single Story," and what is 1 example of this concept from our course materials?
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What is the significance of the article "1491" in relation to our course materials?
SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
What does "Manifest Destiny" mean, and how does it relate to US Westward expansion?
The 19th century belief that American settlers were destined, by God-given right, to expand settlements from coast-to-coast of North America in order for the United States to reach its full potential. It relates to U.S. westward expansion because this ideology was used to justify removal and violence against Indigenous groups.
What 4 major events/societal changes aided in the establishment of the "Culture of Conquest"?
The Crusades, conquest against European commoners (commoner displacement), land as private property, European royalty competition to expand overseas
What is the Maya civilization well-known for?
The Great Cultivators of Corn and the creation of the Rubber Ball Game
In the documentary, We Shall Remain: Wounded Knee, what did Kent Frizzell of the Department of Justice say was the protesters' "most vital lifeline" for the Occupation?
The media.
What did Kent Frizzell of the Department of Justice say was the Wounded Knee protesters' "most vital lifeline" for the Occupation?
The media.
Who was considered to be the "architect" for the plans for Indian Removal?
Thomas Jefferson
What were the goals of the Dawes Act?
To stimulate assimilation of Native Americans into dominant American society; to encourage individual land ownership instead of communal farming; and to acquire and sell Indian lands that were deemed "excess."
How could the overall tone of the Alcatraz Proclamation be described, and what is the main rhetorical strategy used?
Tone: Sarcastic Rhetorical strategy: Historical allusions to various examples of injustice/oppression throughout U.S. history in order to provide context for list of demands
According to this week's textbook chapter, when did the "Culture of Conquest" begin?
When Europeans conducted Crusades to conquer North Africa and the Middle East
According to our textbook, when did the "Culture of Conquest" begin?
When Europeans conducted Crusades to conquer North Africa and the Middle East.
In the article "Standing Rock: A New Moment for Native American Rights,"to which other Native American Occupation did the author compare Standing Rock?
Wounded Knee
What does the "Doctrine of Discovery" mean?
a government asserting the right to appropriate and de-legitimize long-established autonomous indigenous peoples' governments based on Christendom
What does colonization mean?
an ongoing process of control by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components (people, animals, resources, etc.)
What does Thomas Jefferson discuss in his excerpt called "Notes on the State of Virginia"?
he dismisses misrepresentations of Indigenous peoples in the Americas to his European (specifically French) intended audience, compares Indigenous peoples to white settlers and white society, and ultimately explains how Indigenous peoples are equal and can become "civilized" under different circumstances
