AMSCO - 6.7 & 6.8 Reading Notes - AP History

Why did anti-Chinese groups form in Australia? How did this lead to the White Australia Policy?

Anti-Chinese groups formed in Australia because Chinese numbers were becoming more concentrated in Melbourne and Sydney. This led to the limitation of non-British immigration, which resulted in the White Australia Policy.

Italians in Argentina: How did Argentina appeal to Italian immigrants specifically? What was the overall impact?

Argentina was underpopulated and had a large amount of fertile land. Also, wages were higher. Farmers could earn more and living cost less than in Italy. These factors increased the standard of living for immigrants.

Explain how this resistance to westernization is also seen in China

Boxers attempted to rid China of Western Influence, especially from Christian missionaries.

Congress further banned Chinese immigration by passage of the _______________________________. How does this showcase discrimination in the US?

Chinese Exclusion Act; It banned further Chinese immigration. This policy was extended and made permanent in 1902.

TRUE OR FALSE: Distribution of wages (a wage gap) decreased

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: If factoring in pollution, crowded cities, and war, standard of living still rose for all

FALSE

Indian Enclaves: Who was Mohandas Gandhi and how did his experience in Africa impact his work?

He was a young Indian who faced racial discrimination in Africa. He became an activist and founded the Natal Indian Congress. Gandhi worked to expose the discrimination against Indians, in South Africa.

Overall, who did imperialism benefit specifically (which countries) and who did it hurt?

Hurt--colonies in Africa and Asia due to their reliance on cash crops, which were introduced by the imperial powers. Cash crops left them vulnerable to natural disasters and volatile markets Benefitted US, Western Europe, Japan--gaining cash crops, exporting goods, increasing global trade Able to gain this territory through technology from Industrial Revolution (military, ship building, medicine)

What happened in New South Wales? How did the legislative council respond?

In New South Wales, white miners attack the area where Chinese miners were quartered. The legislative council passed the Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act, which attempted to restrict the number of Chinese immigrants from entering the colony.

As western imperialism takes hold, resistance and rebellion begins to grow. Explain how is this seen in South Asia.

Indian Soldiers known as Sepoys rose up in rebellion against the British East India Company. The rebellion was brutally suppressed by British soldiers and led to the direct rule of India by the British government, starting a period known as the British Raj

Indian Enclaves: Summarize the impact of Indian migration to Africa.

Indians worked to build railways. Hindus and Muslims from India also migrated. The Hindus brought their caste system and their laws to Africa.

Why did industrialized economies look to increase exports of their products? What issues did this create?

Industrialization created overproduction of goods and domestic (in the country) markets could no longer consume the amount of goods being produced. As a result, international trade transformed economies from mercantilist to capitalist.

Irish Enclaves: After the American Revolution who came from Ireland - where did they live?

Irish immigrants came and settled in northern cities. Many settled in Canada in order to get cheap land grants. New settlers were poorer, most worked in factories. Many helped build the canal system and were able to make decent lives for themselves.

Describe how the California constitution of 1879 discriminated against the Chinese.

It prohibited the state, counties, municipalities, and public works from hiring Chinese, prevented Chinese and non-white individuals from becoming citizens, and encouraged towns and cities to either remove Chinese residents or segregate against them.

Indian Enclaves: Summarize the impact of Indian migration to Southeast Asia.

Many migrated as indentured laborers. The kangani system replaces indentured servitude, which gave them less restriction. Migrants kept close ties with India because of Southeast Asia's proximity to India. Migrants also looked for business opportunities.

How did industrialization lead to more availability of goods and lower prices?

Mass production enabled manufacturers to produce goods at a faster pace, distribute those goods more widely, and therefore increase availability and enable more sales. Having more products available for sale on a wider basis, versus products made one-by-one for a specific customer, enabled manufacturers to ultimately cut costs.

As production increased, more and more resources were needed. What were these resource and how does it lead to imperialism?

Natural resources like cash crops, coal, iron, rubber, and copper Desire to gain these resources led to the expansion of imperialism Industrialized countries (Western Europe, US, and Japan) saw the benefit of controlling trade and resources of other areas of the world

Irish Enclaves: Who usually came to North America from Ireland before the American Revolution - what was their role?

Protestant descendants from Scots who had previously migrated to Ireland; came as indentured servants

Migrant laborers tended to be more male than female: What were remittances - how did this impact social norms?

Remittances were funds from their foreign earnings. These allowed for women to work less hours and for girls to have a longer education.

TRUE OR FALSE: After 1819 wages accelerated, leading to higher standards of living for all wage groups

TRUE

Italians in Argentina: Why did so many immigrants want to go to Argentina?

The Argentine Constitution gave foreigners the same civil rights as Argentine citizens.

Italians in Argentina: How was Italy influential in Argentinian culture?

The Argentine Spanish absorbed the Italian language. They also spread their culture.

How did the act impact immigration in Mexico?

The Chinese immigrants who were denied from the United States began to move to Mexico. The president promoted their immigration.

After the gold rushes, how did the Chinese in Australia make economic profit?

The Chinese in Australia turned to gardening, trade, furniture making, fishing, and pearl diving.

Evidence for Above:

The changes in Home were affected with more women coming over.

What were 'ethnic enclaves' and why did immigrants create them?

The ethic enclaves were clustered or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country. Immigrants created these to carry on their own traditions and culture.

Why did the province of Victoria pass a Chinese Exclusion Act in Australia in 1855? Why did they want to limit the Chinese?

The province of Victoria passed a Chinese Exclusion Act to limit the number of Chinese that could come ashore from each ship. There was an influx of Chinese miners

Irish Enclaves: Most of the Irish immigrants during the Great Famine came to North America - what were their experiences like?

These immigrants face hardships, many of them were anti-immigrant nativist and anti-Catholic sentiments. Many immigrants who came to the US were single women. Women became domestic servants and men were unskilled laborers.

Irish Enclaves: How did the Irish spread their culture - how did second generation Irish make an impact on popular culture?

They spread their culture by settling in different areas. Second generation Irish were either whiter-collar or skilled blue-collar workers. They became boxers, baseball players, and vaudeville performers. They became wealthy and powerful.

Indian Enclaves: Summarize the impact of Indian migration to the Caribbean region.

They were sent to work on sugar plantations. They made up the largest ethnic group in Guyana and Trinidad and Tabago. They made up the second largest group in Suriname, Jamaica, Grenada, Saint Vincent, and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, and Guadeloupe. Also, they made up significant portions of populations of many regions.

Chinese Enclaves: Summarize the impact of Chinese migration to the Americas.

They worked on farmers, as miners, or in the garment factory in San Francisco,. They also helped build the railroad. Many were sent to Cuba, under contract, to work on plantations, as miners, or as servants.

Chinese Enclaves: Summarize the impact of the Chinese migration to Southeast Asia.

Those who migrated to Southeast Asia managed opium farms , controlled opium distribution, help posts in the colonial government, became business owners and traders, and acquired wealth. The Chinese went on to dominate Southeast Asian trade.

True or False: migration in the 19th century led to demographic changes with long-lasting results:

True

Migrant laborers tended to be more male than female: How did this typically impact gender roles?

Women gained more respect from their husbands and society.

Migrant laborers tended to be more male than female: How did this impact society at home?

Women started to gain authority and autonomy as their responsibilities to their family and households grew.

In addition, increased global production led to greater _____________________ and variety of goods.

competition