AMSCO Chapter 6

Which of the following is a similarity between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century? A. Both were attracted by employment opportunities. B. Both rejected the cultural traditions of their homelands. C. Both were mostly from the upper and middle classes. D. Both were exclusively from minority communities in their home countries.

A. Both were attracted by employment opportunities.

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century A. used Enlightenment ideas to justify their attempts to convert conquered populations to Christianity B. attempted to consolidate their conquests by enrolling local populations into imperial service C. justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions D. facilitated cultural exchange between different religious groups to conquer neighboring states

C. justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa? A. European states attempting to encourage colonial populations to emigrate B. European states attempting to spread Christianity among colonial populations C. European states imposing democratic systems of government in order to prepare colonial populations for self-rule D. European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

D. European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

SAQ Number 1:

No Stimulus ~ Political Change and Continuity in South/Southeast Asia

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict A. British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century B. major slave trading routes in the nineteenth century C. British trade routes that developed as a result of the disruption caused by the First World War D. illicit drug routes that developed in the second half of the twentieth century

A. British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century

"Extraterritoriality" can best be described as which of the following? A. Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live B. Expansion of a country's international borders to natural boundaries C. Extension of dual citizenship to immigrants D. Acquisition of new colonies or territories E. Establishment of a government in exile

A. Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live

"It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them. But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the way, notably the absence of a common language and the difficulty of communication. But—from India through Thailand to Japan—we are, I believe, kindred peoples, having in common possession so much religion, art, philosophy." Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet and Nobel Prize in Literature recipient, excerpt from a speech given while on a tour of Japan, 1916 Which of the following developments in the late 1800s and early 1900s most directly challenges the author's argument regarding the role of Japan in Asia? A. Japanese imperial expansion into Asian territories such as Taiwan and Korea B. Resistance to modernization by traditional Japanese elites C. Meiji Japan's success in developing an industrial economy D. The adoption of a parliamentary political system

A. Japanese imperial expansion into Asian territories such as Taiwan and Korea

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The letter's reference in the third paragraph to the claims of "our doctors and scientists" is best understood in the context of which of the following late nineteenth-century processes? A. Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans. B. The achievements of medieval Muslim science became known in the West, stimulating new interest in biology and medicine. C. Bourgeois ideas of cultural and literary refinement became prevalent in many parts of the world. D. The scientific method stressing experimentation and the collection of empirical evidence was discovered and first used.

A. Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans.

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 Which of the following was the most significant change in Latin American labor systems between the time the document was produced and 1900 ? A. Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries. B. Many Latin American countries industrialized. C. Indentured servitude became the main source of labor in most Latin American countries. D. Most Latin American countries passed laws limiting the labor of women and children.

A. Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries.

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration can best be understood as a rejection of which of the following ideals? A. The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others B. The belief that all cultures have intrinsic value C. The belief that race is a social construction D. The belief that the concept of race has had a major impact on human interactions

A. The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others

"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following? A. The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India B. The revival of traditional Hindu social structures as a reaction against British influence in India C. The example of American revolutions influenced by Enlightenment principles D. The return of overseas migrants from plantations in the Pacific and Caribbean

A. The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India

INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916 In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray. The photograph best illustrates which aspect of population movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations. B. They were often undertaken to displace labor force lost to war or disease. C. They often resulted in the decline or disappearance of native religious traditions. D. They often caused intercommunal violence.

A. They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations.

"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836 A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade A. shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China B. marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade C. was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution D. relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing

A. shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China

"We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity — this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful opium is to humans. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all other, not to China!" Qing government commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1839 In the passage above, Lin Zexu is asking that the British do which of the following? A. Provide treatment for opium addicts in China B. Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China C. Prevent all foreign trade from entering China D. End the concessions made to Britain during the Opium Wars

B. Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China

Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century? A. China became isolated politically in part because of its suppression of pro-Western Chinese dissidents. B. China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces. C. China became a major exporter of manufactured goods to Europe. D. China and Europe were forced into an uneasy alliance to reverse Japanese imperial expansion in northern China.

B. China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces.

"Again, another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries." Josiah Strong, American Protestant clergyman, essay on Anglo-Saxons, 1891 The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are most supportive of which of the following concepts? A. Nationalism B. Imperialism C. Liberalism D. Marxism

B. Imperialism

Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century? A. Most migrants rejected their culture in favor of total assimilation. B. Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities. C. Most migrants traveled seasonally as agricultural laborers. D. Migrants were primarily women seeking employment as factory workers.

B. Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following? Responses A. Economic competition between European states fostering the creation of transnational business that sought to exchange raw materials from Europe for finished goods from colonies B. Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers C. Rapid population increases in European colonies in Asia encouraging European states to create new colonies for migrants to settle D. Revolutions in Europe leading European states to seek troops from colonial populations

B. Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers

Which of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914 ? A. The Ottomans were expanding at the expense of Russia, England, and France. B. Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans. C. The Ottomans, in alliance with the Russians, English, and French, sought to impede German unification. D. The Ottomans supported nationalism in the Balkans to destabilize Europe. E. The Ottomans and the French cooperated in colonizing North Africa.

B. Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans.

PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century? A. Some European states established trading-post empires. B. Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies. C. Some European states faced native resistance to their colonization efforts. D. Some European states used Social Darwinism to justify their military subjugation of colonial peoples.

B. Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.

Locations of the World's Major CIties 200-1900 CE Data adapted from David Wilkinson, "Cities, Civilizations and Oikoumene," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vols. 27 and 28: Nos. 27 and 28, 1992-1993 The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of A. the Atlantic revolutions B. the Industrial Revolution C. the abolition of slavery D. improvements in urban policing and public safety

B. The Industrial Revolution

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments? A. The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies B. The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation C. The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies D. The emergence of transnational businesses

B. The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children B. Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men C. A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor D. An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages

B. Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men

Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century? A. Latin American independence movements B. Domestic reforms in Meiji Japan C. British colonization of India D. Russian utilization of coerced peasant labor

C. British colonization of India

"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953 Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to A. the growing superpower influence in Africa and Asia during the Cold War B. the success of the Indian independence movement C. European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies D. leaders of the decolonization movement arguing for the adoption of parliamentary democracy after achieving independence

C. European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies

In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the A. Chinese were brave and honorable opponents B. Japanese fought by using time-honored samurai tactics and weapons C. Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing D. Chinese actively sought foreign help against the Japanese

C. Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing

In the mid-twentieth century, the presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa is best explained by which of the following? A. Trade networks of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries B. European and United States imperial conquests of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries C. Labor migrations during the nineteenth century D. Refugees fleeing warfare and repressive regimes during the twentieth century

C. Labor migrations during the nineteenth century

NINETEENTH CENTURY EMIGRATION FROM CHINA AND INDIA Which of the following best explains all of the migration movements shown on the map above? A. Large labor surpluses in India and China, due to the success of British and Qing agricultural reforms B. The end of the slave trade in the Americas and the intensification of European colonial expansion in Africa C. Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects D. The end of revolutions in the Americas and the establishment of the American republics

C. Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects

Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving? A. The Japanese government considered its geographical proximity to China to be of primary importance. B. The Japanese government focused its expansionist policy on Australia and New Zealand. C. The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power. D. The Japanese government was eager to develop trade ties with the United States.

C. The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following? A. Laissez-faire liberalism B. The ideology of nationalism C. The concept of the civilizing mission D. The racial theory of Social Darwinism

C. The concept of the civilizing mission

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's view in the third paragraph about the status of women in "modern civilization" ? A. Muslim religious scholars B. Rural peasants C. The urban middle class D. The landed aristocracy

C. The urban middle class

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to A. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of earlier imperial ventures that had ended in disaster for the native population of the colonized country B. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which inter-European rivalries had prevented the successful economic exploitation of colonial territories C. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable D. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which British imperial policies had been proven to be more successful than the policies of other European countries

C. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments? A. European states using their control over maritime trade routes to impoverish non-European societies B. European states using joint-stock companies to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies C. European states taking advantage of religious conflicts in non-European societies to expand their influence D. European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their

D. European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes? Responses A. The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men B. Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies C. Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure D. Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

D. Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species? A. It became the basis for scientific research of human development. B. It provided a scientific explanation of the evolution of animals and plants. C. It became the basis for all subsequent scientific research on species extinction. D. It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples

D. It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The disputes over women's social status alluded to in the letter best reflect Which of the following late nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies? A. The abolition of the veil following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire B. The expansion of mass public education for both boys and girls C. The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance D. The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights

D. The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights

"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836 The trade described in the passage is best seen as an early example of which of the following? A. The economic decline of Asian states resulting from the importation of cheap consumer goods from Europe B. The growing economic influence of European immigrants in China C. The declining political power of European joint-stock companies in Asia because of states assuming direct imperial control D. The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states

D. The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states

Which of the following describes the major impact of the introduction of coffee growing in places like Kenya and El Salvador after 1880 ? A. The end of taxes paid to the government in cash B. The weakening of the European colonial military and landowning elite C. Access to cheaper food for Africans and Latin Americans D. Increased control over the land by Africans and Latin Americans E. Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

E. Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

Which of the following countries or regions led the world in the production of cotton cloth in 1700? A. China B. Egypt C. West Africa D. England E. India

E. India

SAQ Number 2:

Stimulus ~ Imperialism in South Africa, Ideology of Imperialism