Ana&Phy (rence)

Distal

away from a point of reference; farthest from the trunk

Gross anatomy

Structures that can be studied without the aid of a microscope

Planes of division

The body can be described by

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

This system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

This system ensures that humans are able to reproduce and survive as a species. It is made up of organs such as the uterus, penis, ovaries, and testes.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

This system is made up of a collection of glands, including the pituitary and thyroid glands, as well as the ovaries and testes. It regulates, coordinates, and controls a number of body functions by secreting chemicals into the bloodstream. These secretions help control moods, growth and development, and metabolism.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

This system is made up of muscle tissue that helps move the body and move materials through the body. Quite simply, muscles move you. Muscles are bundles of cells and fibers that work in a simple way: they tighten up and relax.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

This system is made up of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lymphatics. It is the body's delivery system, concerned with circulating blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

This system provides the shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting and protecting our bodies, allowing bodily movement, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. This system consists of bones, cartilage, and joints.

Neurophysiology

the study of nerves

Deep

far from the surface

cardiology, endocrinology, and study of other body systems

In the study of any body system, whenever any structure is affected by a pathological condition, the physiology of the structure may be affected as well; therefore, _____,______, and the study of other _____ ,may also cross over into the categories of physiology and pathology.

Pathological anatomy

Study of changes in structure caused by disease

Regional anatomy

Study of specific region of the body, such as the head or lower extremities

Embryology

Study of structures from the time of fertilization through the eight weeks of gestation

Radiographic anatomy

Study of the body through x-rays

Developmental anatomy

Study of the structure from egg to adult form

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The primary function of this system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. This system does this through breathing. It consists of the nose, larynx, trachea, diaphragm, bronchi, and lungs.

URINARY SYSTEM

The purpose of this system is to filter out excess fluid and other substances from your bloodstream. Some fluid gets reabsorbed by your body but most gets expelled as urine. The organs found in this system are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The purpose this system is to turn the food you eat into something useful for the body. When you eat, your body uses this system to digest food so your cells can use it to make energy. The organs involved in this system include the mouth, stomach, and intestines.

frontal plane

also called coronal plane cuts the body into anterior and posterior positions.

transverse plane

also called horizontal plane, cuts the body into upper and lower sections

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

midsagittal plane

cuts the body into equal left and right sections.

sagittal plane

cuts the body into left and right sections

NERVOUS SYSTEM

is the control center of the human body. It is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to organs. Your brain uses the information it receives to coordinate all of your actions and reactions.

Pathophysiology

is the study of the changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, trauma or resulting from an abnormal syndrome.

Physiology

is the study of the functions of the body.

Anatomy

is the study of the structure of the body.

Systemic anatomy

study of specific body systems.

Cytology

study of structure of cells

Surface anatomy

study of the body through observation and palpation.

Histology

study of tissues

Cell physiology

the study of cell function.

Dorsal (posterior)

toward the back; in back of

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front; in front of

Cranial (superior)

toward the head

Cephalad

toward the head; upper

Medial

toward the midline of the body

Caudal (inferior)

toward the tail; lower

Inferior (caudal)

toward the tail; lower