ANAT 211 @ CWI The Bones

Spongy Bone

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution --Supports soft structures; protects vital organs; provides levers for movement; stores calcium and phosphorus. Spongy bone is the sight of hemopoiesis -consists of spicules which are slivers of bone, trabeculae which are thin plates of bone, and the spaces are filled with red bone marrow. They have few osteons and no central canals. They provide strength with very little mass.

lateral flexion of spine

(side bending) movement of head and/or trunk laterally away from midline; abduction of spine

base of cranial cavity

**A**Anterior cranial Fossa - **Aunt** **M**Middle cranial Fossa- **Mary's** **P** Posterior cranial Fossa-**Post** Anterior=Front Posterior=back cranial=skull Fossa = trench or ditch

frontal bone of skull

**G** Glabella- Gabriella **S**Supraorbital foramen-Superorbit Formen **F** Frontal sinuses- Front sin\ Glabella= bald or smooth supra= above Orbit = curved trajectory Foramen= opening or hole sinuses = system of hollow cavities in the skull

Parietal bones

**S**Sagittal suture- Sad **C** Coronal suture- Cat **L** Lambdoid suture - lounges **S** Squamous suture - Softly Sagittal= parallel plane dividing L&R Coronal=plane that divides dorsal & ventral lambdoid= greek lambda=30 anonymous function in calculus Squamous= covered by scales suture= a stitch or row of stiches holding together the edges of a wound or incision

Temporal bones of cranium

**S**Squamous region-Suzie **E**External acoustic meatus-Explained **Z**Zygomatic Process-Zac **M**Mastoid Process-Might **M**Mandibular Fossa-Mix **S**Styloid Process-Sacks **F**Foramen lacerum-Flour **I**Internal acoustic meatus-In **C**Carotid canal-cans **J**Jugular Foramen-juice Squamous=covered by scales acoustic= sound or hearing meatus= passage or opening zygomatic= prominence of cheek mastoid=breast form Mandibular= pertaining to lower jaw sytloid= long & pointed pen or stylus lacerum=triangular hole carotid= to stupify or make unconscious jugular= throat

Pectoral girdle bones

- Anterior clavicle to posterior scapula - Incomplete rings (girdle) of bone - Supports the upper limb and serves as loose attachment point for various muscles - Flexible due to loose attachments and ball and socket joint of humerus - shoulder joint injuries and broken clavicles are common.

Sternum

- Heart mainly located beneath body of sternum - Chest compressions should be over body rather than xiphoid process - Chest compressions over xiphoid process can cause fatal hemorrhaging due to being forced into the liver or the inferior portion of the heart - xiphoid process remains cartilaginous until adulthood

Radius/Ulna

- Radius positioned on lateral side when in anatomical position (side of thumb - Features of radius - Head (rotation at elbow), radial tuberosity, styloid process of radius, ulnar notch of radius - Ulna positioned on medial side - Features of Ulna - Trochlear notch, radial head of ulna ( articulates with head of radius), olercranon process, coronoid process, styloid process of ulna, head of ulna ( at distal end)

thoracic cage functions

- Support upper limbs and pectoral girdle - Functions in breathing and serves for various music attachment - 12 vertebrae and 12 ribs - True ribs - First 7 pairs of ribs connected to sternum with costal cartilage - False Ribs - Last 5 pairs of ribs, connected indirectly to sternum with costal cartilage or not at all - Floating ribs- T11 and T12 don't connect to sternum at all.

Osteoclasts

- are large multinucleated cells that are related to macrophages. These secrete proteases and acid onto the bone surface to degrade bone. **Bone destroying cells**"Chewing-C"

hip bone (coxal bone)

-3 ossification areas - ilium, ischium and pubis (fuse together during childhood development) - All 3 fuse together at acetabulum, ischium and pubis furse together inferior or obturator foramen) -Acetabulum - deep socket that articulates with head of femur - Obturator foramen - largest foramen in body -passageway for blood vessels and nerves between pelvic and cavity and thigh.

Skeleton Calcium Reserve

-Bones store calcium & other minerals - Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. -Calcium ions are vital to: Membranes, Neurons, Muscle cells (Especially heart cells) -As a calcium reserve, skeleton has primary role in calcium homeostasis -Has direct effect on shape and length of bones. - Release of calcium into blood weakens bones -Deposit of calcium salts Strengthens bones.

Bone Markings

-Depressions or grooves: - along bone surface; things run along them -Projections: - Where tendons and ligaments attach - found at articulations with other bones - Holes and Tunnels - Where blood and nerves enter bone

Bone curvatures

-Primary - Thoracic and sacral - Formed by the time of birth -concave -Secondary - Cervical - Formed by the time baby can hold head up -Lumbar - Formed by the time child can walk - convex

Common Features of Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

-Vertebral Foramen-location of spinal chord (openings) - Body-largest part of vertebra; main support portion - Pedicles- form lateral area of vertebral foamen (connector columns) - Laminae- thin plates forming posterior area of vertebral foramen (above connecting columns, roof-like) -Spinous process-posterior projection (Sticks out and down in lateral position) -Transverse processes-lateral projections (arms) -Facets-articulating surfaces -Superior articular processes-superior projections (camel's back in lateral position) -INferior articulate processes-inferior projections -Inferior vertebral notch-space for nerve passage (half circle opening on bottom in lateral position) - Transverse foramina- only present on cervical vertebrae; passage for blood vessels -Dens (odontoid process) of axis- superior process of C2 and is pivot location at atlas

Osteoblasts

-are cuboidal cells that line the surface of bone. These synthesize the organic matrix of bone (mainly collagen Type 1) and control its mineralization. ***B**Bone Building-generating

Each adult hip bone is formed by three separate bones that fuse together during the late teenage years

. How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone?

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) (looks like bicycle Handlebars)

1) Superior articular Process 2) Transverse process 3) Lamina 4) Spinous process 5) Pedicle 6) Body 7) Inferior Vertebral notch 8) Vertebral Foramen 9) Transverse Foramen 10) Costal facets

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) (Body looks the back of the sofa)

1) Superior articular process 2) Transverse process 3) Lamina 4) Spinous process 5) Pedicle 6) Body 7) INferior vertebral notch 8) Vertebral foramen 9) Transverse foramen 10) Costal Facets

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

1) superior articular process 2) Transverse process 3) Lamina 4) Spinous Process 5) Pedicle 6) Body 7) Inferior vertebral notch 8) Vertebral faramen 9) Transverse Foramen 10) Costal facets

Bone Axis

1)Superior articular facet 2)Vertebral foramen 3)Dens (Odontoid process) 4)Facet that articulates with occipital 5)condyle 6)Tranverse process 7)Transverse foramen 8)Spinosis process 9)Body 10)Posterior tubercle

bone Atlas

1)Superior articular facet 2)vertebral foramen 3)Dens (odontoid process) 4)Facet thatarticulates with occipital 5)condyle 6)Transverse process 7)Transverse Foramen 8)Spinous process 9)Body 10)Posterior Tubercle

Phalanges (foot)

14 bones of the toes - proximal phalanx - middle phalanx (absent in first digit -big toe) -distal phalanx

vertebral column (spine)

26 bones: - Cervical vertebrae (7) - Thoracic vertebrae (12) - Lumbar (5) - Sacrum- five fused vertebrae (1) - Coccyx- 3 to five fused vertebrae (1) -Vertebrae separated by cartilaginous (fibrocartilage) intervertebral discs -Held together by ligaments

structure of vertebral column

33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coccygeal (fused)

Frontal Bone (anterior view)

A Function:roofs the orbits and contributes to the anterior cranial fossa which holds the large frontal lobes of the brain

anterior nasal spine

A V-shaped radiopaque area located at the intersection of the floor of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum

It would make the bones spongy and brittle at the same time, decrease their strength and would like alter their shape depending on aggressiveness of the tumor.

A bone tumor disrupts the normal structure of osteons, replacing the organized rings with disorganized irregular masses of bone. How will this affect the ability of a bone to perform its functions?

carotic canal

A canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone that transmits the internal carotid artery and the internal carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves.

Tuberosity of bone

A large more prominent tubercle.

foramen magnum

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

vertebral column

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord. - Atlas (C1) -Axis (C2) - Vertebral prominence (C7) - spinous process elongated and easily palpated as a surface feature - Transverse foramina for passageways of blood vessels serving the brain

Tubercle of bone

A small rounded projection where muscles attach

Bone Marrow

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells

Radius

A straight line from the center to the circumference of a circle or sphere.

anterior fontanelle closes by...posterior by..

AF -18 months, PF - 6-8 weeks

Bone Depressions

Alveolus, Fossa, Sulcus

protuberance of bone

An outgrowth from a bone due to repetitive pull from a muscle.

Bone Ramus

Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure.

tarsals (ankle bones)

Ankle Bones. 7 Bones -Proximal -calcaneus, talus, navicular -Distal -cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate (middle) cuneiform and medial cuneiform

Meatus in bone

Another name for a canal

Sulcus of bone

Another name for a narrow groove in a bone

Process of bone

Any bony projection; generally the site of muscle attachment

bone process

Any marked or boney prominence

lining cells

Are former osteoblasts that are flattened and no longer form bone. These line the entire bone surface.

mandibular condyle

Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Dorsiflexion

Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot

human skeleton

Begin to locate and label the major bones of the human skeleton

middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone

Bone between the superior and inferior conchae

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Plane joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, ball and socket joint

Classify joints based on structure and function

Dense bone (compact bone)

Compact bone: calcified matrix arranged in osteons (concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal containing blood vessels) Spongy bone: lacks the organization of compact bone; contains macroscopic spaces; bone arranged in a meshwork pattern.

No, they could not provide stability if they were freely movable.

Could a fibrous joint perform its functions if it were a diarthrosis? Explain your reasoning.

central canal (bone tissue)

Cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon & runs parallel to it.

Nasal Bone (lateral view)

D Function: form bridge of nose

Alveolus

Deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible

pubic smphysis, sacral joint, sacroilliac joint

Describe the articulations and ligaments that unite the four bones of the pelvis to each other.

epiphyseal plate

Describe the structure and function of the epiphyseal plate?

It is wider and the pubic symphysis is set up for the spreading of the hips to allow for a child to pass through.

Discuss the ways in which the female pelvis is adapted for childbirth.

compact and spongy bone

Distinguish between compact and spongy bone

appendicular and axial skeleton

Distinguish between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

true ribs, false ribs

Distinguish between true ribs and false ribs

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Distinguish the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum and coccyx.

providing structural support for the cells embedded within a tissue, the extracellular matrix guides their division, growth, and development.

Explain the role of extracellular matrix in the function of osseous tissue.

True/False: The periosteum contains osteoblasts and osteocytes

False, they contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts

True/False: Circumferential lamellae are located between osteons.

False- Interstitial lamellae are located between the osteons.

True/False: Osteoclasts secrete bone matrix?

False: Osteoblasts secrete bone extracellular matrix.

Fossa

Flattened or shallow depression

External oblique muscle

Function: Compresses abdomen, Insertion: Midline of abdomen, Origin: Lower thoracic cage

Circumducting joints: shoulders, and hips Rotation joints: head, neck, lower limbs

Give examples of joints where: a)both circumduction and rotation can occur b) circumduction but not rotation can occur. c) rotation but not circumduction can occur.

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Compact Bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone makes up 80% of bone mass

Foramen in bone

Hole in a bone through which a structure such as a nerve or blood vessel passes.

non-axial: does not move around on an axis. Instead the bones glide past on another. uniaxial: joints that allow motion in one plane or direction around a single axis biaxial: Joints that allow motion in two planes around two axes of motion. multiaxial: joints that move in multiple planes around three axes of motion.

How do nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial synovial joints differ?

The synovial fluid would have no place to go, the bones would not glide past each other and there would be no place for nutrients to reach the bones

How would the function of synovial joints be changed if they lacked joint cavitieis? Explain

synovial joints

Identify structures associated with synovial joints

Long bone

Identify the parts of the long bone

osseous tissue

Identify the structures and components of osseous tissue?

thoracic cage

Identify the structures and functions of the thoracic cage

vertebral column functions

Identify the structures and functions of the vertebral column

knee and shoulder joints

Identify the structures of knee and shoulder joints

Secreting synovial fluid means there is less fluid in the synovial cavity which causes no buffer to the joints or nutrition. Also causes inflammation.

In the condition synovitis the synovial membrane secretes excess synovial fluid. How might this affect the function of a synovial joint?

pubic arch

Inverted V-shaped arch inferior to pubic symphysis. Over 90° in females, and about 60° in males.

Hyperextension of arm

Is normal and should be seen on phys exam of shoulder

Structure of synovial joint

Joint (articular capsule) - Fibrous capsule- dense connective tissue - synovial membrane- secretes synovial fluid Articular cartilage covers bone surface w/ the joint Ligaments and tendons cross synovial joints

Trochanter of bone

Large bony projection to which muscles attach; only examples are in the femus (thigh bone)

cranial sutures

Locate and label the major sutures of the cranium

skull bones

Locate and lable the bones of the skull

skull sinuses

Locate and lable the sinuses of the skull

Vertebra

Locate the features of the vertebra

pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Locate/identify the bones and major features of the pectoral girdle and the bones of the upper limbs

Pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Locate/identify the bones and major features of the pelvic girdle and bones of the lower limbs

a) named for length b) longer than they are wide

Long bones are

Groove of bone

Long, typically shallow depression that usually allows a nerve or blood vessel to travel along the bone's surface.

estrogen deficiency

Low calcium diet, slow bone growth, Thin brittle bone -Estrogen is essential for healthy bone, and that when the production of estrogen is reduced (in postmenopausal women and exposure to radiation or chemotherapeutic drugs) bones become brittle and break easily.

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

Explain how the structure of compact bone relates to its function?

Makes 80% of total bone mass and provides structure and protection

Maxilla (palatine process)

Maxilla, hard palate roof of mouth

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

external occipital protuberance

Name this bony landmark.

clavicle (collar bone)

Name this entire bone.

Sacrum

Name this entire bone. 1) Superior articular process 2) Sacral promontory 3) Anterior sacral foramen 4) coccyx -co2 -co3 -co4 Anterior view 1) Sacral canal 2) Location of sacroiliac joint 3) Median sacral crest 4) Posterior sacral foramen 5) sacral hiatus 6) Coccyx Posterior view

foramen lacerum

Name this foramen.

foramen rotundum

Name this foramen.

mental foramen

Name this foramen.

supraorbital foramen

Name this foramen.

bone line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

bone Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone. It occupies a small chamber called a lacuna, which is contained in the calcified matrix of bone

Osteocytes are located in?

Osteogeneis Imperfecta: is a rare disorder caused by one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation or a poor quality of collagen. As a result, bone matrix has decreased flexibility and is more easily broken than normal bone.

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a congenital condition in which collagen synthesis is defective. Of the three samples of bone you tested, which is most similar to the bones in osteogenesis imperfecta? What symptoms would you expect to find in this disease? -

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

PTH: Rising Ca2+ in blood inhibits PTH release -Target organs that respont to PTH or its effects -Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted into bloodstream -Osteoclasts reabsorb bone tissue, degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood.

Supination

Palm up

Temporal Bone (petrous part)

Part that contains inner ear Most highly ossified bone in body. A long ridge lateral to the foramen magnum.

Canal in bone

Passageway through a bone

perforating canals

Perpendicular to the central canal Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

Bone spine

Pointed slender process

Axial Skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Epicondyle

Projection or raised area adjacent to a condyle

Circumduction: refers to a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball and socket joint or the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Rotation: is movement in which something, e.g. a bone or a whole limb, pivots or revolves around a single long axis.

Regarding circumduction and rotation: compare and contrast circumduction and rotation.

False ribs

Ribs 8-12

Line of bone

Ridge along a bone where a muscle attaches.

Crest of bone

Ridge along a bone; generally a site of muscle attachment.

medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline

Condyle of bone

Round end of a bone that fits into a fossa or facet of another bone or joint.

Head of bone

Rounded end of the bone that fits into a fossa to form a joint.

frontal sinus

SINUS LOCATED IN THE FOREHEAD OF THE SKULL

Fovea of bone

Shallow pit; often the site for the attachment of a ligament.

Fossa (bone marking)

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Bones are classified by

Shape: **Long bones: femur, humerus, phalanges** **Short bones: carpals, tarsals, sesamoid** **Flat bones: ribs, scapula, strunum, most cranial bones** **Irregular bones: vertebra, some facial bones-sphenoid** - resists stresses produced by weight & movement

Elevation of shoulders

Short upper traps and levator scapulae and weak lower and middle traps

Fissure in bone

Slit within a bone or between bones.

Facet

Small flat shallow articulating surface

Epicondyle of bone

Small projection usually proximal to a condyle; generally the site of muscle attachment.

sutural bones

Small, irregular bones Found between the flat bones of the skull

Glabella

Smooth area between the eyes

Trochlea

Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process

ball and socket synovial joints

Sphere head fits into rounded socket multiaxial most moveable joints ie hips and shoulders

Types of joints

Structural - Fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial Functional - Synarthrosis -Amphiarthrosis - Diarthrosis

Supraorbital Fissure

Structures that pass through it: "Luscious French Tarts Sit Naked In Anticipation Of Sex." Lacrimal nerve, Frontal nerve, Trochlear nerve, Superior branch of oculomotor nerve, Nasociliary nerve, Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve, Abducent nerve, Ophthalmic veins, Sympathetic nerves

nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion

joint capsule; synovial fluid

Synovial joints are surrounded by a/an?

coccal bone

Tail bone

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

The _________ houses the pituitary gland (hypophysis) and is found in the ____________.

Peak Bone Mass

The amount of bony tissue present at the end of the skeletal maturation, is an important determinant of osteoporotic fracture risk. -Amount of bone tissue in the skeleton, known as bone mass, can keep growing until around age 30. At that point, bones have reached their maximum strength and density.

Ribs

The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs. - Tramsverse Process - Tibercle - Neck - Head - Shaft - Anterior end (Sternal End) - Facet location between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra - Facet locations between the head of the rib and the body of a thoracic vertebra

iliac fossa

The broad, slightly concave inner surface of the ilium.

sacroiliac joint

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column.

baked in oven bone symptoms: lack of vitamin D and calcium causes brittle bones, lack of bone density and strength, fracture easily and bad posture.

The disease osteoporosis often results from insufficient intake of dietary calcium salts. Of the three samples of bone you tested, which is the most similar to the bones in osteoporosis? What symptoms would you expect to find in this disease?

No, because it is not a lack of calcium but rather a lack of vitamin C that causes scurvy.

The disease scurvy, caused by a deficiency in vitamin C, leads to an inability to synthesis the protein collagen. Would prescribing calcium salts help treat the primary bone problem in this disease? Why or why not?

bone is made up of Cells and Extracellular matrix: ... Almost 70% of bone is made up of bone mineral called hydroxyapatite. Before the extracellular matrix is calcified, the tissue is called osteoid (bone-like) tissue.

The extracellular matrix of bone consists of ?

floating ribs (11-12)

The floating ribs are a type of false rib that does not have an attachment to the sternum.

ilium and pubis

The ischial spine is found between which of the following structures?

pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

The land mark on the sphenoid bone for the attachment of many muscles of mastication...

The zone of ossification of the epiphyseal plate is?

The last zone which contains calcified chondrocytes and osteoblasts, which blend with the diaphyseal bone.

interior nasal conchae

The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.

provide stability between two joints

The main function of a fibrous joint is to?

when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, it also throws off homeostasis because too much is being reabsorbed into the bone.

The maintenance of healthy bone depends upon the balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Predict what would happen if Osteoclast activity exceeded osteoblast activity?

If osteoblast activity exceeded osteoclast activity it would break down bone too fast for the osteoclasts to keep up throwing off homeostasis calcitonin therefore would not be able to absorb calcium and osteoporosis would therefore set in. You pee it out in your urine.

The maintenance of healthy bone depends upon the balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Predict what would happen if osteoblast activity exceeded osteoclast activity?

Tibia

The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg. -Larger of the two, medial bone of leg -Attaches to thigh and knee at the knee joint.

supraorbital margin

The superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone.

True/False: spongy bone houses red and yellow bone marrow?

True

True

True/False: Articular discs provide a smooth, nearly frictionless surface for articulation

True

True/False: Bursae improve the fit between two bones in a synovial joint?

False

True/False: Fluid -filled sacs called ligaments often lie between tendons and the joint capsule of a synovial joint

True

True/False: The articulating ends of the bones in a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage

False

True/False: The tendon sheath of a synovial joint is lined with a synovial membrane?

Meatus

Tube-like passageway through a bone

abduction/adduction, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, flexion/extension/hyperextension, lateral flexion, rotation, circumduction, supination/pronation, eversion/inversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression

What are the types of joint movements?

olfactory foramina of ethmoid bone

What are these holes called that are located on the Cribriform Plate?

The surfaces of bones bear projections, depressions, ridges, and various other features. A process (projection) on one bone may fit with a depression on a second bone to form a joint. Another process allows for the attachment of a muscle or ligament. Grooves and openings provide passageways for blood vessels or nerves.

What is the general function of a bone projection?

inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

What is this called and what bone is it apart of?

The scapular muscles and tendons

When the shoulder dislocates, it most commonly dislocates posteriorly, meaning that the joint capsule tears on the posterior side of the head of the humerus pushes partly out through the capsule. why do you think posterior capsule more commonly tears? (Hint: Consider the structure of the capsule and look at the ligaments of the shoulder joint)

Most stable: synarthrosis -no movement Least Stable: diarthrosis- freely movable

Which class of synovial joint do you think would be the most stable? Which class would be the least stable? Explain your choices.

ilium

Which component forms the superior part of the hip bone?

one bone rotates around another bone

Which of the following correctly describes a pivot joint?

The convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone.

Which of the following describes a hinge joint correctly.

Ischium

Which of the following supports body weight when sitting?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDIGll5wzZs This tests her ligaments. I have had this test. An orthopedic surgeon was able to tell I had possibly torn my left ACL dancing and playing volleyball. He was able to pop it out the wrong way. Upon surgery he found it was completely severed and had to reconstruct my ACL with titanium pins.

Your friend is on the basketball court when she is pushed over the leg of a fallen player and lands on the court on her bent knee. She tries to get up, but immediately realizes something is wrong. The trainer examines her knee and finds excessive motion with the posterior drawer test. What has happened? Explain the results of the posterior drawer test.

Osteocytes

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. - are derived from osteoblasts. They live embedded in bone and have long projections that allow communication with other bone cells. **Mature bone cells** Spider shaped and maintain bone tissue

occipital bone (skull)

a cranial dermal bone, and is the main bone of the back and lower part of the skull

Periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

Osteoporosis

a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk.

fissure

a narrow, slit-like opening through a bone

Haversian system (osteon)

a system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone

adduction of hip

action of adductor magnus

Ampiarthrosis

allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones

optic canal

allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye

maxilla zygomatic process

articulates with zygomatic bone

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

belowed raised ridge

sagittal suture of the skull

between parietal bones

External Intercostals muscles

between ribs conract during inhalation, relax during exhalation

Temporal bone

bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There is a right and left temporal bone.

Phalanges (hand)

bones of the fingers

Metatarsals (top of foot)

bones of the foot between ankle and toes - Numbered, beginning w/ 1 @ big toe

Metacarpals

bones of the hand beyond the wrist bones

lambdoid suture of the skull

bottom horizontal, separates occipital bone from parietal bones

retraction of mandible

bringing backward of the lower jaw

external acoustic meatus

canal leading to eardrum and middle ear: tympanic region marking of the temporal bone

bone markings openings and spaces

canal, fissure, foramen, sinus

Bone sinus

cavity or hollow space within a bone

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

thoracic cage-name bones

chest or rib cage; protects thoracic organs and upper abdominal cavity a) Clavicle b) Scapula 1) True ribs 2) false ribs 4) clavicular notch 5) Jugular notch 6) Sternal angle 7) Manubrium (of sternum) 8) Body (of Sternum) 9) Xiphoid process (of sternum) 10) costal cartilage 11) Floating ribs

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

perforating fibers

collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone matrix

The epiphyseal line is?

composed of hyaline cartilage

Articulating surfaces

condyle, facet, head, trochlea

posterior cranial fossa

contains the cerebellum

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

skull

cranium

Projections for tendon and ligament attachment

crest, epicondyle, line, process, ramus, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

Parts of a long bone

diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum

palatine bone

either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits

distal epiphysis

end of the bone located farthest away from the midline

carpals and tarsals

examples of short bones

lower limb bones

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

eversion of foot, plantar flexion at ankle

fibularis longus function

true ribs

first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum

Brachioradialis muscle

flexes forearm at elbow

ethmoid bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

vomer bone

forms the base for the nasal septum

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

functional classification of joints

Lucunae

gap, small cavities with osteocytes

middle cranial fossa

holds the temporal lobes of the brain

mandibular body

horizontal portion; forms the chin

pelvic girdle bones

ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum -2 hip bones -Articulate anteriorly at pubic symphysis - Articulate posteriorly at a sacroiliac joing -Pelvis consists of pelvic girdle, coccyx and sacrum -Pelvis -Provides trunk of body support and serves as attachment for lower limbs - Protects and supports viscera in pelvic region of abdominopelvic cavity. - Pelvic outlet is important during childbirth - Acetabulum articulates with head of femur.

Petella

knee cap

Tuberosity

large, rough projection

Condyle

large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure

short bone

length and width about equal

Ischial spine

located superior to the ischial tuberosity and projects medially into the pelvic cavity

long bones

longer than they are wide

Mandible

lower jaw bone; only moveable bone in the face and cranium

Internal Intercostal muscles

lowers the rib cage during forced expiration

Bones of the Ear (Ossicles)

malleus, incus, stapes

trochanter

massive, rough projection found only on the femur

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

Rectus abdominis muscle

midline abdominal muscles extending from rib cage to pubic bone

medial excursion

movement back to the median, zero position

Protraction

moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground

plantarflexion of foot

moving the sole of the foot posteriorly (pointing the toe)

Flexor carpi radialis muscle

muscle in the lateral portion of the forearm when the thumb is turned outward

flexor carpi muscles

muscles of the anterior side of the forearm that act to flex and abduct the hand

Salcus

narrow groove

foramen spinosum of sphenoid bone

opening through which blood vessels pass that feed membranes surrounding the CNS

infraorbital foramen

opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves and blood vessels the the nasal region

Pronation

palm down

bone canal

passageway through a bone

epiphyseal plate/line

plate of hyaline cartilage in the epiphysis; site of bone elongation during childhood and adolescence; ossifies to a line of compact bone after puberty

styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal and forming a part of the eye orbits

mandibular angle

posterior point at which ramus meets the body

bone head

prominent rounded epiphysis

Function of the Vertebral Column

protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

parietal bone of skull

resembles a sandwich of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

Lamellae (compact bone)

rings of bone matrix within an osteon

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Foramen

rounded passageway through a bone

coronal suture of the skull

separates frontal and parietal bones

Dyaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Deltoid (muscles that move the arm)

shoulder

Scapula

shoulder blade

Squamous Suture (Skull)

side vertical, separates parietal from temporal

skull orbital bones

skull bones that comprise the orbit of the eyes

calvaria

skull cap

Lacrimal bone

small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts

Tubercle

small rounded projection

facet of bone

small, flattened articular surface

foramen ovale bone

sphenoid bone

Explain how the structure of spongy bone relates to its function

spongy bone is found on the insidde of a bone and consists of a latticework type structure which houses other important tissues like bone marrow, blood cells, and adipose tissue. This is where nutrients supplies the bone.

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

structural classification of joints

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone - consists of a central (Haversian) canal with concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi

pelvic inlet

superior opening of true pelvis; bordered by pelvic brim

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

superior portion of the bony nasal septum

crista galli of ethmoid bone

superior projection in the middle of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; providing a point of attachment for the dura mater, helping to secure the brain within the skull

Zygomatic bone

the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek

pubic symphysis

the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

mandibular fossa

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

proximal epiphysis

the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

Epiphysis

the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

Range of Motion (ROM)

the movement of a joint to the extent possible without causing pain

Fibia

the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg - Later bone of leg

illiac crest

the upper curved edge of the ilium; has anterior (anterior iliac spine) and posterior projections

Femur

thigh bone, longest bone in the body -strongest bone of the body - Neck of femur is at lateral angle and is the weakest part of the bone - greater trochanter can be palpated along proximal and lateral region, one hand length below iliac crest. - Later and medial epicondyles can be palpated near the knee. - 3 Segments - Head, fovea, neck, greater trochanter and lesser trochanter -Shaft - Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera -Distal features - Lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, lateral condyle, medial condyle

Flat bone

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

Inversion of the foot at the ankle:

tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior

Posterior Fontanelle

triangular n shape jx of sutures of the 2 parietal bones and 1 occiptal bone closes 6-8 weeks post delivery

True/False: compact bone is the hard outer bone?

true

Humerous

upper arm bone

Maxilla

upper jaw

Irregular bones

vertebrae and facial bones

mandibular ramus

vertical extension of the body on either side

Carpals

wrist bones -Phlanges -Distal, middle, proximal - First digit (Thumb) - Distal Phalanx, Proximal Phalanx Metacarpals - Thumb- 1st metacarpal - Pointer - 2nd metacarpal - middleman- 3rd metacarpal - ringman- 4th metacarpal - pinky - 5th metacarpal - Trapezium (next to thumb) -scaphoid (under trapezium) - trapezoid (left of trapezium) -Capitate )left of trapezoid) -Hamate (left of capitate) - Triquetrum (under capitate) -Pisiform (left of Triquetrum)

pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

• Clavicles and the scapulae - Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton - Provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs