ANAT 211 @ CWI The Bones
Spongy Bone
(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution --Supports soft structures; protects vital organs; provides levers for movement; stores calcium and phosphorus. Spongy bone is the sight of hemopoiesis -consists of spicules which are slivers of bone, trabeculae which are thin plates of bone, and the spaces are filled with red bone marrow. They have few osteons and no central canals. They provide strength with very little mass.
lateral flexion of spine
(side bending) movement of head and/or trunk laterally away from midline; abduction of spine
base of cranial cavity
**A**Anterior cranial Fossa - **Aunt** **M**Middle cranial Fossa- **Mary's** **P** Posterior cranial Fossa-**Post** Anterior=Front Posterior=back cranial=skull Fossa = trench or ditch
frontal bone of skull
**G** Glabella- Gabriella **S**Supraorbital foramen-Superorbit Formen **F** Frontal sinuses- Front sin\ Glabella= bald or smooth supra= above Orbit = curved trajectory Foramen= opening or hole sinuses = system of hollow cavities in the skull
Parietal bones
**S**Sagittal suture- Sad **C** Coronal suture- Cat **L** Lambdoid suture - lounges **S** Squamous suture - Softly Sagittal= parallel plane dividing L&R Coronal=plane that divides dorsal & ventral lambdoid= greek lambda=30 anonymous function in calculus Squamous= covered by scales suture= a stitch or row of stiches holding together the edges of a wound or incision
Temporal bones of cranium
**S**Squamous region-Suzie **E**External acoustic meatus-Explained **Z**Zygomatic Process-Zac **M**Mastoid Process-Might **M**Mandibular Fossa-Mix **S**Styloid Process-Sacks **F**Foramen lacerum-Flour **I**Internal acoustic meatus-In **C**Carotid canal-cans **J**Jugular Foramen-juice Squamous=covered by scales acoustic= sound or hearing meatus= passage or opening zygomatic= prominence of cheek mastoid=breast form Mandibular= pertaining to lower jaw sytloid= long & pointed pen or stylus lacerum=triangular hole carotid= to stupify or make unconscious jugular= throat
Pectoral girdle bones
- Anterior clavicle to posterior scapula - Incomplete rings (girdle) of bone - Supports the upper limb and serves as loose attachment point for various muscles - Flexible due to loose attachments and ball and socket joint of humerus - shoulder joint injuries and broken clavicles are common.
Sternum
- Heart mainly located beneath body of sternum - Chest compressions should be over body rather than xiphoid process - Chest compressions over xiphoid process can cause fatal hemorrhaging due to being forced into the liver or the inferior portion of the heart - xiphoid process remains cartilaginous until adulthood
Radius/Ulna
- Radius positioned on lateral side when in anatomical position (side of thumb - Features of radius - Head (rotation at elbow), radial tuberosity, styloid process of radius, ulnar notch of radius - Ulna positioned on medial side - Features of Ulna - Trochlear notch, radial head of ulna ( articulates with head of radius), olercranon process, coronoid process, styloid process of ulna, head of ulna ( at distal end)
thoracic cage functions
- Support upper limbs and pectoral girdle - Functions in breathing and serves for various music attachment - 12 vertebrae and 12 ribs - True ribs - First 7 pairs of ribs connected to sternum with costal cartilage - False Ribs - Last 5 pairs of ribs, connected indirectly to sternum with costal cartilage or not at all - Floating ribs- T11 and T12 don't connect to sternum at all.
Osteoclasts
- are large multinucleated cells that are related to macrophages. These secrete proteases and acid onto the bone surface to degrade bone. **Bone destroying cells**"Chewing-C"
hip bone (coxal bone)
-3 ossification areas - ilium, ischium and pubis (fuse together during childhood development) - All 3 fuse together at acetabulum, ischium and pubis furse together inferior or obturator foramen) -Acetabulum - deep socket that articulates with head of femur - Obturator foramen - largest foramen in body -passageway for blood vessels and nerves between pelvic and cavity and thigh.
Skeleton Calcium Reserve
-Bones store calcium & other minerals - Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. -Calcium ions are vital to: Membranes, Neurons, Muscle cells (Especially heart cells) -As a calcium reserve, skeleton has primary role in calcium homeostasis -Has direct effect on shape and length of bones. - Release of calcium into blood weakens bones -Deposit of calcium salts Strengthens bones.
Bone Markings
-Depressions or grooves: - along bone surface; things run along them -Projections: - Where tendons and ligaments attach - found at articulations with other bones - Holes and Tunnels - Where blood and nerves enter bone
Bone curvatures
-Primary - Thoracic and sacral - Formed by the time of birth -concave -Secondary - Cervical - Formed by the time baby can hold head up -Lumbar - Formed by the time child can walk - convex
Common Features of Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
-Vertebral Foramen-location of spinal chord (openings) - Body-largest part of vertebra; main support portion - Pedicles- form lateral area of vertebral foamen (connector columns) - Laminae- thin plates forming posterior area of vertebral foramen (above connecting columns, roof-like) -Spinous process-posterior projection (Sticks out and down in lateral position) -Transverse processes-lateral projections (arms) -Facets-articulating surfaces -Superior articular processes-superior projections (camel's back in lateral position) -INferior articulate processes-inferior projections -Inferior vertebral notch-space for nerve passage (half circle opening on bottom in lateral position) - Transverse foramina- only present on cervical vertebrae; passage for blood vessels -Dens (odontoid process) of axis- superior process of C2 and is pivot location at atlas
Osteoblasts
-are cuboidal cells that line the surface of bone. These synthesize the organic matrix of bone (mainly collagen Type 1) and control its mineralization. ***B**Bone Building-generating
Each adult hip bone is formed by three separate bones that fuse together during the late teenage years
. How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone?
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) (looks like bicycle Handlebars)
1) Superior articular Process 2) Transverse process 3) Lamina 4) Spinous process 5) Pedicle 6) Body 7) Inferior Vertebral notch 8) Vertebral Foramen 9) Transverse Foramen 10) Costal facets
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) (Body looks the back of the sofa)
1) Superior articular process 2) Transverse process 3) Lamina 4) Spinous process 5) Pedicle 6) Body 7) INferior vertebral notch 8) Vertebral foramen 9) Transverse foramen 10) Costal Facets
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)
1) superior articular process 2) Transverse process 3) Lamina 4) Spinous Process 5) Pedicle 6) Body 7) Inferior vertebral notch 8) Vertebral faramen 9) Transverse Foramen 10) Costal facets
Bone Axis
1)Superior articular facet 2)Vertebral foramen 3)Dens (Odontoid process) 4)Facet that articulates with occipital 5)condyle 6)Tranverse process 7)Transverse foramen 8)Spinosis process 9)Body 10)Posterior tubercle
bone Atlas
1)Superior articular facet 2)vertebral foramen 3)Dens (odontoid process) 4)Facet thatarticulates with occipital 5)condyle 6)Transverse process 7)Transverse Foramen 8)Spinous process 9)Body 10)Posterior Tubercle
Phalanges (foot)
14 bones of the toes - proximal phalanx - middle phalanx (absent in first digit -big toe) -distal phalanx
vertebral column (spine)
26 bones: - Cervical vertebrae (7) - Thoracic vertebrae (12) - Lumbar (5) - Sacrum- five fused vertebrae (1) - Coccyx- 3 to five fused vertebrae (1) -Vertebrae separated by cartilaginous (fibrocartilage) intervertebral discs -Held together by ligaments
structure of vertebral column
33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coccygeal (fused)
Frontal Bone (anterior view)
A Function:roofs the orbits and contributes to the anterior cranial fossa which holds the large frontal lobes of the brain
anterior nasal spine
A V-shaped radiopaque area located at the intersection of the floor of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum
It would make the bones spongy and brittle at the same time, decrease their strength and would like alter their shape depending on aggressiveness of the tumor.
A bone tumor disrupts the normal structure of osteons, replacing the organized rings with disorganized irregular masses of bone. How will this affect the ability of a bone to perform its functions?
carotic canal
A canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone that transmits the internal carotid artery and the internal carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves.
Tuberosity of bone
A large more prominent tubercle.
foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
vertebral column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord. - Atlas (C1) -Axis (C2) - Vertebral prominence (C7) - spinous process elongated and easily palpated as a surface feature - Transverse foramina for passageways of blood vessels serving the brain
Tubercle of bone
A small rounded projection where muscles attach
Bone Marrow
A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
Radius
A straight line from the center to the circumference of a circle or sphere.
anterior fontanelle closes by...posterior by..
AF -18 months, PF - 6-8 weeks
Bone Depressions
Alveolus, Fossa, Sulcus
protuberance of bone
An outgrowth from a bone due to repetitive pull from a muscle.
Bone Ramus
Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure.
tarsals (ankle bones)
Ankle Bones. 7 Bones -Proximal -calcaneus, talus, navicular -Distal -cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate (middle) cuneiform and medial cuneiform
Meatus in bone
Another name for a canal
Sulcus of bone
Another name for a narrow groove in a bone
Process of bone
Any bony projection; generally the site of muscle attachment
bone process
Any marked or boney prominence
lining cells
Are former osteoblasts that are flattened and no longer form bone. These line the entire bone surface.
mandibular condyle
Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Dorsiflexion
Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot
human skeleton
Begin to locate and label the major bones of the human skeleton
middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone
Bone between the superior and inferior conchae
appendicular skeleton
Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton
Plane joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, ball and socket joint
Classify joints based on structure and function
Dense bone (compact bone)
Compact bone: calcified matrix arranged in osteons (concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal containing blood vessels) Spongy bone: lacks the organization of compact bone; contains macroscopic spaces; bone arranged in a meshwork pattern.
No, they could not provide stability if they were freely movable.
Could a fibrous joint perform its functions if it were a diarthrosis? Explain your reasoning.
central canal (bone tissue)
Cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon & runs parallel to it.
Nasal Bone (lateral view)
D Function: form bridge of nose
Alveolus
Deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
pubic smphysis, sacral joint, sacroilliac joint
Describe the articulations and ligaments that unite the four bones of the pelvis to each other.
epiphyseal plate
Describe the structure and function of the epiphyseal plate?
It is wider and the pubic symphysis is set up for the spreading of the hips to allow for a child to pass through.
Discuss the ways in which the female pelvis is adapted for childbirth.
compact and spongy bone
Distinguish between compact and spongy bone
appendicular and axial skeleton
Distinguish between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
true ribs, false ribs
Distinguish between true ribs and false ribs
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Distinguish the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum and coccyx.
providing structural support for the cells embedded within a tissue, the extracellular matrix guides their division, growth, and development.
Explain the role of extracellular matrix in the function of osseous tissue.
True/False: The periosteum contains osteoblasts and osteocytes
False, they contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts
True/False: Circumferential lamellae are located between osteons.
False- Interstitial lamellae are located between the osteons.
True/False: Osteoclasts secrete bone matrix?
False: Osteoblasts secrete bone extracellular matrix.
Fossa
Flattened or shallow depression
External oblique muscle
Function: Compresses abdomen, Insertion: Midline of abdomen, Origin: Lower thoracic cage
Circumducting joints: shoulders, and hips Rotation joints: head, neck, lower limbs
Give examples of joints where: a)both circumduction and rotation can occur b) circumduction but not rotation can occur. c) rotation but not circumduction can occur.
Canaliculi
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Compact Bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone makes up 80% of bone mass
Foramen in bone
Hole in a bone through which a structure such as a nerve or blood vessel passes.
non-axial: does not move around on an axis. Instead the bones glide past on another. uniaxial: joints that allow motion in one plane or direction around a single axis biaxial: Joints that allow motion in two planes around two axes of motion. multiaxial: joints that move in multiple planes around three axes of motion.
How do nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial synovial joints differ?
The synovial fluid would have no place to go, the bones would not glide past each other and there would be no place for nutrients to reach the bones
How would the function of synovial joints be changed if they lacked joint cavitieis? Explain
synovial joints
Identify structures associated with synovial joints
Long bone
Identify the parts of the long bone
osseous tissue
Identify the structures and components of osseous tissue?
thoracic cage
Identify the structures and functions of the thoracic cage
vertebral column functions
Identify the structures and functions of the vertebral column
knee and shoulder joints
Identify the structures of knee and shoulder joints
Secreting synovial fluid means there is less fluid in the synovial cavity which causes no buffer to the joints or nutrition. Also causes inflammation.
In the condition synovitis the synovial membrane secretes excess synovial fluid. How might this affect the function of a synovial joint?
pubic arch
Inverted V-shaped arch inferior to pubic symphysis. Over 90° in females, and about 60° in males.
Hyperextension of arm
Is normal and should be seen on phys exam of shoulder
Structure of synovial joint
Joint (articular capsule) - Fibrous capsule- dense connective tissue - synovial membrane- secretes synovial fluid Articular cartilage covers bone surface w/ the joint Ligaments and tendons cross synovial joints
Trochanter of bone
Large bony projection to which muscles attach; only examples are in the femus (thigh bone)
cranial sutures
Locate and label the major sutures of the cranium
skull bones
Locate and lable the bones of the skull
skull sinuses
Locate and lable the sinuses of the skull
Vertebra
Locate the features of the vertebra
pectoral girdle and upper limbs
Locate/identify the bones and major features of the pectoral girdle and the bones of the upper limbs
Pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Locate/identify the bones and major features of the pelvic girdle and bones of the lower limbs
a) named for length b) longer than they are wide
Long bones are
Groove of bone
Long, typically shallow depression that usually allows a nerve or blood vessel to travel along the bone's surface.
estrogen deficiency
Low calcium diet, slow bone growth, Thin brittle bone -Estrogen is essential for healthy bone, and that when the production of estrogen is reduced (in postmenopausal women and exposure to radiation or chemotherapeutic drugs) bones become brittle and break easily.
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels
Explain how the structure of compact bone relates to its function?
Makes 80% of total bone mass and provides structure and protection
Maxilla (palatine process)
Maxilla, hard palate roof of mouth
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
external occipital protuberance
Name this bony landmark.
clavicle (collar bone)
Name this entire bone.
Sacrum
Name this entire bone. 1) Superior articular process 2) Sacral promontory 3) Anterior sacral foramen 4) coccyx -co2 -co3 -co4 Anterior view 1) Sacral canal 2) Location of sacroiliac joint 3) Median sacral crest 4) Posterior sacral foramen 5) sacral hiatus 6) Coccyx Posterior view
foramen lacerum
Name this foramen.
foramen rotundum
Name this foramen.
mental foramen
Name this foramen.
supraorbital foramen
Name this foramen.
bone line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
bone Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone. It occupies a small chamber called a lacuna, which is contained in the calcified matrix of bone
Osteocytes are located in?
Osteogeneis Imperfecta: is a rare disorder caused by one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation or a poor quality of collagen. As a result, bone matrix has decreased flexibility and is more easily broken than normal bone.
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a congenital condition in which collagen synthesis is defective. Of the three samples of bone you tested, which is most similar to the bones in osteogenesis imperfecta? What symptoms would you expect to find in this disease? -
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
PTH: Rising Ca2+ in blood inhibits PTH release -Target organs that respont to PTH or its effects -Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted into bloodstream -Osteoclasts reabsorb bone tissue, degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood.
Supination
Palm up
Temporal Bone (petrous part)
Part that contains inner ear Most highly ossified bone in body. A long ridge lateral to the foramen magnum.
Canal in bone
Passageway through a bone
perforating canals
Perpendicular to the central canal Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
Bone spine
Pointed slender process
Axial Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Epicondyle
Projection or raised area adjacent to a condyle
Circumduction: refers to a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball and socket joint or the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Rotation: is movement in which something, e.g. a bone or a whole limb, pivots or revolves around a single long axis.
Regarding circumduction and rotation: compare and contrast circumduction and rotation.
False ribs
Ribs 8-12
Line of bone
Ridge along a bone where a muscle attaches.
Crest of bone
Ridge along a bone; generally a site of muscle attachment.
medial rotation
Rotation toward the midline
Condyle of bone
Round end of a bone that fits into a fossa or facet of another bone or joint.
Head of bone
Rounded end of the bone that fits into a fossa to form a joint.
frontal sinus
SINUS LOCATED IN THE FOREHEAD OF THE SKULL
Fovea of bone
Shallow pit; often the site for the attachment of a ligament.
Fossa (bone marking)
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Bones are classified by
Shape: **Long bones: femur, humerus, phalanges** **Short bones: carpals, tarsals, sesamoid** **Flat bones: ribs, scapula, strunum, most cranial bones** **Irregular bones: vertebra, some facial bones-sphenoid** - resists stresses produced by weight & movement
Elevation of shoulders
Short upper traps and levator scapulae and weak lower and middle traps
Fissure in bone
Slit within a bone or between bones.
Facet
Small flat shallow articulating surface
Epicondyle of bone
Small projection usually proximal to a condyle; generally the site of muscle attachment.
sutural bones
Small, irregular bones Found between the flat bones of the skull
Glabella
Smooth area between the eyes
Trochlea
Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process
ball and socket synovial joints
Sphere head fits into rounded socket multiaxial most moveable joints ie hips and shoulders
Types of joints
Structural - Fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial Functional - Synarthrosis -Amphiarthrosis - Diarthrosis
Supraorbital Fissure
Structures that pass through it: "Luscious French Tarts Sit Naked In Anticipation Of Sex." Lacrimal nerve, Frontal nerve, Trochlear nerve, Superior branch of oculomotor nerve, Nasociliary nerve, Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve, Abducent nerve, Ophthalmic veins, Sympathetic nerves
nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion
joint capsule; synovial fluid
Synovial joints are surrounded by a/an?
coccal bone
Tail bone
sella turcica of sphenoid bone
The _________ houses the pituitary gland (hypophysis) and is found in the ____________.
Peak Bone Mass
The amount of bony tissue present at the end of the skeletal maturation, is an important determinant of osteoporotic fracture risk. -Amount of bone tissue in the skeleton, known as bone mass, can keep growing until around age 30. At that point, bones have reached their maximum strength and density.
Ribs
The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs. - Tramsverse Process - Tibercle - Neck - Head - Shaft - Anterior end (Sternal End) - Facet location between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra - Facet locations between the head of the rib and the body of a thoracic vertebra
iliac fossa
The broad, slightly concave inner surface of the ilium.
sacroiliac joint
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column.
baked in oven bone symptoms: lack of vitamin D and calcium causes brittle bones, lack of bone density and strength, fracture easily and bad posture.
The disease osteoporosis often results from insufficient intake of dietary calcium salts. Of the three samples of bone you tested, which is the most similar to the bones in osteoporosis? What symptoms would you expect to find in this disease?
No, because it is not a lack of calcium but rather a lack of vitamin C that causes scurvy.
The disease scurvy, caused by a deficiency in vitamin C, leads to an inability to synthesis the protein collagen. Would prescribing calcium salts help treat the primary bone problem in this disease? Why or why not?
bone is made up of Cells and Extracellular matrix: ... Almost 70% of bone is made up of bone mineral called hydroxyapatite. Before the extracellular matrix is calcified, the tissue is called osteoid (bone-like) tissue.
The extracellular matrix of bone consists of ?
floating ribs (11-12)
The floating ribs are a type of false rib that does not have an attachment to the sternum.
ilium and pubis
The ischial spine is found between which of the following structures?
pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
The land mark on the sphenoid bone for the attachment of many muscles of mastication...
The zone of ossification of the epiphyseal plate is?
The last zone which contains calcified chondrocytes and osteoblasts, which blend with the diaphyseal bone.
interior nasal conchae
The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.
provide stability between two joints
The main function of a fibrous joint is to?
when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, it also throws off homeostasis because too much is being reabsorbed into the bone.
The maintenance of healthy bone depends upon the balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Predict what would happen if Osteoclast activity exceeded osteoblast activity?
If osteoblast activity exceeded osteoclast activity it would break down bone too fast for the osteoclasts to keep up throwing off homeostasis calcitonin therefore would not be able to absorb calcium and osteoporosis would therefore set in. You pee it out in your urine.
The maintenance of healthy bone depends upon the balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Predict what would happen if osteoblast activity exceeded osteoclast activity?
Tibia
The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg. -Larger of the two, medial bone of leg -Attaches to thigh and knee at the knee joint.
supraorbital margin
The superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone.
True/False: spongy bone houses red and yellow bone marrow?
True
True
True/False: Articular discs provide a smooth, nearly frictionless surface for articulation
True
True/False: Bursae improve the fit between two bones in a synovial joint?
False
True/False: Fluid -filled sacs called ligaments often lie between tendons and the joint capsule of a synovial joint
True
True/False: The articulating ends of the bones in a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage
False
True/False: The tendon sheath of a synovial joint is lined with a synovial membrane?
Meatus
Tube-like passageway through a bone
abduction/adduction, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, flexion/extension/hyperextension, lateral flexion, rotation, circumduction, supination/pronation, eversion/inversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression
What are the types of joint movements?
olfactory foramina of ethmoid bone
What are these holes called that are located on the Cribriform Plate?
The surfaces of bones bear projections, depressions, ridges, and various other features. A process (projection) on one bone may fit with a depression on a second bone to form a joint. Another process allows for the attachment of a muscle or ligament. Grooves and openings provide passageways for blood vessels or nerves.
What is the general function of a bone projection?
inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
What is this called and what bone is it apart of?
The scapular muscles and tendons
When the shoulder dislocates, it most commonly dislocates posteriorly, meaning that the joint capsule tears on the posterior side of the head of the humerus pushes partly out through the capsule. why do you think posterior capsule more commonly tears? (Hint: Consider the structure of the capsule and look at the ligaments of the shoulder joint)
Most stable: synarthrosis -no movement Least Stable: diarthrosis- freely movable
Which class of synovial joint do you think would be the most stable? Which class would be the least stable? Explain your choices.
ilium
Which component forms the superior part of the hip bone?
one bone rotates around another bone
Which of the following correctly describes a pivot joint?
The convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone.
Which of the following describes a hinge joint correctly.
Ischium
Which of the following supports body weight when sitting?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDIGll5wzZs This tests her ligaments. I have had this test. An orthopedic surgeon was able to tell I had possibly torn my left ACL dancing and playing volleyball. He was able to pop it out the wrong way. Upon surgery he found it was completely severed and had to reconstruct my ACL with titanium pins.
Your friend is on the basketball court when she is pushed over the leg of a fallen player and lands on the court on her bent knee. She tries to get up, but immediately realizes something is wrong. The trainer examines her knee and finds excessive motion with the posterior drawer test. What has happened? Explain the results of the posterior drawer test.
Osteocytes
a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. - are derived from osteoblasts. They live embedded in bone and have long projections that allow communication with other bone cells. **Mature bone cells** Spider shaped and maintain bone tissue
occipital bone (skull)
a cranial dermal bone, and is the main bone of the back and lower part of the skull
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
Osteoporosis
a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk.
fissure
a narrow, slit-like opening through a bone
Haversian system (osteon)
a system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone
adduction of hip
action of adductor magnus
Ampiarthrosis
allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones
optic canal
allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye
maxilla zygomatic process
articulates with zygomatic bone
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
belowed raised ridge
sagittal suture of the skull
between parietal bones
External Intercostals muscles
between ribs conract during inhalation, relax during exhalation
Temporal bone
bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There is a right and left temporal bone.
Phalanges (hand)
bones of the fingers
Metatarsals (top of foot)
bones of the foot between ankle and toes - Numbered, beginning w/ 1 @ big toe
Metacarpals
bones of the hand beyond the wrist bones
lambdoid suture of the skull
bottom horizontal, separates occipital bone from parietal bones
retraction of mandible
bringing backward of the lower jaw
external acoustic meatus
canal leading to eardrum and middle ear: tympanic region marking of the temporal bone
bone markings openings and spaces
canal, fissure, foramen, sinus
Bone sinus
cavity or hollow space within a bone
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
thoracic cage-name bones
chest or rib cage; protects thoracic organs and upper abdominal cavity a) Clavicle b) Scapula 1) True ribs 2) false ribs 4) clavicular notch 5) Jugular notch 6) Sternal angle 7) Manubrium (of sternum) 8) Body (of Sternum) 9) Xiphoid process (of sternum) 10) costal cartilage 11) Floating ribs
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
perforating fibers
collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone matrix
The epiphyseal line is?
composed of hyaline cartilage
Articulating surfaces
condyle, facet, head, trochlea
posterior cranial fossa
contains the cerebellum
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
skull
cranium
Projections for tendon and ligament attachment
crest, epicondyle, line, process, ramus, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
Parts of a long bone
diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum
palatine bone
either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits
distal epiphysis
end of the bone located farthest away from the midline
carpals and tarsals
examples of short bones
lower limb bones
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
eversion of foot, plantar flexion at ankle
fibularis longus function
true ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum
Brachioradialis muscle
flexes forearm at elbow
ethmoid bone
forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium
vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
functional classification of joints
Lucunae
gap, small cavities with osteocytes
middle cranial fossa
holds the temporal lobes of the brain
mandibular body
horizontal portion; forms the chin
pelvic girdle bones
ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum -2 hip bones -Articulate anteriorly at pubic symphysis - Articulate posteriorly at a sacroiliac joing -Pelvis consists of pelvic girdle, coccyx and sacrum -Pelvis -Provides trunk of body support and serves as attachment for lower limbs - Protects and supports viscera in pelvic region of abdominopelvic cavity. - Pelvic outlet is important during childbirth - Acetabulum articulates with head of femur.
Petella
knee cap
Tuberosity
large, rough projection
Condyle
large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure
short bone
length and width about equal
Ischial spine
located superior to the ischial tuberosity and projects medially into the pelvic cavity
long bones
longer than they are wide
Mandible
lower jaw bone; only moveable bone in the face and cranium
Internal Intercostal muscles
lowers the rib cage during forced expiration
Bones of the Ear (Ossicles)
malleus, incus, stapes
trochanter
massive, rough projection found only on the femur
Ulna
medial bone of the forearm
Endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
Rectus abdominis muscle
midline abdominal muscles extending from rib cage to pubic bone
medial excursion
movement back to the median, zero position
Protraction
moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground
plantarflexion of foot
moving the sole of the foot posteriorly (pointing the toe)
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
muscle in the lateral portion of the forearm when the thumb is turned outward
flexor carpi muscles
muscles of the anterior side of the forearm that act to flex and abduct the hand
Salcus
narrow groove
foramen spinosum of sphenoid bone
opening through which blood vessels pass that feed membranes surrounding the CNS
infraorbital foramen
opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves and blood vessels the the nasal region
Pronation
palm down
bone canal
passageway through a bone
epiphyseal plate/line
plate of hyaline cartilage in the epiphysis; site of bone elongation during childhood and adolescence; ossifies to a line of compact bone after puberty
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal and forming a part of the eye orbits
mandibular angle
posterior point at which ramus meets the body
bone head
prominent rounded epiphysis
Function of the Vertebral Column
protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
parietal bone of skull
resembles a sandwich of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
Lamellae (compact bone)
rings of bone matrix within an osteon
lateral rotation
rotation away from the midline
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints
mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
Foramen
rounded passageway through a bone
coronal suture of the skull
separates frontal and parietal bones
Dyaphysis
shaft of a long bone
Deltoid (muscles that move the arm)
shoulder
Scapula
shoulder blade
Squamous Suture (Skull)
side vertical, separates parietal from temporal
skull orbital bones
skull bones that comprise the orbit of the eyes
calvaria
skull cap
Lacrimal bone
small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts
Tubercle
small rounded projection
facet of bone
small, flattened articular surface
foramen ovale bone
sphenoid bone
Explain how the structure of spongy bone relates to its function
spongy bone is found on the insidde of a bone and consists of a latticework type structure which houses other important tissues like bone marrow, blood cells, and adipose tissue. This is where nutrients supplies the bone.
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
structural classification of joints
Osteon
structural unit of compact bone - consists of a central (Haversian) canal with concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi
pelvic inlet
superior opening of true pelvis; bordered by pelvic brim
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
superior portion of the bony nasal septum
crista galli of ethmoid bone
superior projection in the middle of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; providing a point of attachment for the dura mater, helping to secure the brain within the skull
Zygomatic bone
the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek
pubic symphysis
the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
mandibular fossa
the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits
proximal epiphysis
the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body
Epiphysis
the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
Range of Motion (ROM)
the movement of a joint to the extent possible without causing pain
Fibia
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg - Later bone of leg
illiac crest
the upper curved edge of the ilium; has anterior (anterior iliac spine) and posterior projections
Femur
thigh bone, longest bone in the body -strongest bone of the body - Neck of femur is at lateral angle and is the weakest part of the bone - greater trochanter can be palpated along proximal and lateral region, one hand length below iliac crest. - Later and medial epicondyles can be palpated near the knee. - 3 Segments - Head, fovea, neck, greater trochanter and lesser trochanter -Shaft - Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera -Distal features - Lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, lateral condyle, medial condyle
Flat bone
thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
Inversion of the foot at the ankle:
tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior
Posterior Fontanelle
triangular n shape jx of sutures of the 2 parietal bones and 1 occiptal bone closes 6-8 weeks post delivery
True/False: compact bone is the hard outer bone?
true
Humerous
upper arm bone
Maxilla
upper jaw
Irregular bones
vertebrae and facial bones
mandibular ramus
vertical extension of the body on either side
Carpals
wrist bones -Phlanges -Distal, middle, proximal - First digit (Thumb) - Distal Phalanx, Proximal Phalanx Metacarpals - Thumb- 1st metacarpal - Pointer - 2nd metacarpal - middleman- 3rd metacarpal - ringman- 4th metacarpal - pinky - 5th metacarpal - Trapezium (next to thumb) -scaphoid (under trapezium) - trapezoid (left of trapezium) -Capitate )left of trapezoid) -Hamate (left of capitate) - Triquetrum (under capitate) -Pisiform (left of Triquetrum)
pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
• Clavicles and the scapulae - Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton - Provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs