Anatomy 25 Ch 8 appendicular skeleton

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syndactyly

"webbing" or abnormal fusion of the digits

infraspinous fossa

a broad, extensive surface of the scapula inferior to the spine

scapula

a broad, flat, triangular bone that forms the "shoulder blade".

pelvic brim

a continuous oval ridge that extends from the pubic crest, pectineal line and arcuate line to the rounded inferior edges of the sacral ala and prmonotory. helps subdivide the entire pelvis into a true pelvis and a fals pelvis.

preauricular sulcus

a depresion/groove between the greater sciatic notch and the sacroiliac articulation that only females tend to have.

iliac fossa

a depression located on the medial side of the ilium ala

on the distal posterolateral side of the tibia is _________ where the fibula articulates and forms the __________

a fibular notch, inferior tibiofibular joint

popliteal surface

a flattened triangular area, circumscribed by these ridges and an imaginary line between the distal epicondyles.

acromion

a larger, posterior process of the scapula spine which forms the shoulder, articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle

surgical neck

a narrowing of the bone immediately distal to the tubercles, at the transition from the head to the shaft, a common fracture site

olecranon

a prominent projection posterosuperior aspect of the trochlear notch, articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the posterior "bump" of the elbow.

spine of the scapula

a ridge of bone on the posterior aspect of the scapula

adductor tubercle

a rough, raised projection that is the site of attachment for the adductor magnus muscle

symphysial surface

a roughened area on the anteromedial surface of the pubis, denotes the site of articulation between the pubic bones

pubic crest

a roughened ridge located on the anterosuperior surface of the superior ramus, and it ends at the pubic tubercle.

lesser sciatic notch

a semicircular depression inferior to the ischial spine.

fovea or fovea capitis

a tiny ligament connects the acetabulum to a depression in the head of the femur

the femur articulates with a deep, curved depression on the lateral surface of the os coxae called the ___________.

acetabulum

the medial supracondylar ridge terminates in the

adductor tubercle

clavicle

an S-shaped bone that extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula. the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton.

radial tuberosity

an attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle

pubic tubercle

an attachment site for the inguinal ligament.

between the tubercles and the head of the humerus, an almost indistinct groove that marks the location of the former epiphyseal plate

anatomical neck

located inferiorly to the ala of the ilium are the ___________ and the

anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine

the iliac crest arises anteriorly from a projection called the ___________ and extends posteriorly to the _____________

anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine

from a lateral view, these lines are attachment sites for the gluteal muscles of the buttox

anterior, posterior and inferior gluteal lines

intertrochanteric line

anteriorly raised line extends between the two trochanters and marks the distal edge of the hip joint capsule

coronoid fossa

anteromedially placed, accomodates the coronoid process of the ulna.

medial and lateral epicondyles

are bony side projections on the distal humerus that provide surfaces for muscle attachment.

on the head the smooth ___________articulates with the tibia.

articular facet

the posterior aspect of the patella has an ___________ that articulates with the patellar surface of the femur

articular surface

glenoid cavity

articulates with the humerus

coronoid process

articulates with the humerus at the coronoid fossa

the posteromedial side of the ilium exhibits a large, roughened area called the ___________ where the ilium articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

auricular surface

the superior _____ of the patella is broad, and its inferior _______ is pointed

base, apex

why are the ischial tuberosities called the sits bones

because they support the weight of the body when seated.

hallux

bone of the great toe, has only two phalanges

styloid process

bony projection palpated on the distal medial surface of the radius is an ulnar notch

subscapular fossa

broad, relatively smooth, anterior surface of the scapula

medial and lateral condyles

broad, superior head of the tibia has two relatively flat surfaces which articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur

ramus

elongated part of the ischium extends from the ischial tuberosity toward its anterior fusion with the pubis.

deltoid tuberosity

extends along its lateral surface for about half the length of the humerus. the deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches to this roughened surface

the posterior inferior iliac spine is adjacent to a prominent _______ through wich the sciatic nerve travels to the lower limb.

greater sciatic notch

shaft of humerus

has a roughened area, termed the deltoid tuberosity

plydactyly

having extra digits

on the distal, inferior surface of the femur are two smooth, oval articulating surfaces called the

medial and lateral condyles

superior to each condyle are projections called the

medial and lateral epicondyle, the medial and lateral supracondylar lines terminate at these

distally, the linea aspera branches into

medial and lateral supracondylar lines

tibia

medial and the only weight-bearing bone of the crural regions.

what are the 3 cuneiform bones?

medial, intermediate and lateral

the radius's interosseous border projects

medially

bones in the palm of the hand are called

metacarpals 1-5

infraglenoid tubercle

near the inferior edge of the glenoid cavity

supraglenoid tubercle

near the superior edge of the glenoid cavity

distal to the fibular head is the _______ of the fibular, followed by its ________.

neck, shaft

distal to the head of the femur, an elongated, constricted _______ joins the _______ of the femur at an angle.

neck, shaft

lateral longitudinal arch

not as high, the lateral foot touches the ground. extends between the little toe and the heel, formed from the calcaneus and cuboid bones and metatarsal 4-5. elevates the lateral edge slightly to help redistribute some of the body weight among the uboid and calcaneal bones and metatarsal 4-5

pronation

of the forearm requires the radius cross over the ulna and that both bones pivot along the interosseous membrane.

conoid tubercle

on the inferior surface of the clavicle is this rough tuberosity

navicular bone

on the medial side of the ankle.

olecranon fossa

posterior depression, accommodates the olecranon of the ulna

what are the two bones of the pectoral girdle?

the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade).

the lateral border of the scapula

the closest to the axilla

the medial border of the scapula

the edge of the scapula closest to the vertebrae

intertrochanteric crest

the greater and lesser trochanters are connected on the posterior surface of the femur by a thick oblique ridge of bone

os coxae

the hip bone, formed by 3 separate bones: the ilium, the ischium and the pubis which fuse between the ages of 13-15 yrs

arcuate line

the ilium ala terminates at this ridge on the medial surface of the ilium

Separating the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia is a prominent ridge called

the intercondylar eminence

between the two humerus tubercles, a depression that contains the tendond of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

the intertubercular sulcus

medial malleolus

tibia narrows distally, but at its medial border, it forms a large, prominent process called

the rough anterior surface of the tibia near the medial and lateral condyles; marks the attachment site for the patellar ligament

tibial tuberosity

what two ways does the pectoral girdle promote upper limb mobility?

1) because the scapula is not directly attached to the axial skeleton, it moves freely across the posterior surface of the thorax, permitting the arm to move with it and 2) the shallow cavity of the shoulder joint permits a wide range of movement of the upper limb.

bones of the toe

14 phalanges

the other four toes have

3 phalanges, proximal, middle, distal

cuneiform bones

3 wedge-shaped bones with articulations between them, positioned anterior to the navicular bone.

how many bones from the distal row of tarsal bones

4

metatarsal bones

5 long bones , 1-5, 1-3 articulate with the 3 cuneiform bones, 4-5 articulate with a proximal phalanx.

how many tarsals are there in the ankle and proximal foot?

7

amelia

complete absence of a limb

interosseous membrane

composed of dense regular connective tissue, that helps keep the radius and ulna a fixed distance apart from one another and provies a pivot of rotation for the forearm. the bony joints that move during this rotation are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints

adult pelvis

composed of four bones, the sacrum, the coccyx and the right and left ossa coxae

lateral angle

composed primarily of the cup-shaped, shallow glenoid vavity

ectrodactyly

congenital absence of a part

pelvic girdle

consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place, refers to the left and right ossa coxae only

pectoral girdle

consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in plae

supraspinous fossa

depression superior to the spine

medial longiudinal arch

extends from the heel to the great toe. formed from the calcaneus, talus, navicular and cuneiform bones and from metatarsals 1-3, highest arch, prevents the medial side of the foot from touching the ground

lateral malleolus

extends laterally to the ankle joint, where it provides lateral stability.

on the proximal posterolateral side of the tibia is a ____________ where the head of the fibula articulates to form the

fibular articular facet, superior tibiofibular joint

ilium

forms the superior region of the os coxae and the largest portion of the acetabular surface

radial fossa

found anterolaterlly, accommodates the head of the radius

pubis

fuses with the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum.

superior border of the scapula

horizontal edge superior to the spine

what bones form the elbow joint?

humerus, radius, and ulna

the superiormost ridge of the ilium is the

iliac crest

suprascapular notch

in the superior border, provides a passage for the suprascapular nerve

appendicular skeleton

includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles of bones that hold and attach the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton

on the inferior distal surface of the tibia is the smooth ____________ for the talus, one of the tarsal bones

inferior articular surface

the ischial ramus fuses anteriorly with the __________to form the _________

inferior pubic ramus, ischiopubic ramus.

pectineal line

inferior to the intertrochanteric crest, marks the attachment of the pectineus muscle

costal tuberosity

inferiorly located prominence at the sternal end of the clavicle

pelvic outlet

inferiorly placed opening bounded by the cocyx, the ischial tuberosities, and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis. covered with muscles and skin and forms the perineum.

on the distal posterior surface of the femur, a this deep fossa separates the two condyles

intercondylar fossa

both the radius and the ulna exhibit __________ which face each other

interosseous borders

the interosseous borders are connected by an

interosseous membrane

the tibia and fibula are connected by ________ composed of dense regular connective tissue which extends between their ________

interosseous membrane, interosseous borders

obturator foramen

is a space in the os coxae that is encircled by both pubic and ischial rami

sternal/medial end of the clavicle

is broad and flattened, articulates with the acromion of the scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint

radius

is lateral,the proximal end has a distinctive disc-shaped head that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. A narrow neck separates the radial head from the radial tuberosity.

fibula

is the long, thin, lateral bone of the leg. it has expanded proximal and distal ends. does not bear any weight, it is the origin for several muscles. along the lateral edge of the tibia, articulates with the surface of the tibia.

bulky bone superior to the ischial spine is called the

ischial body.

posterior to the acetabulum, the prominent triangular ________ project medially.

ischial spine

the posterolateral border of the ischium is a roughened projecion called the

ischial tuberosity

the ilium fuses with the _______ near the superior and posterior margins of the acetabulum.

ischium

calcaneus

largest tarsal bone which forms the heel. its posterior end is a rough, knobshaped projection that is the point of attachment for the calcaneal tendon

radial notch

lateral to the coronoid process, smooth, curved, accommodates the head of the radius and helps form the proximal radioulnar joint

the ulna's interosseous border projects

laterally

cuboid bone

laterly placed, articulates at its medial surface with the lateral cuneiform and the calcaneus.

true pelvis

lies inferior to the pelvic brim. it encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep bowl that contains the pelvic organs.

false pelvis

lies superior to the pelvic brim. it is enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones. it forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity and houses the inferior abdominal oragns.

the gluteal tuberosity and pectineal line merge proximally to this.

linea aspera

radial groove

located adjacent to the deltoid tuberosity and is where the radial nerve and some blood vessels travel

inferior angle

located between the medial and lateral borders

lesser trochanter

located on the femur's posteromedial surface.

ulna

longer, medially placed bone of the forearm. at the proximal end is a C-shaped trochlear notch that interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus

femur

longest bone in the body as well as the strongest and heaviest.

the acetabulum contains a smooth curved surface called _________ which is C-shaped and articulates with the femoral head.

lunate surface

gluteal tuberosity

marks the attachment of the gluteus maximus muscle.

patella

or kneecap, a large roughly triangular sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. allows the tendon of the quadriceps femoris to glid more smoothly and it protects the knee joint

superior pubic ramus

originates at the anterior margin of the acetabulum

smooth anteromedial depression where the patela articulates with the femur

patellar surface

on the medial surface of the pubis, this line originates and extends diagonally across the pubis to merge with the arcuate line

pectineal line

bones of the digits are

phalanges

greater trochanter

projects laterally from the junction of the neck and shaft

linea aspera

prominent feature on the posterior surface of the shaft, an elevated, midline ridge

greater tubercle of humerus

prominent, positioned more laterally and helps form the rounded contour of the shoulder

function of the pelvis

protects and supports viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity

humerus head

proximal end, hemispherical, articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

thumb

proximal phalanx of pollex and distal phalanx of pollex

phalanges 2-5

proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx

trochlea

pulley-shaped, located medially on the humerus and articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

what are the three depressions on the distal end pf the humerus?

radial fossa, coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa

anterior border

ridge that extends distally along the anterior tibial surface from the tibial tuberosity. this crest can be readily felt through the skin and is commonly referred to as the shin

the capitulum

rounded, located laterally on the humerus and articulates with the head of the radius.

transverse arch

runs perpendicular to the longitudinal arches. formed from the distal row of tarsals and bases of all 5 metatarsals.

each ox coxae articulate posteriorly with an auricular surface of the __________ at the ____________

sacrum, sacroiliac joint

at the end of the first metatarsal are two tiny _________ which insert on the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle and help these tendons move more freely

sesamoid bones

the ______ of the radius curves slightly and leads to a wide distal end where there is a laterally placed _________.

shaft, styloid process

phocomelia

short, poorly formed limb, resembles a flipper of a seal

carpals

small, short bones that form the wrist. arranged roughly in two rows of four bones each. the small bones allow for the multiple movements possible at the wrist

lesser tubercle of humerus

smaller and located more antermedially.

caracoid process

smaller, more anterior projection of the scapula

at the distal end of the ulna, the shaft narrows and terminates in a knoblike head that has a posteromedial

styloid process

between the scapular borders are the

superior, inferior and lateral angles

in anatomic position, the palm of the hand is facing anteriorly, and the bones of the forearm are said to be in

supination.

what are the proximal row of tarsal bones?

talus, calcaneus, navicular

bones that from the angle and foot

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

subpubic angle

the angle formed when the left and right pubic bones are aligned at their pubic symphyses. females usually greater than 100 degrees, male does not extend past 90 degrees.

the cuneiform bones articulate proximally with

the anterior surface of the navicular bone

what are the two smooth, curved surfaces for articulation with the bones of the forearm on the distal end of the humerus?

the capitulum and the trochlea

what are the bones that form the wrist and hand?

the carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

humerus

the longest and largest upper limb vone

the distal surfaces of the cuboid bone and the cuneiform bones articulate with

the metatarsal bones of the foot

what does the head of the femur articulate with?

the pelvis at the acetabulum.

superior angle

the pointed part of the scapula between the superior and medial borders

what are the bones of the forearm, which are parellel in anotomic position?

the radius and ulna

the proximal row of carpal bones, listed from lateral to medial, are

the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform

pelvic inlet

the superiorly positioned space enclosed by the pelvic brime. the space surrounded by the pelvic brim. the opening at the boundary between the true pelvis and the false pelvis

talus

the superiormost and second-largest tarsal bone, superior aspect of the talus articulates with the articular surface of the tibia

tibia & fibula

the two bones of the leg

the distal row of carpal bones are

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate

pectoral girdles articulate with the ______ and each supports one __________.

trunk, upper limb

at the proximal end of the ulna is the

tuberosity of ulna

development of the appendicular skeleton

week 4-apical ectodermal ridge forms week 5-hand plate forms week 6-foot plate and digital ray of hand form week 7 -notching develops week 8 - separate fingers and toes formed

ulnar notch

where the medial surface of the radius articulates with the distal end of the ulan

ala of the ilium

wide, fan-shaped portion of the ilium


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