Anatomy 25 Ch 8 appendicular skeleton
syndactyly
"webbing" or abnormal fusion of the digits
infraspinous fossa
a broad, extensive surface of the scapula inferior to the spine
scapula
a broad, flat, triangular bone that forms the "shoulder blade".
pelvic brim
a continuous oval ridge that extends from the pubic crest, pectineal line and arcuate line to the rounded inferior edges of the sacral ala and prmonotory. helps subdivide the entire pelvis into a true pelvis and a fals pelvis.
preauricular sulcus
a depresion/groove between the greater sciatic notch and the sacroiliac articulation that only females tend to have.
iliac fossa
a depression located on the medial side of the ilium ala
on the distal posterolateral side of the tibia is _________ where the fibula articulates and forms the __________
a fibular notch, inferior tibiofibular joint
popliteal surface
a flattened triangular area, circumscribed by these ridges and an imaginary line between the distal epicondyles.
acromion
a larger, posterior process of the scapula spine which forms the shoulder, articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle
surgical neck
a narrowing of the bone immediately distal to the tubercles, at the transition from the head to the shaft, a common fracture site
olecranon
a prominent projection posterosuperior aspect of the trochlear notch, articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the posterior "bump" of the elbow.
spine of the scapula
a ridge of bone on the posterior aspect of the scapula
adductor tubercle
a rough, raised projection that is the site of attachment for the adductor magnus muscle
symphysial surface
a roughened area on the anteromedial surface of the pubis, denotes the site of articulation between the pubic bones
pubic crest
a roughened ridge located on the anterosuperior surface of the superior ramus, and it ends at the pubic tubercle.
lesser sciatic notch
a semicircular depression inferior to the ischial spine.
fovea or fovea capitis
a tiny ligament connects the acetabulum to a depression in the head of the femur
the femur articulates with a deep, curved depression on the lateral surface of the os coxae called the ___________.
acetabulum
the medial supracondylar ridge terminates in the
adductor tubercle
clavicle
an S-shaped bone that extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula. the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton.
radial tuberosity
an attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle
pubic tubercle
an attachment site for the inguinal ligament.
between the tubercles and the head of the humerus, an almost indistinct groove that marks the location of the former epiphyseal plate
anatomical neck
located inferiorly to the ala of the ilium are the ___________ and the
anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine
the iliac crest arises anteriorly from a projection called the ___________ and extends posteriorly to the _____________
anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine
from a lateral view, these lines are attachment sites for the gluteal muscles of the buttox
anterior, posterior and inferior gluteal lines
intertrochanteric line
anteriorly raised line extends between the two trochanters and marks the distal edge of the hip joint capsule
coronoid fossa
anteromedially placed, accomodates the coronoid process of the ulna.
medial and lateral epicondyles
are bony side projections on the distal humerus that provide surfaces for muscle attachment.
on the head the smooth ___________articulates with the tibia.
articular facet
the posterior aspect of the patella has an ___________ that articulates with the patellar surface of the femur
articular surface
glenoid cavity
articulates with the humerus
coronoid process
articulates with the humerus at the coronoid fossa
the posteromedial side of the ilium exhibits a large, roughened area called the ___________ where the ilium articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
auricular surface
the superior _____ of the patella is broad, and its inferior _______ is pointed
base, apex
why are the ischial tuberosities called the sits bones
because they support the weight of the body when seated.
hallux
bone of the great toe, has only two phalanges
styloid process
bony projection palpated on the distal medial surface of the radius is an ulnar notch
subscapular fossa
broad, relatively smooth, anterior surface of the scapula
medial and lateral condyles
broad, superior head of the tibia has two relatively flat surfaces which articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
ramus
elongated part of the ischium extends from the ischial tuberosity toward its anterior fusion with the pubis.
deltoid tuberosity
extends along its lateral surface for about half the length of the humerus. the deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches to this roughened surface
the posterior inferior iliac spine is adjacent to a prominent _______ through wich the sciatic nerve travels to the lower limb.
greater sciatic notch
shaft of humerus
has a roughened area, termed the deltoid tuberosity
plydactyly
having extra digits
on the distal, inferior surface of the femur are two smooth, oval articulating surfaces called the
medial and lateral condyles
superior to each condyle are projections called the
medial and lateral epicondyle, the medial and lateral supracondylar lines terminate at these
distally, the linea aspera branches into
medial and lateral supracondylar lines
tibia
medial and the only weight-bearing bone of the crural regions.
what are the 3 cuneiform bones?
medial, intermediate and lateral
the radius's interosseous border projects
medially
bones in the palm of the hand are called
metacarpals 1-5
infraglenoid tubercle
near the inferior edge of the glenoid cavity
supraglenoid tubercle
near the superior edge of the glenoid cavity
distal to the fibular head is the _______ of the fibular, followed by its ________.
neck, shaft
distal to the head of the femur, an elongated, constricted _______ joins the _______ of the femur at an angle.
neck, shaft
lateral longitudinal arch
not as high, the lateral foot touches the ground. extends between the little toe and the heel, formed from the calcaneus and cuboid bones and metatarsal 4-5. elevates the lateral edge slightly to help redistribute some of the body weight among the uboid and calcaneal bones and metatarsal 4-5
pronation
of the forearm requires the radius cross over the ulna and that both bones pivot along the interosseous membrane.
conoid tubercle
on the inferior surface of the clavicle is this rough tuberosity
navicular bone
on the medial side of the ankle.
olecranon fossa
posterior depression, accommodates the olecranon of the ulna
what are the two bones of the pectoral girdle?
the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade).
the lateral border of the scapula
the closest to the axilla
the medial border of the scapula
the edge of the scapula closest to the vertebrae
intertrochanteric crest
the greater and lesser trochanters are connected on the posterior surface of the femur by a thick oblique ridge of bone
os coxae
the hip bone, formed by 3 separate bones: the ilium, the ischium and the pubis which fuse between the ages of 13-15 yrs
arcuate line
the ilium ala terminates at this ridge on the medial surface of the ilium
Separating the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia is a prominent ridge called
the intercondylar eminence
between the two humerus tubercles, a depression that contains the tendond of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
the intertubercular sulcus
medial malleolus
tibia narrows distally, but at its medial border, it forms a large, prominent process called
the rough anterior surface of the tibia near the medial and lateral condyles; marks the attachment site for the patellar ligament
tibial tuberosity
what two ways does the pectoral girdle promote upper limb mobility?
1) because the scapula is not directly attached to the axial skeleton, it moves freely across the posterior surface of the thorax, permitting the arm to move with it and 2) the shallow cavity of the shoulder joint permits a wide range of movement of the upper limb.
bones of the toe
14 phalanges
the other four toes have
3 phalanges, proximal, middle, distal
cuneiform bones
3 wedge-shaped bones with articulations between them, positioned anterior to the navicular bone.
how many bones from the distal row of tarsal bones
4
metatarsal bones
5 long bones , 1-5, 1-3 articulate with the 3 cuneiform bones, 4-5 articulate with a proximal phalanx.
how many tarsals are there in the ankle and proximal foot?
7
amelia
complete absence of a limb
interosseous membrane
composed of dense regular connective tissue, that helps keep the radius and ulna a fixed distance apart from one another and provies a pivot of rotation for the forearm. the bony joints that move during this rotation are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
adult pelvis
composed of four bones, the sacrum, the coccyx and the right and left ossa coxae
lateral angle
composed primarily of the cup-shaped, shallow glenoid vavity
ectrodactyly
congenital absence of a part
pelvic girdle
consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place, refers to the left and right ossa coxae only
pectoral girdle
consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in plae
supraspinous fossa
depression superior to the spine
medial longiudinal arch
extends from the heel to the great toe. formed from the calcaneus, talus, navicular and cuneiform bones and from metatarsals 1-3, highest arch, prevents the medial side of the foot from touching the ground
lateral malleolus
extends laterally to the ankle joint, where it provides lateral stability.
on the proximal posterolateral side of the tibia is a ____________ where the head of the fibula articulates to form the
fibular articular facet, superior tibiofibular joint
ilium
forms the superior region of the os coxae and the largest portion of the acetabular surface
radial fossa
found anterolaterlly, accommodates the head of the radius
pubis
fuses with the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum.
superior border of the scapula
horizontal edge superior to the spine
what bones form the elbow joint?
humerus, radius, and ulna
the superiormost ridge of the ilium is the
iliac crest
suprascapular notch
in the superior border, provides a passage for the suprascapular nerve
appendicular skeleton
includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles of bones that hold and attach the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton
on the inferior distal surface of the tibia is the smooth ____________ for the talus, one of the tarsal bones
inferior articular surface
the ischial ramus fuses anteriorly with the __________to form the _________
inferior pubic ramus, ischiopubic ramus.
pectineal line
inferior to the intertrochanteric crest, marks the attachment of the pectineus muscle
costal tuberosity
inferiorly located prominence at the sternal end of the clavicle
pelvic outlet
inferiorly placed opening bounded by the cocyx, the ischial tuberosities, and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis. covered with muscles and skin and forms the perineum.
on the distal posterior surface of the femur, a this deep fossa separates the two condyles
intercondylar fossa
both the radius and the ulna exhibit __________ which face each other
interosseous borders
the interosseous borders are connected by an
interosseous membrane
the tibia and fibula are connected by ________ composed of dense regular connective tissue which extends between their ________
interosseous membrane, interosseous borders
obturator foramen
is a space in the os coxae that is encircled by both pubic and ischial rami
sternal/medial end of the clavicle
is broad and flattened, articulates with the acromion of the scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint
radius
is lateral,the proximal end has a distinctive disc-shaped head that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. A narrow neck separates the radial head from the radial tuberosity.
fibula
is the long, thin, lateral bone of the leg. it has expanded proximal and distal ends. does not bear any weight, it is the origin for several muscles. along the lateral edge of the tibia, articulates with the surface of the tibia.
bulky bone superior to the ischial spine is called the
ischial body.
posterior to the acetabulum, the prominent triangular ________ project medially.
ischial spine
the posterolateral border of the ischium is a roughened projecion called the
ischial tuberosity
the ilium fuses with the _______ near the superior and posterior margins of the acetabulum.
ischium
calcaneus
largest tarsal bone which forms the heel. its posterior end is a rough, knobshaped projection that is the point of attachment for the calcaneal tendon
radial notch
lateral to the coronoid process, smooth, curved, accommodates the head of the radius and helps form the proximal radioulnar joint
the ulna's interosseous border projects
laterally
cuboid bone
laterly placed, articulates at its medial surface with the lateral cuneiform and the calcaneus.
true pelvis
lies inferior to the pelvic brim. it encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep bowl that contains the pelvic organs.
false pelvis
lies superior to the pelvic brim. it is enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones. it forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity and houses the inferior abdominal oragns.
the gluteal tuberosity and pectineal line merge proximally to this.
linea aspera
radial groove
located adjacent to the deltoid tuberosity and is where the radial nerve and some blood vessels travel
inferior angle
located between the medial and lateral borders
lesser trochanter
located on the femur's posteromedial surface.
ulna
longer, medially placed bone of the forearm. at the proximal end is a C-shaped trochlear notch that interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus
femur
longest bone in the body as well as the strongest and heaviest.
the acetabulum contains a smooth curved surface called _________ which is C-shaped and articulates with the femoral head.
lunate surface
gluteal tuberosity
marks the attachment of the gluteus maximus muscle.
patella
or kneecap, a large roughly triangular sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. allows the tendon of the quadriceps femoris to glid more smoothly and it protects the knee joint
superior pubic ramus
originates at the anterior margin of the acetabulum
smooth anteromedial depression where the patela articulates with the femur
patellar surface
on the medial surface of the pubis, this line originates and extends diagonally across the pubis to merge with the arcuate line
pectineal line
bones of the digits are
phalanges
greater trochanter
projects laterally from the junction of the neck and shaft
linea aspera
prominent feature on the posterior surface of the shaft, an elevated, midline ridge
greater tubercle of humerus
prominent, positioned more laterally and helps form the rounded contour of the shoulder
function of the pelvis
protects and supports viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity
humerus head
proximal end, hemispherical, articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
thumb
proximal phalanx of pollex and distal phalanx of pollex
phalanges 2-5
proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
trochlea
pulley-shaped, located medially on the humerus and articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
what are the three depressions on the distal end pf the humerus?
radial fossa, coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa
anterior border
ridge that extends distally along the anterior tibial surface from the tibial tuberosity. this crest can be readily felt through the skin and is commonly referred to as the shin
the capitulum
rounded, located laterally on the humerus and articulates with the head of the radius.
transverse arch
runs perpendicular to the longitudinal arches. formed from the distal row of tarsals and bases of all 5 metatarsals.
each ox coxae articulate posteriorly with an auricular surface of the __________ at the ____________
sacrum, sacroiliac joint
at the end of the first metatarsal are two tiny _________ which insert on the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle and help these tendons move more freely
sesamoid bones
the ______ of the radius curves slightly and leads to a wide distal end where there is a laterally placed _________.
shaft, styloid process
phocomelia
short, poorly formed limb, resembles a flipper of a seal
carpals
small, short bones that form the wrist. arranged roughly in two rows of four bones each. the small bones allow for the multiple movements possible at the wrist
lesser tubercle of humerus
smaller and located more antermedially.
caracoid process
smaller, more anterior projection of the scapula
at the distal end of the ulna, the shaft narrows and terminates in a knoblike head that has a posteromedial
styloid process
between the scapular borders are the
superior, inferior and lateral angles
in anatomic position, the palm of the hand is facing anteriorly, and the bones of the forearm are said to be in
supination.
what are the proximal row of tarsal bones?
talus, calcaneus, navicular
bones that from the angle and foot
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
subpubic angle
the angle formed when the left and right pubic bones are aligned at their pubic symphyses. females usually greater than 100 degrees, male does not extend past 90 degrees.
the cuneiform bones articulate proximally with
the anterior surface of the navicular bone
what are the two smooth, curved surfaces for articulation with the bones of the forearm on the distal end of the humerus?
the capitulum and the trochlea
what are the bones that form the wrist and hand?
the carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
humerus
the longest and largest upper limb vone
the distal surfaces of the cuboid bone and the cuneiform bones articulate with
the metatarsal bones of the foot
what does the head of the femur articulate with?
the pelvis at the acetabulum.
superior angle
the pointed part of the scapula between the superior and medial borders
what are the bones of the forearm, which are parellel in anotomic position?
the radius and ulna
the proximal row of carpal bones, listed from lateral to medial, are
the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform
pelvic inlet
the superiorly positioned space enclosed by the pelvic brime. the space surrounded by the pelvic brim. the opening at the boundary between the true pelvis and the false pelvis
talus
the superiormost and second-largest tarsal bone, superior aspect of the talus articulates with the articular surface of the tibia
tibia & fibula
the two bones of the leg
the distal row of carpal bones are
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
pectoral girdles articulate with the ______ and each supports one __________.
trunk, upper limb
at the proximal end of the ulna is the
tuberosity of ulna
development of the appendicular skeleton
week 4-apical ectodermal ridge forms week 5-hand plate forms week 6-foot plate and digital ray of hand form week 7 -notching develops week 8 - separate fingers and toes formed
ulnar notch
where the medial surface of the radius articulates with the distal end of the ulan
ala of the ilium
wide, fan-shaped portion of the ilium
