ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Check all that are a component of the thoracic cavity.

Abdominal cavity Pericardial cavity Pelvic cavity Pleural cavity

Select the variables that you would predict to be regulated by the body using a homeostatic mechanism.

Amount of glucose in the blood Amount of oxygen in the body Amount of chocolate you eat Amount of pressure that moves fluids in the body Amount of sunlight you get Amount of alcohol you drink Amount of heat in the body Amount of coffee you drink

Classify the organ system with the category of function it provides.

Support and Movement - muscular and skeletal Integration and Coordination- nervous and endocrine Absorption and Excretion- digestive, respiratory, urinary Transport- cardiovascular and lymphatic Body Covering- integumentary Reproduction- reproductive

The anatomic position refers to the position in which a person is standing upright facing the observer, feet parallel and flat on the floor, and palms facing forward.

TRUE

If you study that the wall of the small intestine is composed of smooth muscle, you are practicing the study of

anatomy

Using an anatomic directional term, the stomach is ___________ to the spi

anterior

The joint just proximal to the knee is which one of these?

hip

Cephalic is to head as deltoid is to

shoulder

Match the serous membrane correctly with the definition.

1. Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity. 2. Visceral pleura covers the lungs. 3. Parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity. 4. Visceral pericardium covers the heart. 5. Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity. 6. Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal organs.

Place the following items in the correct category.

Comparative Anatomy- examines similarities between species, examines differences between species Embryology- study of developmental change from conception to birth Surface Anatomy- focuses on superficial anatomic markings Regional Anatomy- used in most medical schools to learn anatomy, examines all structures in an area of the body as a complete unit Systemic Anatomy- studies the anatomy of each functional body system, used in most undergraduate classess to learn anatomy

Choose the statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology.

Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur.

Our head, neck, and trunk make up the main vertical axis of the body, or the __________ region.

axial

Mammary is to _____ as brachial is to arm.

breast

The microscopic study of tissues is called

histology

A patient complaining of pain on his left side just deep to the ribs would be referring to which abdominopelvic quadrant?

left upper

The _____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

parietal peritoneum

The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the

parietal peritoneum

The outermost layer of the pleural membrane is the

parietal pleura

nvestigating the function of organ systems in a disease state best describes

pathophysiology

The scientific discipline that studies the function of body parts is called

physiology

Calcaneal is to heel as _____ is to sole of the foot.

plantar

The fluid-filled area between the pleural layers is the

pleural cavity.

If you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing?

regulation

The study of how gases are transferred between the lungs and blood and between the blood and body tissues, best describes the focus of

respiratory physiology

Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?

skeletal muscles

Cardiovascular physiologists must also have a good understanding of heart, blood, and blood vessel anatomy.

true

Pleural membranes completely surround each lung.

true

Which of the following body structures are good examples of effectors?

Brain and spinal cord Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas

Put the organ labels into the correct body cavity category

Cranial Cavity- brain Vertebral Canal- spinal cord Thoracic Cavity- heart and lungs Abdonminal Cavity- liver, small intestines, spleen Pelvic Cavity- urinary bladder, uterus

Match the items given with the appropriate category.

Lumbar region- lower back Coxal Region-hip Orbital Region-eye Plantar Region-sole of the foot

Which of the following are characteristics of all living things? Check all that apply.

Metabolism Reproduction Responsiveness Mobility Regulation

Check all of the body section(s) that could include both shoulders in a single section.

Midsagittal Transverse

Match the anatomic body plane with its description.

Midsagittal Plane-divides the body or organ into right and left halves Coronal Plane- divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse Plane- divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Check all that apply to homeostatic imbalances.

Negative and/or positive feedback processes are not functioning properly.

During childbirth, the baby pushes on the wall of the uterus. This is detected by pressure receptors that signal the brain to release oxytocin. If this is a positive feedback process, select the likely next step.

Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, further stimulating the receptors and releasing more oxytocin from the brain.

Place the example or definition in the correct category.

Pathophysiology- investigates organ systems and disorders that might affect them Respiratory Physiology- examines how gas exchange occurs between the lungs and the blood vessels Reproductive Physiology- explores the influences of sex cell production and maturation, examines fertility and conception Cardiovascular Physiology- studies how the heart pumps blood, explores the parameters of healthy blood pressure, examines how the heart, blood vessels and blood function

How would an anatomist describe the bladder?

The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle.

If an individual is in the anatomical position, they are lying horizontally with palms facing up.

false

Serous fluid is contained between the visceral pleura and the lung.

false

The pleural membranes function like a fluid-filled balloon that completely surrounds the heart.

false

When there is a change in the internal body environment, how will the body react to maintain homeostasis by negative feedback?

oppose the change

Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?

organ level

How would a physiologist describe the small intestine?

the small intestine has a large surface area for more efficient digestion and absorption

Some homeostatic imbalances cause a variable that is normally controlled by negative feedback to be abnormally controlled by positive feedback.

true

When a variable is regulated by negative feedback, its value fluctuates above and below the set point rather than being a constant.

true

Drag each label into the proper position to identify the correct cavity.

Cranial- houses organs of sensory relay to higher cortical areas Thoracis- inferior boundary is the thoracic diaphragm, location of the heart, includes the mediastinum, houses organs of respiration, includes a superficial serous lining called the parietal pleura, includes the major organ of circulation Abdominopelvic- houses organs of digestion, location of the liver, location of the reproductive organs, inferior boundary is the pelvic girdle, location of the kidneys, location of the reproductive organs

Match the items given with the appropriate category.

Regional Anatomy- examines all structures in an area of the body as a complete unit Systemic Anatomy- Studies the anatomy of each functional body system Comparative Anatomy-examines similarities/differences in the anatomy of different species Surface Anatomy- studies the skin and related superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures Embryology- developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

A student is struggling in their anatomy and physiology class. Select all that would help them improve retention of the material.

Study alone with a phone nearby to answer incoming text messages. Read and reread the material. Avoid using active learning techniques. Study in frequent sessions that are short in length Make tables, draw structures, and quiz oneself repeatedly over the material.

Longer studying sessions (e.g., 4 hours) tend to result in better retention of material as compared to shorter study sessions (e.g., 30 minutes).

false

In terms of anatomic directional terms, the heart is considered ______ to the sternum.

posterior

The _____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.

visceral

he layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the

visceral pleura

Please match the organ system with its components.

Digestive system- esophagus and stomach Urinary System- kidneys and urethra Lymphatic System- tonsils and thymus Respiratory System- trachea and lungs

When blood pressure is elevated, the body employs negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis. Check all of the options below that will be an appropriate response by the body.

Heart rate is decreased, which will decrease blood pressure. Contractility of the heart is increased, which will increase blood pressure. The kidneys will help increase blood volume, which will increase blood pressure.

Check all that apply to positive feedback.

The effector drives the variable back to a set point. A change is amplified, driving the body away from homeostasis.

Check all of the cavities that are included in the posterior aspect of the body.

Vertebral canal

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is

dorsal

The abdominopelvic region that is the superior region in the middle column, and typically contains the duodenum, part of the liver, and part of the stomach is the _____________ region.

epigastric

Which of the following is not an example of homeostasis?

maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie

When blood sugar levels increase after a meal, insulin is released. This lowers sugar levels back toward normal. This is an example of

negative feedback

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of

positive feedback

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as which of the following?

positive feedback

When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of

responsiveness

Which of the following is true of positive feedback?

the change is amplified

abel the body parts with the proper regional term. Not all labels will be used.

the foot box is pes

Homeostasis is best described as

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.