Anatomy and Physiology 2 Cumulative Final 1-50

A hormone might a. alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it. b. depolarize a skeletal muscle cell. c. interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal synapse. d. inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a cell. e. block the production of a cell membrane.

a

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? a. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) b. epinephrine c. angiotensin II d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a

Elevated levels of calcium ions in the blood stimulate the secretion of a. calcitonin. b. thyroid hormone. c. parathyroid hormone. d. aldosterone e. cortisol

a

Hormones that exert the opposite effects are said to be a. antagonistic b. permissive c. synergistic d. integrative e. angry

a

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? a. by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure b. by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure c. by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin d. by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response

a

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? a. Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. b. The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. c. The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output. d. The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses.

a

Peptide hormones a. are composed of amino acids. b. are produced by cells in the suprarenal glands. c. are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. d. are lipids. e. are chemically related to cholesterol.

a

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? a. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure b. hydrostatic pressure only c. blood volume and viscosity d. plasma and formed element concentration

a

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? a. enzymatic b. humoral c. neural d. hormonal

a

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? a. renal regulation b. baroreceptor-initiated reflexes c. neural controls d. chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes e. chanting

a

Which of these types of capillaries would be found in red bone marrow? a. sinusoid capillaries b. continuous capillaries c. fenestrated capillaries d. metarterioles

a

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? a. insulin b. glucagon c. aldosterone d. thyroxine

b

During the period of ventricular filling ________. a. pressure in the heart is at its peak b. blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles c. the atria remain in diastole d. the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open

b

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________. a. aldosterone b. cortisol c. secretin d. insulin

b

In studying a group of cells, it is noticed that when stimulated by a particular hormone, there is marked increase in the quantity of adenylate cyclase in a cell. The hormone being studied is probably a. a steroid. b. a peptide. c. testosterone. d. estrogen. e. aldosterone.

b

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. a. increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur b. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur c. increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases d. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases

b

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. a. An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. b. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. c. Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure. d. Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.

b

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. a. pumps a greater volume of blood b. pumps blood against a greater resistance c. expands the thoracic cage d. sends blood through a smaller valve

b

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. a. calcitonin b. parathyroid hormone c. thyroid hormone d. gonadotropic hormones

b

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? a. It causes positive feedback. b. It does not require a second messenger to cause a response. c. It is very specific in the cell type it targets. d. It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.

b

Which of these limits the accumulation of cAMP within a cell? a. adenylate cyclase b. phosphodiesterase c. protein kinase d. all of the above

b

A drug that restricts the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) would like result in all of the following physiologic changes but one. Which of the following is the least likely to result from a drug blocking ACE activity? a. decreased peripheral resistance due to decreases vasomotor tone b. increased urine output due to reduction in circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. increased thirst and higher blood volume d. lower levels of circulating aldosterone and lowered sodium reabsorption

c

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? a. thyroid glands; calcitonin b. parathyroid glands; calcitonin c. parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone d. thyroid glands; levothyroxine e. parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

c

In our example of a plasma membrane/second messenger system, which of the following is the second messenger? a. The hormone b. the G protein c. cAMP d. Adenylate cyclase e. protein kinase

c

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. a. adrenal medulla b. pancreas c. thymus gland d. thyroid gland

c

The C cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid gland produce a. thyroxine. b. TSH. c. calcitonin. d. PTH. e. triiodothyronine.

c

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on a. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the path of blood flow. b. the membrane potential of the target organ's cells. c. the presence of the appropriate surface receptors on the target cells. d. nothing - all hormones are capable of stimulating any cells of the body.

c

The coronary sinus a. provides blood to the brain. b. returns blood from the head and neck to the superior vena cava. c. returns blood from the heart to the superior vena cava. d. is involved in baroreceptor responses.

c

The hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the a. mineralocorticoids. b. androgens. c. glucocorticoids. d. thyroid hormones. e. gonadotropins.

c

Which of the events below occurs when the semilunar valves are open? a. Atria are in systole. b. AV valves are open. c. Ventricles are in systole. d. Ventricles are in diastole.

c

Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart? a. atrioventricular (AV) node b. bundle branches c. atrioventricular (AV) valve d. sinoatrial (SA) node

c

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone? a. will likely act through a second-messenger system b. receptor will be located on the plasma membrane c. can be stored in secretory vesicles d. will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

d

Increasing resistance in the arteries will activate the baroreceptors and cause which of the following to happen? a. There should be an increase in heart rate. b. There should be a decrease in heart rate. c. There should be a decrease in blood pressure. d. There should be a decrease in both the heart rate and the blood pressure. e. There should be an increase in both the heart rate and the blood pressure.

d

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? a. carbohydrate oxidation b. catabolic inhibition c. protein synthesis d. humoral stimulation

d

The T wave on an EKG represents a. atrial depolarization. b. atrial repolarization. c. ventricular depolarization. d. ventricular repolarization. e. ventricular contraction.

d

The left atrioventricular (AV) valve is also known as the a. bicuspid valve b. mitral valve c. tricuspid valve d. both a and b e. both b and c

d

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________. a. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release b. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional c. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

d

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________. a. calcium b. deactivating ions c. nucleotides d. second messengers

d

Which of the following is not true concerning insulin? a. It inhibits glycogenolysis. b. It lowers blood glucose levels. c. It causes cells to polymerize glucose to form glycogen. d. It activates gluconeogenesis.

d

Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole? a. aorta only b. pulmonary arteries only c. pulmonary veins only d. both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

d

Blood flow is ________. a. directly proportional to the blood pressure gradient b. inversely proportional to the blood pressure gradient. c. influenced most by the resistance encountered within the blood vessels. d. equivalent to cardiac output (CO) for the entire vascular system e. a, c and d are correct ab. b, c and d are correct

e

Cortisol: a. is released in response to ACTH, patterns of eating and activity, and stress b. has a prime metabolic effect of gluconeogenesis—formation of glucose from fats and proteins c. promotes a rise in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids d. is produced in the zona fasciculata. e. All of the above are true.

e

Generally, the actions of hormones a. tend to be more widespread than actions of the nervous system. b. are longer lasting than actions of the nervous system. c. are slower to react than the nervous system. d. cause changes in the machinery of the cells. e. all of the above

e

Isovolumetric relaxation a. occurs only in people with heart valve defects b. occurs while the AV valves are open c. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers d. occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close e. refers to the short period during ventricular diastole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

e

Mineralocorticoids a. are produced in the zona glomerulosa b. regulate electrolytes c. include aldosterone d. a and b are correct e. a, b and c are correct

e

Norepinephrine a. stimulates bronchial dilation b. influences peripheral vasoconstriction c. is produced in the adrenal medulla d. both a and c e. both b and c

e

Parathyroid hormone a. stimulates osteoclast activity. b. increases the rate of calcium absorption. c. decreases the rate of calcium excretion. d. raises the level of calcium ions in the blood. e. all of the answers are correct.

e

The carotid sinus a. returns blood from the heart back to the superior vena cava. b. is involved in baroreceptor responses. c. is found at the base of the internal carotid artery. d. both a and b e. both b and c

e

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? a. increased oxygen consumption b. increased heart rate c. increased sensitivity to autonomic stimulation d. increased body temperature e. All of the answers are correct.

e

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the posterior pituitary gland? a. It is a downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue b. It has a neural connection to the hypothalamus - the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract c. It consists of pituicytes and nerve fibers d. The hypothalamus synthesizes ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin which is transported to the posterior pituitary. e. The hypothalamus directs the posterior pituitary to synthesize ADH and oxytocin when needed.

e