Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 11: Nervous System II

Complete the following sentences about the functions of brain regions with the appropriate word. Then arrange the sentences in order from rostral to caudal.

1. One function of the midbrain is to coordinate movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.

Complete the sentences describing the ventricles and spaces associated with CSF in the central nervous system. Then place the sentences in order to describe the flow of CSF from superior to inferior.

1. There are four interconnected ventricles in the brain.

Complete the following sentences about the functions of brain regions with the appropriate word. Then arrange the sentences in order from rostral to caudal.

2. Functions of the pons include the transfer of information to the cerebellum and to control sleep and respiration.

Complete the sentences describing the ventricles and spaces associated with CSF in the central nervous system. Then place the sentences in order to describe the flow of CSF from superior to inferior.

2. The lateral ventricles is/are found within the cerebral hemispheres.

Complete the following sentences about the functions of brain regions with the appropriate word. Then arrange the sentences in order from rostral to caudal.

3. Functions of the medulla oblongata include control of respiration, blood pressure, and cardiac functions.

Complete the sentences describing the ventricles and spaces associated with CSF in the central nervous system. Then place the sentences in order to describe the flow of CSF from superior to inferior.

3. These ventricles are connected to the single ventricle below it by two interventricular foramina.

Complete the sentences describing the ventricles and spaces associated with CSF in the central nervous system. Then place the sentences in order to describe the flow of CSF from superior to inferior.

4. The third ventricle is a narrow space in the midline of the brain, just below the corpus callosum.

Complete the sentences describing the ventricles and spaces associated with CSF in the central nervous system. Then place the sentences in order to describe the flow of CSF from superior to inferior.

5. It is connected to the ventricle below it by a small canal located in the midbrain called the cerebral aqueduct.

Complete the sentences describing the ventricles and spaces associated with CSF in the central nervous system. Then place the sentences in order to describe the flow of CSF from superior to inferior.

6. The fourth ventricle is found posterior to the brainstem and anterior to the cerebellum.

Complete the sentences describing the ventricles and spaces associated with CSF in the central nervous system. Then place the sentences in order to describe the flow of CSF from superior to inferior.

7. This ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and has openings into the subarachnoid space of the meninges.

Midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward. Damage could result in difficulty coordinating head and eye movements. Contains Cerebral peduncles. Contains red nucleus. Explanation The brainstem is composed of three portions: medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. Each of these areas contain masses of cell bodies (nuclei) responsible for the functions associated with the region. The white matter (tracts) within the brainstem carries information to and from other regions of the brain, such as the cerebellum or spinal cord.

Autonomic Nervous System

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands. Involuntary Sweat glands activation Arrector pili muscles activation Can be excitatory or inhibitory on the target organ Principally involved with movement "through" the body Intestinal smooth muscle activation Contains two neurons from the CNS to effector organ Utilizes acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter in the ganglia Presence of pre and post ganglionic neurons Presence of unmyelinated postganglionic neurson CNS somas are located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord.

Explain the ascending pathways for the sense of touch by completing the following sentences.

Along the pathway, the information crosses in the medulla oblongata to the contralateral side.

Descending Tract

Anterior Corticospinal Tract, Lateral Reticulospinal Tract, Lateral Corticospinal Tract, Rubrospinal Tract

Complete each sentence describing the features of the sympathetic nervous system.

Arriving at target cells, postganglionic nerve fibers release norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft at the visceral effector.

Complete each sentence describing the features of the sympathetic nervous system.

At the heart, the effect of this neurotransmitter binding to adrenergic receptors stimulates cardiac muscle cells.

What division of the nervous system functions independently and continuously, without conscious effort?

Autonomic nervous system Explanation The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Which organs are part of the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord Explanation The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Using a dermatomal map, predict the possible site of nerve damage in a patient suffering from loss of sensation in the left hand.

C6-C8 Explanation A dermatomal map illustrates the area of skin innervated by each individual spinal nerve. Knowing this map can help clinicians identify spinal cord injuries, pinched nerves, and other types of neurological damage.

The brain and the spinal cord make up the __________ nervous system.

Central Explanation The nervous system is broken up structurally into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Indicate whether each term represents a structure vs. a cavity, space, or divider associated with the brain. Structure

Cerebrum, Hemisphere, Cerebellum, Gyrus, Basal Nuclei, Corpus Callosum Explanation Anatomical terms are given to both physical structures and many of the empty spaces between structures. The empty spaces can serve as functional divisions between or within organ regions. They may also serve as passageways for fluid, blood vessels, nerves, etc.

Place the following regions of the spinal cord in order from superior to inferior.

Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal Explanation The spinal cord is divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. They correspond to the divisions of the vertebral column.

Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions. Glossopharyngeal

Controls muscles for swallowing and salivary glands; Sensory information from carotid arteries

Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions. Accessory

Controls muscles of neck (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid)

Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions. Oculomotor

Controls muscles that move the eye and control the amount of light entering the eye (pupil size)

Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions. Hypoglossal

Controls muscles that move the tongue

Where is the pia mater located?

Deep to the arachnoid mater

ParasympatheticNervous System

Digesting Defecation Diuresis

Somatic Nervous System

Division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Voluntary Only excitatory on the target organ Skeletal Muscles activation Principally involved with movement "of" the body Contains one neuron from the CNS to the effector organ Always utilizes acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter innervates skeletal muscles CNS somas are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Place the following layers of meninges and spaces in order from superficial to deep.

Dura Mater Subdural Space Arachnoid Mater Subarachnoid Mater Pia Mater

What is the correct order of meninges from superficial to deep?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater Explanation The meninges are composed of three layers that help protect the brain and spinal cord.

What Connective Tissue Layer Surrounds an Axon?

Endoneurium Explanation As with skeletal muscles and its muscle fibers, a peripheral nerve consists of nerve fibers surrounded by connective tissue.

Place each cranial nerve label in the appropriate category, describing its function.Labels may be used more than once or not at all. Carry Impulses from Taste Buds

Facial n., Glossopharyngeal n., Vagus n.

Place each cranial nerve label in the appropriate category, describing its function.Labels may be used more than once or not at all. Contain Parasympathetic Fibers

Facial n., Glossopharyngeal n., Vagus n., Oculomotr n.

For each cranial nerve, place the label in the appropriate box, categorizing it based on function. Contains Both Motor and Sensory Fibers

Facial n., Glossopharyngeal n., Vagus n., Trigeminal n. Explanation There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain. Most cranial nerves are mixed, but some have only sensory fibers and some have primarily motor fibers.

Ascending Tract

Fasciculus Gracilis, Fasciculus Cuneatus, Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract, Spinothalamic Tract, Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

What ventricle(s) is associated with the brainstem?

Fourth ventricle Explanation The ventricles are cavities located within the brain that allow for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

What part of the brain is associated with memory consolidation?

Hippocampus

Complete the following sentences describing various aspects of memory.Labels can be used more than once.

If the reverberating pattern of stimulation continues, the memory is remembered.

Complete the following sentences describing various aspects of memory.Labels can be used more than once.

In long-term memory, new synaptic connections are established. The new connections allow for unlimited number of memories.

Complete the following sentences describing various aspects of memory.Labels can be used more than once.

In short-term memory, neurons are connected in a reverberating circuit where the last neuron stimulates the first neuron.

Name a noticeable sign of normal aging in the nervous system.

Increase in memory loss Explanation Noticeable signs of normal aging include fading memory and slowed responses and reflexes.

NOT Part of the Spinal Cord

Medulla oblongata, spinal nerve, thalamus, brachial plexus, cerebrum

Consider left cerebral hemisphere dominance. Drag each label, listing a cerebral function, to the appropriate cerebral hemisphere, indicating which hemisphere controls each function. Left Hemisphere

Motor control of the right hand The majority of auditory afferents Vision from the right visual field Mathematical reasoning Speech and Language comprehension Verbal memory

What are two types of normal sleep?

Non-rapid eye movement Rapid eye movement Explanation Sleep is a normal, reoccurring, and reversible state of unconsciousness.

In which lobe of the cerebrum is the visual cortex located?

Occipital lobe

Place each cranial nerve label in the appropriate category, describing its function.Labels may be used more than once or not at all. Innervate Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye

Oculomotor n., Trochlear n., Abducens n.

For each cranial nerve, place the label in the appropriate box, categorizing it based on function. Primarily Motor Fibers

Oculomotor n., Trochlear n., Abducens n., Hypoglossal n., Accessory n.

For each cranial nerve, place the label in the appropriate box, categorizing it based on function. Only Sensory Fibers

Optic n., Olfactory n., Vestibulocochlear n.

Place each cranial nerve label in the appropriate category, describing its function.Labels may be used more than once or not at all. Contain Only Sensory Neurons

Optic n., Olfactory n., Vestibulocochlear n.

Complete the following sentences describing the neurotransmitters and receptors associated with the autonomic nervous system.

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

What region of the adult brain originates from the embryonic hindbrain?

Pons Explanation The embryonic development of the brain and spinal cord begin as a neural tube, which enlarges, divides, and folds to create the portions of the adult brain.

Part of the Spinal Cord

Posterior horn, posterior funiculus, posterior median sulcus, gray commissure, sensory tracts

Complete the following sentences describing the neurotransmitters and receptors associated with the autonomic nervous system.

Preganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

What functional region of the cerebral cortex is located in the frontal lobe?

Primary motor cortex Explanation Regions of the cerebral cortex can be classified based on the type of neural integration that occurs in the region.

SympatheticNervous System

Running Embarrassment Excitement Fight-or-flight response

Consider left cerebral hemisphere dominance. Drag each label, listing a cerebral function, to the appropriate cerebral hemisphere, indicating which hemisphere controls each function. Right Hemisphere

Sensation of the left hand Artistry and creativity Memory of shapes Somatic sensation of the left side of the body

Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions. Olfactory

Sensory information for the sense of smell

Complete the following sentences describing various aspects of memory.Labels can be used more than once.

Short-term memories are converted to long-term memories in a process called memory consolidation.

Place the following items associated with the brain in order from superficial to deep.

Skin, Cranium, Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid Space, Pia Mater, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral White Mater, Corpus Callosum, Thalamus Explanation The brain is a vital organ that is protected by the skull and meninges.

The limbic system interprets sensory impulses from the receptors associated with which sense?

Smell Explanation The limbic system is a combination of different structures in the cerebrum and diencephalon that helps control emotional experiences and expressions.

What type of nerve fibers would control the skeletal muscles of facial expression?

Somatic cranial nerve fibers Explanation The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Each of the these nerves may contain somatic and/or autonomic nerve fibers.

Complete each sentence describing the features of the sympathetic nervous system.

Some fibers synapse with neurons in these ganglia; some fibers travel up or down the chain before synapsing; and other fibers pass through the chain ganglia to synapse within the collateral ganglia.

Indicate whether each term represents a structure vs. a cavity, space, or divider associated with the brain. Cavity, Space, or Divider

Sulcus, Fissure, Cerebral Aqueduct, Ventricles Explanation Anatomical terms are given to both physical structures and many of the empty spaces between structures. The empty spaces can serve as functional divisions between or within organ regions. They may also serve as passageways for fluid, blood vessels, nerves, etc.

Choose the structures that are composed of gray matter. Check all that apply.

Thalamus Motor Cortex Basal nuclei Explanation: White and gray matter are apparent throughout the nervous system. Gray matter is the site of integration of sensory input and of generation of action potentials. White matter, which is composed primarily of myelinated axons, functions to rapidly carry nerve impulses to their destination.

Explain the ascending pathways for the sense of touch by completing the following sentences.

The action potentials would enter the spinal cord via the posterior horn and ascend in the tract called the fasciculus cuneatus.

Complete the following sentences describing the neurotransmitters and receptors associated with the autonomic nervous system.

The muscarinic receptors are found on effector cells at the synapses of all parasympathetic postganglionic fibers with their effectors.

Complete the following sentences describing the neurotransmitters and receptors associated with the autonomic nervous system.

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine can bind to two types of cholinergic receptors: (1) muscarinic receptors, named after a fungal toxin; and (2) nicotinic receptors, named after a tobacco toxin.

Complete the following sentences describing the neurotransmitters and receptors associated with the autonomic nervous system.

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine can bind to two major types of adrenergic receptors: (1) the alpha receptors which cause vasoconstriction; and (2) beta receptors which cause bronchodilation.

Complete the following sentences describing the neurotransmitters and receptors associated with the autonomic nervous system.

The nicotinic receptors are found on the postganglionic neurons located in the autonomic ganglia. These receptors produce excitatory responses in the postganglionic neurons.

Explain the ascending pathways for the sense of touch by completing the following sentences.

The sensation of a pencil touching the right hand would generate action potentials that would travel on a sensory neuron toward the spinal cord.

Complete each sentence describing the features of the sympathetic nervous system.

The sympathetic nervous system has preganglionic fibers that exit the CNS through many of the spinal nerves from T1-L2.

Complete the following sentences describing various aspects of memory.Labels can be used more than once.

The two types of memory are short-term memory, also known as "working" memory, and long-term memory.

Complete each sentence describing the features of the sympathetic nervous system.

These preganglionic nerve fibers exiting the CNS will then enter the sympathetic chain and its ganglia.

Complete the following sentences describing various aspects of memory.Labels can be used more than once.

This process is thought to occur through long-term synaptic potentiation, where repeated stimulation of the same neurons strengthens the synapse.

After suffering a head injury, a patient exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Based on these symptoms, predict which nerve might have been damaged.

Trigeminal nerve Explanation Twelve pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain, each with a specific function which is sometimes indicated in the name of the nerve.

Decreased activity of the reticular formation results in sleep.

True Explanation: The reticular formation sends signals to the cerebral cortex to activate it into a state of wakefulness.

Explain the ascending pathways for the sense of touch by completing the following sentences.

Ultimately, the sensation of touch from the right hand would be perceived in the left side of the cerebrum.

Norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?

Medulla Oblangata

above spinal cord, controls breathing, heartbeat and size of blood vessels. nerve fibers cross Damage could result in difficulty breathing. Contains pyramids. Regulation of blood pressure. Damage could result in difficulty swallowing. Explanation The brainstem is composed of three portions: medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. Each of these areas contain masses of cell bodies (nuclei) responsible for the functions associated with the region. The white matter (tracts) within the brainstem carries information to and from other regions of the brain, such as the cerebellum or spinal cord.

Motor signals leave the spinal cord through the __________ roots, while sensory signals enter the spinal cord through the __________ roots.

anterior; posterior Explanation A spinal nerve is considered a mixed nerve, as it contains both sensory and motor fibers. These fibers enter and leave the spinal cord through the roots, which merge to form the spinal nerve.

The __________ nerve is responsible for muscles of the anterior brachium, like the biceps brachii.

musculocutaneous Explanation The major nerves of the brachial plexus supply areas of the upper extremity.

The __________ nerve is responsible for pupillary constriction.

oculomotor Explanation There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Three of the pairs innervate structures associated with the eye, but only one has parasympathetic fibers to control pupil diameter.

Pons

the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus. Contains the cerebellar peduncles. Damage could result in loss of sensation in the face. Explanation The brainstem is composed of three portions: medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. Each of these areas contain masses of cell bodies (nuclei) responsible for the functions associated with the region. The white matter (tracts) within the brainstem carries information to and from other regions of the brain, such as the cerebellum or spinal cord.