Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5, 6 & 7
papillary layer
areolar connective tissue rich in blood vessels (fingerprints), forms ridges to increase friction and aid with grip
merkel cells
associated with sensory receptors of touch
alopecia
baldness
stratum basale
basal layer, deepest, attached to underlying dermis
complete fracture
bone broken in 2 parts
osteoclast
bone destroyer, release enzymes and acid on bone surfaces to be resorbed
wolff's law
bone grows or remodels in response to the demand placed on it
sesamoid bones
bones found in tendons; patella
appendicular
bones of upper and lower limbs and girdles that attach limbs to axial
blood resivoir
can hold large volumes of blood
3 types of protection
chemical: skin secretion and melanin physical: continuity of skin and hardness biological: immune system
stratum spinosum
composed of keratinocytes, pre-keratin filaments (prickle cells)
apocrine
confined to axillary and anogenital areas
hemoglobin
crimson color in RBC's (blood)
compression fracture
crushed
short bones
cube shaped bones; wrist and ankle
irregular bones
does not fit any categories; vertebra and hip bones
closed (simple)
does not penetrate skin
spiral fractures
due to twisting force
third degree (full thickness burn)
entire thickness of skin damaged, nerve endings destroyed; (not painful) skin grafting usually necessary
2 regions of integumentary system
epidermis and dermis
second degree (partial thickness burn)
epidermis and upper dermis damaged
most common cause of skin cancer
exposure to UV radiation
eyelashes
eye protection
axial
forms long axis of body; bones of skull, vertebral column ribcage
sebaceous glands
found everywhere in the body excepts palms and soles, secrete sebum (oily substance) to soften and lubricate hair and skin
comminuted fracture
fragments into 3+ pieces
3 parts of nail
free edge body root
epiphysis
head (ends); spongy bone covered in compact bone; red bone marrow
remodeling controlled by
hormones response to mechanical stress non-stressed bones are weaker
epiphyseal plates
hyaline cartilage that allows for growth; growth plate
rickets
in children, insufficient calcium and vitamin D
squamous cell carninoma
in stratum spinosum of epidermis; grows rapidly; cure is high if caught early
main threat of burns
infection
bones that continue to grow throughout life
jaw and nose
4 types of cells in epidermis
keratinocytes melanocytes Langerhans' cells merkel cells
long bones
longer than wide; shaft and two ends
Langerhans' cells
macrophages that activate immune system
hair follicle
made of hair bulb: deep end that produces hair
3 layers of hair
medulla cortext cuticle
3 pigments that contribute to color
melanin, carotene, and heoglobin
periosteum
membrane covers long bones except joint
factors of osteoporosis
menopause, petite body, form, insufficient exercise (children), poor diet in calcium and protein, smoking, immobility (bedridden)
ceruminous glands
mining of external ear canal
basal cell carcinoma
most common type of skin cancer, in epidermis; proliferates and invade dermis
melanoma
most dangerous because its highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy; can begin wherever there is pigment; about 1/3 arise from preexisting moles
eccrine
most numerous, used to cool body
excretion
nitrogenous wastes (ammoina, urea) and salts
incomplete fracture
not in 2 parts
greenstick fracture
one side breaks, other bends
first degree (superficial)
only epidermis damaged; localized redness, swelling and pain
melanin
only one make in skin, colors range from yellow to reddish brown to black, all humans have same number of melanocytes, skin color reflects type and amount of melanin increased when melanocytes exposed to skin
stratum corneum
outer most layer, made mostly of keratin, 3/4 of epidermis, skin and dandruff that flakes off, lasts 27 days after production
flat bones
thin and flat; slight curve; sternum, scapula
carotene
yellow to orange pigment, comes from plants, tends to accumulate in stratum corneum
reticular layer
80% of dermis, dense irregular connective tissue, make of thick collagen fibers
2 types of sudoriforous glands
(sweat glands) eccrine and apocrine
number of bones in the body
206
burns are classified critical if:
25% or more of body has second degree 10% or more of body has third degree third degree burns located on face or hands or feet
ABCDE rule
Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter Elevation
2 layers of dermis
papillary and reticular
open (compound) fracture
penetrates skin
closed treatment for fracture
positioned by doctors hands
stratum lucidum
present only in very thick skin (palms and soles)
ossifioation
process of bone formations (osteogenesis)
keratinocytes
produce keratin (fibrous protein)
stratum granulosum
produced keratin, darker
melanocytes
produces melanin (pigment), protects nucleus from UV radiation
functions of integumentary system
protection body temperature cutaneous sensations metabolic functions blood reservoir excretion
cutaneous sensation
receptors, part of nervous system
scalp
reduce heat loss and UV protection
osteoporosis
resorption outpaces deposit, become more POROUS and lighter, spongy, more vulnerable, stooping of posture, compressed fractures of vertebrae, neck of femur
nails
scale like modification of epidermis, made of hard keratin
open treatment for fracture
secured surgically with pins and/or wires
hair
sense insects on skin, flexible strands produced by follicles, consists largely of dead, keratinized protein cells
2 parts of hair
shaft and root
diaphysis
shaft, compact bone; yellow bone marrow
osteomalacia
soft bones, inadequately mineralized
5 layers of epidermis
stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum (horny layer)
5 appendages of skin
sudoriforous sebaceous nail hair hair follicles
5 functions of bones
support protection movement mineral storage blood cell formation
metabolic functions
synthesizing vitamin D, neutralizing cancer causing chemicals
