Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 5, 6 & 7

papillary layer

areolar connective tissue rich in blood vessels (fingerprints), forms ridges to increase friction and aid with grip

merkel cells

associated with sensory receptors of touch

alopecia

baldness

stratum basale

basal layer, deepest, attached to underlying dermis

complete fracture

bone broken in 2 parts

osteoclast

bone destroyer, release enzymes and acid on bone surfaces to be resorbed

wolff's law

bone grows or remodels in response to the demand placed on it

sesamoid bones

bones found in tendons; patella

appendicular

bones of upper and lower limbs and girdles that attach limbs to axial

blood resivoir

can hold large volumes of blood

3 types of protection

chemical: skin secretion and melanin physical: continuity of skin and hardness biological: immune system

stratum spinosum

composed of keratinocytes, pre-keratin filaments (prickle cells)

apocrine

confined to axillary and anogenital areas

hemoglobin

crimson color in RBC's (blood)

compression fracture

crushed

short bones

cube shaped bones; wrist and ankle

irregular bones

does not fit any categories; vertebra and hip bones

closed (simple)

does not penetrate skin

spiral fractures

due to twisting force

third degree (full thickness burn)

entire thickness of skin damaged, nerve endings destroyed; (not painful) skin grafting usually necessary

2 regions of integumentary system

epidermis and dermis

second degree (partial thickness burn)

epidermis and upper dermis damaged

most common cause of skin cancer

exposure to UV radiation

eyelashes

eye protection

axial

forms long axis of body; bones of skull, vertebral column ribcage

sebaceous glands

found everywhere in the body excepts palms and soles, secrete sebum (oily substance) to soften and lubricate hair and skin

comminuted fracture

fragments into 3+ pieces

3 parts of nail

free edge body root

epiphysis

head (ends); spongy bone covered in compact bone; red bone marrow

remodeling controlled by

hormones response to mechanical stress non-stressed bones are weaker

epiphyseal plates

hyaline cartilage that allows for growth; growth plate

rickets

in children, insufficient calcium and vitamin D

squamous cell carninoma

in stratum spinosum of epidermis; grows rapidly; cure is high if caught early

main threat of burns

infection

bones that continue to grow throughout life

jaw and nose

4 types of cells in epidermis

keratinocytes melanocytes Langerhans' cells merkel cells

long bones

longer than wide; shaft and two ends

Langerhans' cells

macrophages that activate immune system

hair follicle

made of hair bulb: deep end that produces hair

3 layers of hair

medulla cortext cuticle

3 pigments that contribute to color

melanin, carotene, and heoglobin

periosteum

membrane covers long bones except joint

factors of osteoporosis

menopause, petite body, form, insufficient exercise (children), poor diet in calcium and protein, smoking, immobility (bedridden)

ceruminous glands

mining of external ear canal

basal cell carcinoma

most common type of skin cancer, in epidermis; proliferates and invade dermis

melanoma

most dangerous because its highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy; can begin wherever there is pigment; about 1/3 arise from preexisting moles

eccrine

most numerous, used to cool body

excretion

nitrogenous wastes (ammoina, urea) and salts

incomplete fracture

not in 2 parts

greenstick fracture

one side breaks, other bends

first degree (superficial)

only epidermis damaged; localized redness, swelling and pain

melanin

only one make in skin, colors range from yellow to reddish brown to black, all humans have same number of melanocytes, skin color reflects type and amount of melanin increased when melanocytes exposed to skin

stratum corneum

outer most layer, made mostly of keratin, 3/4 of epidermis, skin and dandruff that flakes off, lasts 27 days after production

flat bones

thin and flat; slight curve; sternum, scapula

carotene

yellow to orange pigment, comes from plants, tends to accumulate in stratum corneum

reticular layer

80% of dermis, dense irregular connective tissue, make of thick collagen fibers

2 types of sudoriforous glands

(sweat glands) eccrine and apocrine

number of bones in the body

206

burns are classified critical if:

25% or more of body has second degree 10% or more of body has third degree third degree burns located on face or hands or feet

ABCDE rule

Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter Elevation

2 layers of dermis

papillary and reticular

open (compound) fracture

penetrates skin

closed treatment for fracture

positioned by doctors hands

stratum lucidum

present only in very thick skin (palms and soles)

ossifioation

process of bone formations (osteogenesis)

keratinocytes

produce keratin (fibrous protein)

stratum granulosum

produced keratin, darker

melanocytes

produces melanin (pigment), protects nucleus from UV radiation

functions of integumentary system

protection body temperature cutaneous sensations metabolic functions blood reservoir excretion

cutaneous sensation

receptors, part of nervous system

scalp

reduce heat loss and UV protection

osteoporosis

resorption outpaces deposit, become more POROUS and lighter, spongy, more vulnerable, stooping of posture, compressed fractures of vertebrae, neck of femur

nails

scale like modification of epidermis, made of hard keratin

open treatment for fracture

secured surgically with pins and/or wires

hair

sense insects on skin, flexible strands produced by follicles, consists largely of dead, keratinized protein cells

2 parts of hair

shaft and root

diaphysis

shaft, compact bone; yellow bone marrow

osteomalacia

soft bones, inadequately mineralized

5 layers of epidermis

stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum (horny layer)

5 appendages of skin

sudoriforous sebaceous nail hair hair follicles

5 functions of bones

support protection movement mineral storage blood cell formation

metabolic functions

synthesizing vitamin D, neutralizing cancer causing chemicals