Anatomy & Physiology CHT 17 HWK (Urinary System)

Diminished blood flow to the kidney, as would occur with renal arterial stenosis (a narrowing of a tube), may lead to ____ renal failure.

Prerenal acute

Reabsorption of nutrients, glucose, various ions, and water

Proximal convoluted tubule

Indicate whether each renal function is associated with the process of producing urine or with other mechanisms.

Renal function that is associated with urine production: Filtration of blood. Removal of nitrogenous wastes. Reduction of blood acidity. Blood pressure regulation. Blood volume regulation. Renal function that is NOT associated with urine production: Secreting the enzyme renin. Activation of vitamin D. Release of erythropoietin.

Urea is both filtered and secreted by the kidney.

True

This major artery gives off several branches that repeatedly divide until the final branch, _________, which leads into the nehpron.

afferent arteriole

The types of renal failure can be named to the location of the problem relative to the nephrons. Renal failure that develops over time is called ____ renal failure.

chronic

Hemodialysis is a medical procedure used to replace the function of the _____.

nephrons

Know the blood vessels found in the cortex of the kidney.

page 483 figure 17.4

know the structures seen in the photomicrograph of the kidney.

page 483 figure 17.5 (a)

Label the structures in the posterior view of a male urinary bladder.

page 496 figure 17.17

In response to activation of the micturition reflex, ______ stimulate the smooth muscle on the urinary bladder to contract.

parasympathetic neurons

Other substances that are secreted include drugs like _________ and a nucleic acid metabolism byproduct, _________.

penicillin, uric acid

During tubular secretion, substances move from the __________ into the _________.

peritubular capillaries , renal tubule

A condition called ____ renal failure may result from a large kidney stone lodged in the renal pelvis.

post renal acute

What would you anticipate the urine volume output would be for someone who ran a marathon and did not increase their normal water intake?

0.5 L/day

If someone ingested 1L of water, what would be a possible specific gravity of urine?

1.005- less than glomerular filtrate

What would be a normal volume output of urine?

1.5 L/day

Selective reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions

Ascending limb of nephron loop

For each situation, determine whether it would initially increase or decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Causes increased GFR: Increased blood levels of atrial natriuretic peptide. Vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole (with no change to afferent arteriole). Activity of angiotensin II. Excess body fluid volume. Causes decreased GFR: Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole (with no change to efferent arteriole). Decreased sodium in ascending limb.

Place the structures of the urinary tract in order, following the flow of urine.

Collecting duct Renal Papilla Minor calyx Major Calyx Renal Pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

Reabsorption of only water

Descending limb of nephron loop

Reabsorption of sodium, water, and secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions

Distal convoluted tubule

Glucose is not found in the urine because it is not filtered out of the blood.

False

Receives the plasma filtrate

Glomerular capsule

Filtration of fluids and solutes from plasma

Glomerulus

An important ion that is secreted is _____, as this allows for the kidneys to regulate the pH of body fluids.

H+

Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease filtration.

Increases Filtration: An increase in blood pressure. Constriction of the efferent arteriole Decreases Filtration: An increase in capsular pressure. An increase in plasma protein concentration. An obstruction in the proximal tubule.

Identify whether each item is a section of the nephron or a component of the renal vasculature.

Part of the nephron: Proximal convoluted tubules. Distal convoluted tubules. Renal corpuscles. Nephron loops. Renal vasculature: Afferent arterioles. Renal arteries and veins. Efferent arterioles. Peritubular capillaries.

If someone normally has a specific gravity of urine = 1.010, what would happen to the specific gravity if 1L of an isotonic solution (similar in concentration to the blood) was ingested?

The specific gravity would remain the same

If someone was to ingest 2 L of water all at once, what would happen to the urine output?

The urine output should increase

In order for urination to occur, the _________ must relax and the _________ must contract.

Urethral sphincters, detrusor muscle

Renal failure of sudden onset is called ______ renal failure.

acute

Blood leaves the capillary bed through the _________, which leads into another capillary bed called the _________.

efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries

This arteriole leads into a capillary bed called the _________, the site of filtration.

glomerulus

Indicate the characteristics of the peritubular capillaries that enhance the rate of fluid reabsorption from the renal tubule.

high plasma protein concentration. highly permeable capillary walls.

As a result, the amount of the secreted substance in the urine could be __________ than the amount filtered.

higher

A condition such as glomerulonephritis, in which inflammation occurs at the glomerulus, can lead to ____ renal failure.

infrarenal acute

Blood first enters the kidney through the ________, which is a branch of the ________.

renal artery, aorta

The __________ is the layer that contains the capillary beds that function to filter the blood, called _________. Most renal tubules are located in this layer.

renal cortex, glomeruli

The __________ is the layer that contains the descending and ascending limbs of the __________ that function in water and sodium reabsorption.

renal medulla, nephron loop

The _________ is the hollow portion of the kidney, filled with vessels, the renal calyces, and the renal pelvis.

renal sinus

After the capillary bed, the veins merge into large vessels that lead into the one _________ leaving the kidney, which drains into the __________.

renal vein, inferior vena cava

Which of the following substance is reabsorbed by the kidneys?

sodium