Anatomy and Physiology Exam 3

The normal pH for blood plasma is 7.35 - 7.45. 7.25 - 7.35. 6.80 - 7.20. 7.00. 7.45 - 7.55.

7.35 - 7.45.

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? 7.25-7.35, 7.05-7.15, 7.15-7.25, 6.95-7.05, 7.35-7.45

7.35-7.45

Diabetes insipidus is the result of decreased: glucagon production. aldosterone production. angiotensin II production. ADH production. insulin production

ADH production

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when: ADH production decreases. ADH production increases. plasma osmolality decreases. colloid osmotic pressure increases. aldosterone production decreases.

ADH production increases.

Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? The renal tubules reabsorb more water. The kidneys produce less urine. ADH release is stimulated. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. ADH release is inhibited.

ADH release is inhibited.

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? Aldosterone, erythropoietin, renin, antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone,

Feces consist of: bacteria. undigestible food. sloughed-off epithelial cells. water. All of these are found in feces.

All

Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal? pancreas ascending colon, descending colon, duodenum, All of these organs are retroperitoneal

All of the above

Calcium's roles in the body include: muscle contraction. action potentials in heart muscle. bone health. blood clotting. All of these choices are correct.

All of thes

Functions of the liver include detoxification of harmful chemicals. interconversion of nutrients. bile production. production of many blood proteins. All of these are functions of the liver

All of these are functions of the liver

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? K, A, C, B

B

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone? Increased urine volume, Decreased urine molarity, Increased urine acidity, Decreased urine volume, Increased urine salinity

Decreased urine volume,

Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found? Distal convoluted tubule, Posterior pituitary, Adrenal cortex, Proximal convoluted tubule, Adrenal medulla

Distal convoluted tubule,

What structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach? Esophagus, epiglottis, larynx, laryngopharynx

Esophagus

Gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer can all be caused by pH of the stomach contents continuously greater than 4. Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium, increased mucus production by the neck cells, increased secretion of gastric bicarbonate, None of these choices is correct.

Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium

Peyer patches are characteristic of the? colon. Ileum, duodenum. stomach. jejunum.

Ileum

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the? ileum., Palatino ,haustrum., jejunum., appendix., duodenum.

Ileum

__ are blade shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. Bicuspids, Canines, Cuspids, Incisors, Molars.

Incisors

What is the function of aldosterone? It causes the urine to be more diluted. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+secretion. It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption. It increases both Na+ and K+ secretion.

It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+secretion.

Why is the external urinary sphincter under conscious control? It is made of smooth muscle. It is made of skeletal muscle. It is part of the detrusor muscle. It is made of adventitia.

It is made of skeletal muscle.

An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the. Liver, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, pancreas.

Liver

The ________ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed. Liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine.

Liver

An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? Metabolic alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis, Digestive alkalosis.

Metabolic alkalosis

Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? Metabolic alkalosis, Lymphatic alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis, Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis,

________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding. Dentins , Cuspids, Molars , Eye teeth, Canines

Molars

What is the principal cation of the ECF? Na+ , Pi, K, Ca2+,

Na+

Hypernatremia is a plasma ________ concentration above normal. Na+, Ca, P, K+, Cl-

Na+,

Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume? Norepinephrine, Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, Parathyroid hormone, Antidiuretic hormone

Norepinephrine,

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion. Pancreas, colon, esophagus, appendix, spleen.

Pancreas

Chief cells secrete. Pepsinogen, mucus, gastrin, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor.

Pepsinogen

Emphysema can lead to which of the following? Respiratory alkalosis, Digestive alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis, Metabolic alkalosis, Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following is NOT associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine? Circular folds (plicae circulares), Villi, Rugae, Intestinal length, Microvilli.

Rugae,

Which organ system does not excrete waste? The respiratory system, The urinary system, The digestive system, The integumentary system, The cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system

Which of the following contribute to water conservation? The length of the nephrons, The collecting duct, The countercurrent multiplier, The countercurrent exchange system Diuretics

The length of the nephrons

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. Transitional, stratified squamous, pseudostratified columnar, simple squamous.

Transitional

What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? Na+, Ca2+, What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl, Pi, Cl, Pi

What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl, Pi

Intrinsic factor. causes the release of stomach acid. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. increases gastric motility. stimulates the synthesis of DNA.

acilitates the absorption of vitamin B

Potassium levels in the body are regulated by: aldosterone. insulin. PTH. ADH. calcitonin.

aldosterone

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? water levels, ADH, Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? water levels, ADH, aldosterone,

aldosterone

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, thyroxine, ADH.

aldosterone

Functions of the urinary system include. conservation of valuable nutrients. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions helping to stabilize blood pH. All of the answers are correct.

all

The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of? blood volume. blood pressure. blood ion levels. blood pH. All of the answers are correct.

all

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? trypsin, amylase, gastrin, cholecystokinin

amylase

Renin converts: angiotensin I to angiotensin II. angiotensin II to angiotensin III. angiotensin II to angiotensin I. angiotensinogen to angiotensin II. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the: pancreas, appendix, haustra, ileum, gallbladder.

appendix.

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? aldosterone, thyroxine, ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide.

atrial natriuretic peptide.

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. gastric juice, intestinal juice, pancreatic juice, bile.

bile

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the. pharynx. esophagus. colon. stomach. bladder.

bladder.

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. prevent pH changes caused by organic acids, atrial contractions, activate the renin, angiotensin mechanism, blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention.

blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention.

Most of the calcium in the body is in the extracellular fluid. bones. GI tract. kidneys. plasma.

bones

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is. GIP. , cholecystokinin. , enteropeptidase. , gastrin. , secretin.

cholecystokinin

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called ________. Gastrin, secretin, glucagon, insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK)

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone: somatostatin. secretin. gastrin. cholecystokinin. insulin

cholecystokinin (CCK)

What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder? Cholecystokinin, vagal stimulation, large amounts of protein in the chyme

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of. cholecystokinin (CCK). secretin and gastrin. gastrin and histamine. insulin and glucagon. somatostatin and CCK.

cholecystokinin (CCK). release of gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK).

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?< gastrin%;">gastric inhibitor peptide<cholecystokinin(CCK)</ secretin

cholecystokinin(CCK)

Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called? bile, Bolusin, Chyme, feces, phlegm

chyme

Urine drains from the nephron into the calyces through the: distal convoluted tubule. collecting duct. Bowman's capsule. proximal convoluted tubule. loop of Henle

collecting duct

The liver. is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate, is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm, is not Vascular, consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.

consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.

the anal canal. has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle, contains many goblet cells, begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum. has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle. contains tubular glands called crypts.

contains many goblet cells

The enteric plexus contains sympathetic neurons and fibers. is found in the mucosa, is a valve in the GI tract, controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract, consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus

controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract

Normal urine from a healthy person should contain ________. Ammonia, urobilin, glucose, creatinine, magnesium

creatinine

Which of the following would be expected to cause hyponatremia? high intake of sodium, increased aldosterone production decreased ADH production, decreased aldosterone production, increased urine output.

decreased aldosterone production,

Mastication. decreases the efficiency of digestion, is never under voluntary control, increases the surface area of food particles, occurs in both the mouth and stomach, decreases the surface area of food particles.

decreases the surface area of food particles.

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. Coma, diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, diabetic acidosis.

diabetes insipidus,

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of ________. diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, renal calculus pyelitis, acute glomerulonephritis

diabetes mellitus

Aldosterone acts on the ________. descending limb of the nephron loop, glomerulus, medullary, portion of the collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

Agents that increase urine excretion are known as: calcium channel blockers, ADH agonists, diuretics, 1 antagonists, muscarinic antagonists.

diuretics.

The pylorus empties into the? colon. cecum. ileum. jejunum. duodenum.

duodenum

The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the? pylorus, jejunum, duodenum, ileum, caecum

duodenum.

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the: vasa recta, renal vein, efferent arteriole, interlobular arteriole, afferent arteriole.

efferent arteriole.

Aldosterone secretion may be stimulated by: ADH. low potassium levels. elevated sodium levels. excess water intake. elevated potassium levels.

elevated sodium levels.

Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system? cellular respiration, elimination of undigested food, integration and coordination of other systems, regulation of blood pH, food selection.

elimination of undigested food

The kidney functions is: preventing blood loss. excretion of metabolic wastes. production of the hormone aldosterone. white blood cell production. synthesis of vitamin E.

excretion of metabolic wastes.

Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the: internal urinary sphincter. external urinary sphincter. involuntary portion of bladder control. trigone. lamina propria.

external urinary sphincter.

hich of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility? vagal stimulation, large amounts of fiber in the diet, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin chewing and swallowing food, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Inflammation of the gums is called. pyorrhea, dental carries, halitosis, gingivitus.

gingivitus.

Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________., rennin, mucin, pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid

Parietal cells secrete. gastrin. pepsinogen. enteropeptidase. hydrochloric acid. mucus.

hydrochloric acid

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes: increased urine volume. hyperkalemia. hypernatremia. hyponatremia. hypercalcemia.

hypernatremia.

What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach? Hepatopancreatic, ampulla, ileum, common bile duct, jejunum.

ileum,

Hyperkalemia is defined as reduction of plasma calcium level. excess excitability of kalems. increase in plasma sodium level. decrease in plasma potassium level. increase in plasma potassium level.

increase in plasma potassium level.

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. in the concentration of the blood plasma, increase in the production of aldosterone, decrease in the production of ADH, increase in the production of ADH

increase in the production of ADH

An increase in parathyroid hormone levels results in: increased rate of bone resorption. increased concentration of potassium ions in the urine. increased rate of calcium ion excretion by the kidneys. decreased levels of blood calcium. increased rate of vitamin D degradation.

increased rate of bone resorption.

Decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles: results in decreased ADH secretion. increased renin secretion. stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. decreased renin secretion.suppression of thirst.

increased renin secretion.

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes: increased secretion of potassium by the kidney. decreased secretion of calcium by the kidney. decreased secretion of potassium by the kidney. increased reabsorption of phosphate ions by the kidney. decreased reabsorption of sodium by the kidney.

increased secretion of potassium

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. increases urine volume.increases plasma osmolality. causes the production of a large volume of urine. is secreted by the anterior pituitary.

increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Consumption of alcohol increases urine production by: stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenals. stimulating the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. decreasing the blood pressure. causing retention of sodium ions. inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.

inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it. increases secretion of ADH, inhibits the release of ADH, is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells, increases the rate of glomerular filtration.

inhibits the release of ADH,

What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase, HCl, pepsinogen

intrinsic factor

necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, ________ is/are secreted by ________ cells. intrinsic factor; parietal. hydrochloric acid; parietal. bile salts; Chief. enterokinase; mucous. lecithin; hepatic,

intrinsic factor; parietal.

Atrial natriuretic hormone(ANP): promotes the secretion of ADH. is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases. is secreted when atrial blood pressure decreases. causes the formation of concentrated urine. is secreted by the posterior pituitary.

is secreted when atrial blood pressure decreases.

Aldosterone targets cells in the: glomerulus. collecting duct. proximal convoluted tubule. distal convoluted tubule. loop of Henle.

istal convoluted tubule.

How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract? the superior part is skeletal muscle, it has alternating smooth and skeletal muscle sections, the inferior part is skeletal muscle, it is all skeletal muscle,

it has alternating smooth and skeletal muscle sections

The middle segment of the small intestine is the. jejunum , ileum, cecum, duodenum, pylorus.

jejunum

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? the stomach and duodenum, the ileum and jejunum, the duodenum and ileum, the jejunum.

jejunum.

The ________ is an organ of the urinary system. Urethra, liver, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder

kidney

What is/are the main excretory organ/s of the body? Kidneys, intestines, skin, lungs

kidney

What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption? Pancreas, large intestine, esophagus, anus, stomach.

large intestine

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials? anus, large intestine, stomach, small intestine, esophagus.

large intestine

Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of. Proteins, disaccharides, carbohydrates, lipids, All of these choices are correct.

lipids

Bile is produced by. cells of the pancreas, duodenum, liver, hepatopancreatic ampulla, gallbladder

liver

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? large intestine, liver, stomach, pharynx.

liver

Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? absorption of nutrients, mastication of food, mixing by segmental contractions, complete digestion of food

mastication of food

Digestion refers to the. mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. chemical breakdown of food. mechanical breakdown of food. progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. All of the answers are correct.

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

The swallowing center is located in the ________. enteric nervous system, mouth, medulla oblongata, oropharynx, esophagus.

medulla oblongata

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis>metabolic alkalosis</ >metabolic acidosis</ >respiratory alkalosis</ >respiratory acidosis</

metabolic acidosis

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid balance, which of the following is most likely? respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, metabolic acidosis.

metabolic acidosis.

Saliva. is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth, does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth. increases ulceration in the mouth. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth. is produced only when there is food in the mouth.

moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the? ileum. mouth. duodenum. stomach. esophagus.

mouth.

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from. myenteric reflexes. hunger. stimulation. parasympathetic stimulation. hormonal stimulation.

parasympathetic stimulation

Calcium balance is influenced by ADH and parathyroid hormone levels. ADH and aldosterone levels. insulin and glucagon. parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels. aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels.

parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by ________ cells. regenerative (stem), chief, enteroendocrine, parietal, mucous

parietal

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? serous cells</ mucous neck cells</ chief cells>parietal cells</span>

parietal cells

Which of the following cell types of the stomach correctly matched with its function? endocrine cells - produce enzymes, parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid, chief cells - produce hormones, mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor, chief cells - produce mucus

parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?nzymogenic cells, enteroendocrine, parietal cells, mucous neck cells

parietal cells,

Increased aldosterone causes: increased urine volume. filtrate formation. sodium secretion. reabsorption of hydrogen ions. potassium excretion

potassium excretion

The predominant intracellular cation is: chloride. potassium. sodium. magnesium. calcium.

potassium.

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. iron, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium.

potassium.

In a healthy kidney, very little ________ is filtered by the glomerulus. Vitamins, glucose, protein, amino acids, electrolytes

protein

The enzyme pepsin digests? proteins. carbohydrates. lipids. vitamins. nucleic acids.

proteins

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis.

resoiratory acidosis

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called? papillae. rugae. villi. cardia. plicae.

rugae

Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? sigmoid colon, transverse colon, cecum, descending colon, ascending colon

sigmoid colon

The most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid is ________. chloride magnesium potassium sodium calcium

sodium

The predominant extracellular cation is: chloride. potassium. hydrogen ion. bicarbonate. sodium.

sodium.

Angiotensin ii stimulates aldosterone secretion. decreases blood pressure. acts on the collecting ducts to increase reabsorption of water. is a potent vasodilator. is formed from angiotensin I by the action of renin.

stimulates aldosterone secretion

Chyme is created in the ________.esophagus, stomach, mouth, small intestine.

stomach

The gallbladder. stores bile, produces secretin, produces bile, is attached to the pancreas, breaks down red blood cells.

stores bile

The urinary bladder: is superior to the kidney. empties to the exterior via the ureters. contains a muscle called the trigone. filters urine. stores urine until it is voided.

stores urine until it is voided

The ________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its ________ innervation is unknown. parasympathetic; sympathetic peripheral; central sympathetic; parasympathetic, central; peripheral enteric; somatic

sympathetic; parasympathetic,

The kidneys produce renin when: sodium chloride concentration in the distal convoluted tubule increases. the peritubular capillaries dilate. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases. the urine becomes acidic. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole increases.

the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases.

Micturition is another term for ________. the production of nitrogenous wastes, glomerular filtration, inflammation of the urinary bladder, the elimination of urine, the countercurrent multiplier process

the elimination of urine

Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle? The second phase of swallowing is under involuntary control, The first phase of swallowing is under involuntary control, The second phase of swallowing is under voluntary control, The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

the first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

The kidney is protected from mechanical shock by: the renal fat pad. renal fascia. renal cortex. hilum. renal capsule.

the renal fat pad

As ADH production declines, glomerular filtration increases. the blood volume increases. reabsorption of water increases. the urine volume increases. potassium reabsorption increases.

the urine volume increases.

What muscle is responsible for contraction of the urinary bladder during micturition? micturition mucle, trigone detrusor muscle, internal urinary sphincter

trigone detrusor muscle

Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by: the renal columns. urethra. ureter. renal tubules. calyces.

ureter

Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney? regulate the synthesis of vitamin D, maintenance of fluid balance, urine storage, excretion of waste regulate, synthesis of RBCs

urine storage

Atrial natriuretic hormone increases: ADH secretion. the reabsorption of sodium ions. urine volume. aldosterone secretion. blood volume.

urine volume

Water output is largely controlled by varying ________. metabolic water production sweating drinking, urine volume, cutaneous transpiration

urine volume,

The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called ________. Pyuria, monochrome, urochrome, multichrome, cyan chrome

urochrome,

Water-soluble vitamins include: vitamin C. vitamin E. vitamin D. vitamin K. vitamin A.

vitamin C

Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin deficiency. C A E K D

vitamin K

Decreased ADH levels results in a urine high in: water content. hydrogen ions. potassium. bicarbonate content. glucose content.

water content

Peristaltic waves are ________.waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another, churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract, pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract, segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another