Anatomy & Physiology I Chapters 3&4

Epithelial Tissue

*Cover surfaces, Line cavities, and hollow organs and forms glands. *Formed from all 3 germ layer: Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm. *Excellent constant regeneration

Muscle Tissue

*Provides force and movement *Develops from Mesoderm *Poor or no generation

Connective Tissue

*Supports, protects, and binds organs; stores fat & provide immunity. *Develops from mesoderm *regenerates well with adequate blood supply

Nervous Tissue

*maintains homeostasis by detecting and responding to stimuli through nerve impulses: Coordinates body activity *Developed from the ectoderm *Most do NOT regenerate

Stratified Epithelial

2 or more layers of one type

Which cell component helps to maintain the structural integrity of the cell?

Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton acts as the cell's "bones," "muscles," and "ligaments" by supporting cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate various cell movements.

S

DNA Replication

Fluid mosaic model

Double phospholipids with embedded proteins molecules that can move around and exchange places self- healing.

Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue is innervated. ~Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.

4 Types of tissue?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissue

Squamous Epithelial

Flat, thin, scale like puzzle pieces

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland?

Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. ~Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body.

M

Miotic phase

two types of cell division

Mitosis: division of somatic/body cells to produce somatic cells. Meosis: division of somatic cells to produce gametes/sex cells

G2

More growth preparing for division and cenrioles replicate

________ is the tissue that regulates and controls body functions.

Nervous tissue Nervous tissue regulates and controls body functions.

Pseudo-stratified Epithelial

One layer but looks like multiple (different nuclei levels)

Hypotonic

Outside<inside Cells lyse or explode

Isotonic

Outside=Inside Cells stay the same

Hypertonic

Outside>Inside cells will create

Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts the transport of solute molecules?

Panel A., which shows both passive and active transport processes mediated by integral membrane proteins.

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?

Ribosomes Proteins are synthesized at ribosomes. Free ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm and produce soluble proteins that function in the cytosol, as well as those imported into mitochondria and some other organelles. Fixed ribosomes, which stud the rough endoplasmic reticulum, synthesize proteins destined either for incorporation into the cell membrane or lysosomes, or for export from the cell.

Lysosomes

STRUCTURE :Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases. FUNCTION: Sites of intracellular digestion.

Golgi apparatus

STRUCTURE: A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus. FUNCTION: Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane.

Microtubules

STRUCTURE: Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins. FUNCTION:Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present.

Ribosomes

STRUCTURE: Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. Free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. FUNCTION: The sites of protein synthesis.

Nuclear envelope

STRUCTURE: Double-membrane structure pierced by pores. Outer membrane continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. FUNCTION: Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus.

Microfilaments

STRUCTURE: Fine filaments composed of the protein actin. FUNCTION: Involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement, help form the cell's cytoskeleton.

Chromatin

STRUCTURE: Granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins. FUNCTION:DNA constitutes the genes.

Flagellum

STRUCTURE: Like a cilium, but longer; only example in humans is the sperm tail. FUNCTION: Propels the cell.

Peroxisomes

STRUCTURE: Membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes. FUNCTION: The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances. The most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

STRUCTURE: Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the cistern, and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes. FUNCTION: Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the cisterns. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites. External face synthesizes phospholipids.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

STRUCTURE: Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes. FUNCTION: Site of lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification.

Centrioles

STRUCTURE: Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules. FUNCTION: As part of the centrosome, organize a microtubule network during mitosis (cell division) to form the spindle and asters. Form the bases of cilia and flagella.

intermediate filaments

STRUCTURE: Protein fibers; composition varies. FUNCTION: The stable cytoskeletal elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell.

Mitochondria

STRUCTURE: Rodlike, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae. FUNCTION: Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell.

Cilia

STRUCTURE: Short cell-surface projections; each cilium composed of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair. FUNCTION: Coordinated movement creates a unidirectional current that propels substances across cell surfaces.

Microvilli

STRUCTURE: Tubular extensions of the plasma membrane; contain a bundle of actin filaments. FUNCTION: Increase surface area for absorption.

Nucleolus

STRUCTURE:Dense spherical (non-membrane-bounded) bodies, composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins. FUNCTION: Site of ribosome subunit manufacture.

four type of membrane

Serous membrane: Line body cavities that do not open to the outside Mucous membrane: Lining of the mouth nose throat. etc...secrete mucous Cutaneous membrane: covers body; skin Synovial membrane: Line joints

The types of Epithelial tissue

Simple, Stratified, Pseudo-stratified, Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar,& Transitional

Simple Epithelial

Single layers of one type.

Cuboidal Epithelial

Square, tall as wide

DNA

TACGAAATAGGGCCCACT Serves as a template or pattern for making messenger RNA after being cut apart by RNA polymerase.

Osmosis

The diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane

What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

They are the main sites of ATP production. Mitochondria are threadlike or lozenge-shaped membranous organelles. In living cells they squirm, elongate, and change shape almost continuously. They are the power plants of a cell, providing most of its ATP supply.

Simple Diffusion

a substance transported by carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, such as glucose, moves down its concentration gradient

Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue?

absorption Absorption, the movement of substances into the body, is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include: binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body.

Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

are transmembrane integral proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules, such as sugars and amino acids, that are too large to pass through membrane channels.

channel mediated facilitated diffusion

are transmembrane proteins that transport substances, usually ions or water, through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other

Transitional Epithelial

change shape as tissue is stretched

Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell?

cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus

Mitosis

diving of nucleus

Cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm

Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity (epithe = laid on, covering). In addition to coverings and linings, epithelial cells can also form glands, called glandular epithelium.

Diffusion is a form of active transport.

false Diffusion is a form of passive, not active, transport. Diffusion results from substances moving down their concentration gradient, a form of kinetic energy. In order to move, or actively pump, substances against their concentration gradient, energy must be used. ATP directly, or indirectly, provides the energy for active transport.

G1

growth/metabolism (centrosome starts replication)

polar

hydrophilic

nonpolar

hydrophobic

The nucleolus ________.

is a dark-staining spherical body found within the mitochondria Nucleoli ("little nuclei") are the dark-staining spherical bodies found within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled. They are not membrane bounded. Typically, there are one or two nucleoli per nucleus, but there may be more. Nucleoli are usually large in growing cells that are making large amounts of tissue proteins.

Interphase

is the period when the cell carries out its normal metabolic activities and grows. Interphase is not part of mitosis.

cell cycle

is the series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.

Smooth muscle ________.

is under involuntary control Smooth and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.

Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues?

microvilli Microvilli are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of epithelial cells (thus epithelial tissues), an important attribute of tissues that have a role in absorption and secretion.

The figure is of which cellular organelle?

mitochondrion Mitochondria are characterized by an oblong shape with a double membrane.

The plasma membrane is made primarily of ________.

phospholipids The plasma (cell) membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, composed of two parallel sheets of phospholipid molecules lying tail to tail, with their polar heads exposed to water on either side of the membrane. Each lollipop-shaped phospholipid molecule has a polar "head" that is charged and is hydrophilic (hydro = water, philic = loving), and an uncharged, nonpolar "tail" that is made of two fatty acid chains and is hydrophobic.

What major function occurs on the specific membranes indicated by A?

synthesis of secreted proteins Structure A is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The figure illustrates how proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough ER, sorted in the Golgi, and delivered to the plasma membrane for secretion or packaged into lysosomes.

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

synthesis of the cell's membranes The rough ER synthesizes all proteins secreted from the cell; it also functions as the cell's "membrane factory" because integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes are manufactured there.

Columnar Epithelial

tall cylinder (may have cilia)

M (mitotic) phase

the cell cycle, involves two distinct events (yellow area): mitosis and cytokinesis: Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the mother cell to two daughter cells. Described as four phases—prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Prophase

the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division.

Metaphase

the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.

Anaphase

the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized.

true All cells that have a resting membrane potential (RMP), such that the inside (interior surface) of the cell membrane has a net negative charge while the outside (external surface) of the membrane has a net positive charge. Given the different (opposite) charges on either side of the cell membrane, the cell is considered to be polarized. This RMP, which results from separation of charged particles (ions) across the cell membrane, can be measured in millivolts (typically ranging from -50 to -100 mV depending on the cell type).