Anatomy & Physiology I Final

Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles?

Golgi complex

During depolarization, which of the following statements about voltage-gated ion channels is true?

Na+ gates open before K+ gates.

Which of the following muscles of mastication would be responsible for mandibular elevation?

Temporalis

Cells undergo division when which of the following conditions have been met?

They have grown large enough and replicated their DNA

Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke. (T/F)

True

Columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface. (T/F)

True

Evolutionary (Darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past. (T/F)

True

Hinge joints, such as the tibiofemoral joint, are monoaxial. (T/F)

True

In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix. (T/F)

True

Lou Gehrig disease is the eponym for amyotropic lateral sclerosis, made famous by the "ice bucket challege."

True

Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene give color to the skin. (T/F)

True

Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood. (T/F)

True

Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones. (T/F)

True

Most growth in childhood is the result of hyperplasia. (T/F)

True

Organs are made of tissues. (T/F)

True

Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis. (T/F)

True

What type of gradient cause the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?

electrochemical gradient

The __________ and __________ systems control and coordinate every cell in a human.

endocrine; nervous

In response to an action potential entering the neuron, calcium ions diffuse from the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm. (T/F)

false

Individual EPSPs and IPSPs determine whether or not a neuron fires, and the rate of firing, by stimulating or inhibiting the production of more action potentials. (T/F)

false

When a neuron is stimulated, Na+ gates open and allow Na+ to exit the cell. (T/F)

false

Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called ___________.

fascicles

In familial hypercholesterolemia, individuals with two abnormal alleles die of heart attacks in childhood, those with only one abnormal allele typically die as young adults, and those with two normal alleles have normal life expectancies. This exemplifies __________.

incomplete dominance

Accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane are called ____________.

inclusions

There are __________ bones in a newborn compared with the average number in an adult.

more

A traveling wave of excitation is known as a(n) __________.

nerve signal

Botulinum toxin causes muscle paralysis because ____________________.

no acetylcholine enters the synaptic cleft

The ___________ is an organ directly associated with the _________ and __________ systems.

pancreas; digestive; endocrine

The rectus abdominis is a __________ muscle, while the rectus femoris is a __________ muscle.

parallel; bipennate

The study of mechanism of disease is called __________.

pathophysiology

The rectus femoris is an example of what muscle shape?

pennate

The abdominopelvic cavity contains a moist serous membrane called the __________.

peritoneum

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________.

phagocytize and digest tissue debris

The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are __________.

phospholipids

Fast retrograde transport returns used synaptic vesicles and other materials to the soma and informs the soma of conditions at the axon terminals. (T/F)

true

In the PNS, unmyelinated fibers are enveloped in Schwann cells. (T/F)

true

Memories are formed by neural pathways of modified synapses. (T/F)

true

Norepinephrine is a monoamine. (T/F)

true

The physical basis of memory is a pathway through the brain called a memory trace, in which new synapses have formed or existing synapses have been modified to make transmission easier. (T/F)

true

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber. (T/F)

true

Unipolar neurons have only a single process leading away from the neurosoma. (T/F)

true

The __________ system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

urinary

The most abundant element in the human body, by weight, is __________.

oxygen

Ependymal cells line the inner cavities of the CNS. (T/F)

true

Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch. (T/F)

true

Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis?

Collagen and fibroblasts

Most of the skin is __________ mm thick.

1 to 2

_______________ approaches understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts.

Reductionism

A solution with pH 4 has __________ the H+ concentration of a solution with pH 8.

10,000 times

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has __________.

12 neutrons and 11 protons

The average number of bones in the adult skeleton is __________.

206

The allele for cleft chin (C) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). A male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have an uncleft chin?

25%

During muscle contraction, a single myosin head consumes ATP at a rate of about __________ ATP per second.

5

Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle? a. A 50-year-old sedentary computer programmer b. A 22-year-old soccer player c. A long-term hospice patient d. A model on a reduced-calorie diet e. A newborn

A 22-year-old soccer player

Which of the following is true regarding unmyelinated nerve fibers in the PNS?

A Schwann cell folds its plasma membrane around several fibers

Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments? a. A band b. H band c. I band d. M line e. Z discs

A band

What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?

A hydrogen bond

The bond between the active site on actin and the myosin head is broken when an __________.

ATP molecule binds to the myosin head

Myosin heads directly use ______________ to transition to their _____________________ conformation, which enables them ready to bind to actin.

ATP; energized

The hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of which tissue?

Adipose tissue

Which of the following statements is not a tenet of modern cell theory? a. An organism's structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells. b. All cells come only from preexisting cells. c. All cells occupy space. d. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products. e. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

All cells occupy space.

How does a neuron transport enzymes produced in the neurosoma to its axon terminals?

Along microtubules

Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

An increase in reactant concentration

The sternum (breastbone) is __________ to the vertebral column.

Anterior

Smooth muscle can be stimulated in many ways: Temperature

Arrector pili muscles contract, causing hairs to become erect and goose bumps to form on the skin.

A male sustains a crushing injury to his foot. After weeks of care, he begins to notice that he cannot bend the little toe on his right foot. Which of he following would be a logical diagnosis?

Atrophy of the flexor digiti minimi

An Olympic sprinter readies for a race. After the sound of the starting gun, he propels himself forward from the starting block and immediately grimaces in pain, grabbing for the back of his thigh. Within 48 hours he begins noticing extensive bruising on the back of his thigh extending into the back of the knee. He now has difficulty rising from a seated position and flexing his knee. Bending at the waist generates more pain. Which muscle is likely injured?

Biceps femoris

__________ account for 98.5% of the body's weight.

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus

Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance? a. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) b. Proteoglycans c. Chondroitin sulfate d. Hyaluronic acid e. Collagen

Collagen

A rounded knob that articulates with another bone is called a(n) __________.

Condyle

The visceral pericardium is __________ to the parietal pericardium.

Deep

Identify the highlighted muscle, which is involved in lateral and medial rotation of the arm.

Deltoid

Which of the following is only found on the axis vertebra?

Dens (odontoid process)

Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order: A - ATP is converted to cAMP B - The cell's metabolism is altered C - G protein binds adenylate cylase D - The G protein dissociates E - NE binds the receptor

E, D, C, A, B

There are three bones in the pollex. (T/F)

False

Identify the muscles of respiration that are highlighted and indicated by leader lines.

Diaphragm, External Intercostal Muscle and Membrane, Internal Intercostal

Which of the following is not a major joint category? a. Elastic b. Synovial c. Cartilaginous d. Fibrous e. Bony

Elastic

Which of the bones below does not belong to the appendicular skeleton? a. Clavicle b. Patella c. Ethmoid d. Ulna e. Fibula

Ethmoid

Which of the following bones is a single unpaired bone? a. Ethmoid b. Parietal c. Maxilla d. Zygomatic e. Palatine

Ethmoid

Accurately label the components of a reflex arc on this example.

Explanation A somatic reflex arc has 5 major components: 1) A somatic receptor in the skin, muscles, and tendons. 2) An afferent nerve fiber, the axon of a unipolar neuron that carries signals from the receptor to the spinal cord or brainstem. 3) An integrating center, a point of synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem. In most reflex arcs, this involves one or more interneurons, but in the simplest arcs, the afferent fiber may synapse directly with the efferent fiber. These simple arcs allow for quicker but less complex or refined responses. 4) An efferent nerve fiber, which carries motor signals to a skeletal muscle. 5) An effector, which in this case is the skeletal muscle. In reflexes in general, effector means any organ or cell carries out the final response.

Drag each label to accurately identify the regions of spinal nerves.

Explanation The spinal cord is a dense network of neuronal fibers and synapses extending from the brainstem to the medullary cone where 31 pairs of nerves exit the cord laterally in between the lateral foramina of the vertebrae. These are named according to grouping associated with the vertebral regions from which they originate.

Correctly label the following anatomical features of the spinal cord.

Explanation The spinal cord is wrapped in a three-later protective covering called the meninges. In a cross-sectional view, one can also contrast the white matter to the gray matter of the spinal cord. The white matter is arranged in peripherally-located columns of myelinated nerve fibers, while the gray matter is arranged into centrally-located horns of unmyelinated nervous tissue.

Correctly identify and label the spinal nerves and their plexuses.

Explanation The spinal nerves converge to form plexuses, networks of nerves that come together to innervate a common region of the body. From these plexuses emerge individual nerves that innervate more specific structures in those regions. The plexuses are cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Thoracic nerves do not form plexus, rather they continue between the ribs as intercostal nerves.

Identify the action of the highlighted muscle.

Extension of forearm

A meniscus is a type of bursa seen in the space between the femur and tibia. (T/F)

False

A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle). (T/F)

False

A molecule that is oxidized gains electrons and energy. (T/F)

False

A radiograph (X-ray) of a child's hand will show epiphyseal lines. (T/F)

False

Adding pins and plates to a fracture to aid repair is called traction. (T/F)

False

After mitosis, each chromosome consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids. (T/F)

False

All ribs articulate with the sternum. (T/F)

False

Condyles are found in the axial skeleton only. (T/F)

False

Connective tissues contain abundant cells that are on contact with one another. (T/F)

False

DNA is composed of double-ring nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA is composed of single-ring nitrogenous bases. (T/F)

False

Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells. (T/F)

False

In response to an action potential entering the neuron, calcium ions diffuse from the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm. (T/F)

False

In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral proteins always face toward the ECF. (T/F)

False

Medial and lateral condyles of the femur are involved in the hip joint. (T/F)

False

Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin. (T/F)

False

Sutures are found within cranial and facial bones. (T/F)

False

The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface. (T/F)

False

The enzyme RNA polymerase participates in translation. (T/F)

False

The heart occupies a space called the pericardial cavity between the parietal and visceral pericardium. (T/F)

False

The high heat capacity of water makes it a very ineffective coolant. (T/F)

False

The mastoid process cannot be palpated on a living person. (T/F)

False

The process of a cell changing types to respond to its environment is called neoplasia. (T/F)

False

The terms development and evolution have the same meaning in physiology. (T/F)

False

_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes, such as salts, through narrow clefts between capillary cells.

Filtration; hydrostatic pressure

An image of a typical chest X-ray shows a __________ view of the thoracic region.

Frontal

Which cranial bone(s) are separate right and left bones at birth but generally fuse by the age of 5?

Frontal bone and mandible

Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle? a. Goose bumps b. Blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart c. Elevating the eyebrows d. Blinking the eyelids e. Deep inspiration

Goose bumps

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue? a. Reticular tissue b. Hyaline cartilage c. Dense regular connective tissue d. Dense irregular connective tissue e. Areolar tissue

Hyaline cartilage

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?

Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane

In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?

Hyperpolarization of the membrane

Which of the following is not part of the skin? a. Epidermis b. Papillary layer c. Hypodermis d. Stratum basale e. Dermis

Hypodermis

Indicate the three components of the erector spinae muscle group.

Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis

Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO). What is the function of this enzyme?

It breaks down monoamines.

In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination?

It grows within a regeneration tube.

Which of the following is not true of a thoracic vertebra?

It has a pair of transverse foramina.

Choose the correct statement about myelin.

It is best not to give children under two years of age a low-fat diet because myelin formation requires lipids.

Structures associated with Motor End Plate (5)

Junctional folds Acetylcholine receptors Acetylcholinesterase Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm

Most of the stomach is located in the _________ of the abdomen.

LUQ

What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth?

Lanugo

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? a. Promote calcium reabsorption by the kidneys b. Stimulate osteoclast activity c. Lower blood calcium d. Promote calcitriol synthesis e. Inhibit osteoblast activity

Lower blood calcium

Which of the following is not considered an inclusion? a. Lysosome b. Fat droplet c. Glycogen granule d. Bacterium e. Dust particle

Lysosome

__________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. __________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.

Merocrine; Holocrine

Which of the following is found in the palm of your hand?

Metacarpal

Why does depolarization occur?

More Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it.

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.

Negative feedback

Which of the following happens as actin and myosin filaments slide past each other during muscle contraction?

Neither actin nor myosin filaments shorten.

During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?

No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.

Correctly label each of the 3 highlighted muscles.

Orbicularis Oris, Masseter, Temporalis

After taking their wedding vows, a bride and groom often ceremonially use which of the following muscles before walking away from the altar?

Orbicularis oris

Smooth muscle can be stimulated in many ways: Chemical Stimulation

Oxytocin stimulates the myometrium to contract during childbirth

Which skin color is most likely to result from anemia?

Pallor

Smooth muscle can be stimulated in many ways: Autonomic Nerve Fibers

Parasympathetic nerves secrete acetylcholine, which stimulates gastrointestinal motility.

Which bone helps form the coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures of the skull?

Parietal bone

Which of the following are not considered facial bones? a. Parietal bones b. Maxillae c. Lacrimal bones d. Nasal bones e. Palatine bones

Parietal bones

Which muscle acting on the arm assists in deep inspiration?

Pectoralis major

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell? a. Plasticity b. Contractility c. Conductivity d. Extensibility e. Excitability

Plasticity

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

Positive Feedback

Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons?

Potassium

Which of the following ions has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?

Potassium

The __________ part of the small intestine is the part closest to the stomach.

Proximal

A clinician induces contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus and notices that the foot does not plantar flex as expected. Which of the following would be a logical diagnosis?

Ruptured calcaneal tendon

Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia? a. Lactation b. Pregnancy c. Removal of the parathyroid glands d. Removal of the thyroid gland e. Lack of exposure to UV radiation

Removal of the thyroid gland

Which of the following is not a membranous organelle?

Ribosome

Cells were first discovered when a scientist named __________ observed cell walls in cork under a microscope.

Robert Hooke

Smooth muscle can be stimulated in many ways: Autorhythmicity

Sarcolemmas of the small intestine spontaneously depolarize, resulting in wavelike patterns of smooth muscle contractions.

What is the longest muscle in the human body?

Sartorius

All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the __________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton. a. frontal bone b. mandible c. scapula d. thoracic vertebra e. stapes

Scapula

Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS?

Schwann cells

Which of the following is the most common spinal curvature deformity?

Scoliosis

__________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas __________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.

Simple squamous; stratified squamous

Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Identify the muscles whose tendons contribute to the calcaneal tendon.

Soleus, Gastrocnemius

What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Name the highlighted muscle, which originates at the medial clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum.

Sternocleidomastoid

Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called __________.

Sutures

What happens as a result of ion flow at a presynaptic terminal?

Synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission?

Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.

Structures associated with Axon Terminal (3)

Synaptic vessicles filled with acetylcholine Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels Myelin

Which of the following are associated with the sense of touch? a. Fibroblasts b. Melanocytes c. Keratinocytes d. Dendritic cells e. Tactile cells

Tactile cells

__________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at __________.

The Golgi complex; rough ER

Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)? a. The intracellular environment is negatively charged. b. The intracellular environment has more positively charged sodium. c. The extracellular environment is negatively charged. d. It has a voltage of about +75 mV. e. It is dependent upon the absorption of potassium ions by the muscle fiber.

The intracellular environment is negatively charged.

What is the most important mechanism for transmitting qualitative information?

The labeled line code

What are the three auditory ossicles?

The malleus, incus, and stapes

In order to regenerate, a peripheral nerve fiber must have which of the following?

The neurosoma and at least some neurilemma intact

Smooth muscle can be stimulated in many ways: Stretch

The presence of food distends the stomach wall, resulting in contraction of the smooth muscle.

__________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue.

Third-degree

You hear a loud noise behind you and look back over your left shoulder. Which of the following is true? a. This was a contralateral contraction of your right sternocleidomastoid muscle. b. This was a contralateral contraction of your left sternocleidomastoid muscle. c. This was an ipsilateral contraction of your right sternocleidomastoid muscle. d. This was an ipsilateral contraction of your left sternocleidomastoid muscle.

This was a contralateral contraction of your right sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Which statement best describes the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis? a. To increase the number of acetylcholine receptors b. To decrease the number of synaptic vesicles c. To promote multiple motor unit summation d. To inhibit Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum e. To inhibit the function of cholinesterase

To inhibit the function of cholinesterase

Which of the following muscles is not externally visible on the trunk of the body? a. Transverse abdominal b. Latissimus dorsi c. Trapezius d. Pectoralis major e. External abdominal oblique

Transverse abdominal

Which of the following extensors of the head is the most superficial? a. Trapezius b. Semispinalis capitis c. Splenius capitis d. Sternocleidomastoid e. Temporalis

Trapezius

Albinism is the genetic lack of melanin that results in a milky white coloration of the skin. (T/F)

True

An articulation is any point at which two bones meet. (T/F)

True

Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue. (T/F)

True

Synovial fluid is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous texture similar to egg white. (T/F)

True

The appendix is typically found in the right lower quadrant. (T/F)

True

The cranial cavity contains the brain.

True

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate. (T/F)

True

The ischium is posterior to the pubis and inferior to the ilium. (T/F)

True

The optic canal is part of the sphenoid bone. (T/F)

True

The styloid process of the radius can be palpated proximal to the thumb. (T/F)

True

We can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (T/F)

True

Indicate the summative effect that brings the initial segment closest to threshold.

Two EPSPs in proximity to each other

Which bone is a part of the skull and not just associated with it?

Vomer

What is another name for the autonomic nervous system?

Visceral motor division

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes what to occur?

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open, and calcium ions diffuse into the cell.

Thin filaments connect to and extend from either side of a ___________. These thin filaments are composed largely of the myofilament ____________.

Z disc; actin

What term best describes the relationship between the pronator quadratus and supinator?

antagonists

The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is __________.

acetylcholine

New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in __________.

adipose tissue

Some __________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas __________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.

afferent; efferent

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________.

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

The term fallopian tube (uterine tube) is an example of __________.

an eponym

Metabolism is the sum of __________ and __________.

anabolism; catabolism

A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy. This is because of the phenomenon of _____.

anatomical variation

In the cat, the head is _________ to the tail. In the human, the head is ________ to the gluteal region (buttock).

anterior; superior

In a herniated disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the __________ ruptures and the __________ oozes out.

anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus

It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of __________ in human breast cells.

apoptosis

Most primates are ________________, meaning they live in trees.

arboreal

An example of a highly vascular tissue is __________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is __________.

areolar; cartilage

The study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called __________.

arthrology

The plural of axilla (armpit) is ____________, whereas the plural of appendix is ___________.

axillae; appendices

The prefix hypo- means _______________, whereas hyper- means _____________.

below; above

The antagonist to the triceps brachii is the __________.

biceps brachii

The most superior segment of the upper limb is called the __________.

brachial region

A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n) __________.

buffer

A(n) __________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint.

bursa

Fibrous joints are joints, at which two bones are united by hyaline cartilage.(T/F)

false

A heavyset middle-aged insurance salesman, who doesn't exercise often, accepts his friend's invitation to a pickup basketball game. When attempting a jump shot, he falls to the ground in pain, grasping at the calf of his leg. There is an enormous bulge in his leg immediately below the popliteal fossa, and he is unable to plantar flex that foot. Most likely he has injured his __________ and the bulge is __________.

calcaneal tendon; his triceps surae

Muscle contractions are initiated by the binding of __________ to __________.

calcium ions; troponin

Proteoglycans are composed of __________.

carbohydrates and proteins

_________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.

cells

The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.

chondroblasts; fibroblasts

Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity. The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural __________.

coding

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber does NOT relax at all from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be __________. This can only be achieved in the laboratory.

complete tetanus

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands.

compound acinar

What is the action of the muscle featured in the image?

compresses and protrudes lips

Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was the __________ group.

control

The transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP is catalyzed by __________.

creatine kinase

If there was a high concentration of acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft, but little to no response at the motor end-plate, you would expect ________________ to be the responsible neuromuscular-blocking agent.

curare

The study of the structure and function of cells is called ___________.

cytology

In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________.

depolarization of the plasma membrane

Blood vessels in the __________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition.

dermal papilla

Fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with our __________.

dermal papillae

Rigor mortis occurs after death because ____________________.

detachment of crossbridges does not occur due to the lack of ATP

The __________ gives rise to the __________.

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

All of these contribute to the wall of the orbit except the __________ bone.

nasal

The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________.

epiphyseal line

The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the __________.

eponychium

Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________.

eumelanin and pheomelanin

The presence of calcium in the sarcoplasm is directly responsible for ____________________.

exposing the binding sites on actin

The fluid outside of a cell is called __________.

extracellular fluid

Any two EPSPs will override one IPSP. (T/F)

false

The acetabulum articulates with the __________.

femur

Looking at a slide of thin skin under the microscope, you note that the stratum basale is the __________ layer of the epidermis in from the surface.

fourth

A __________ contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA.

gene

The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the __________.

gene pool

Unlike other joints, a __________ does not join two bones to one another.

gomphosis

The contraction of the piloerector muscles (pilomotor muscle or arrector pili) in humans causes __________.

hairs to stand on end with no apparent function

The skin discoloration most likely to suggest physical abuse is __________.

hematoma

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

high; low

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ______________.

higher;shrink

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.

hyaline cartilage

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through __________ reactions.

hydrolysis

The __________ is a U-shaped bone that sits above the larynx yet does not articulate with any other bone.

hyoid bone

After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to __________ of muscle cells.

hypertrophy

Resistance exercise will most likely cause muscle to __________.

hypertrophy

The superolateral regions of the abdomen are called the _________ regions.

hypochondriac

The urinary bladder is located in the __________ region.

hypogastric

The lumbar vertebrae are __________ to the thoracic vertebrae.

inferior

The __________ system provides protection, water retention, thermoregulation, and vitamin D production.

integumentary

When voltage-gated sodium channels are open, sodium flows _____________ the neuron making the inside of the cell more _______________.

into; positive

An __________ muscle is contained within a region whereas an __________ muscle acts upon one region but has an attachment elsewhere.

intrinsic; extrinsic

Spines of the __________ form a part of the pelvic outlet.

ischium

A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about __________ NaCl.

isotonic; 0.9%

In lifting a heavy weight from the floor, one should use the power of the __________ in order to avoid straining the lower back.

knee and hip extensors

Graded potentials result from the opening of ________________.

ligand-gated channels

80% of the lactate produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvate by the __________.

liver

The genetic code is the link between the __________ and the __________ that they represent.

mRNA codons; 20 amino acids

You cannot palpate the __________ on a living person.

medial surface of the fibula

The left and right portions of the thoracic cavity are divided by the _________.

mediastinum

The least common, but most deadly, type of skin cancer is __________.

melanoma

The brain and spinal cord are protected by the _________.

meninges

The continuation of the peritoneum that binds the small intestine and suspends it from the abdominal wall is called the __________.

mesentery

The middle primary germ layer is called __________, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called __________, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood.

mesoderm; mesenchyme

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________.

metaplasia

Muscle cells contain numerous __________ to serve their high demand for ATP.

mitochondria

The antidote that holds the most promise to counteract the effects of tubocurarine is one that _________________________.

modifies acetylcholine receptors so that they bind acetylcholine stronger than tubocurarine

Mucin is secreted by__________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid.

mucous; serous

Hypocalcemia can cause __________.

muscle spasms

During muscle contractions, cross-bridges form between the _________ and the __________.

myosin heads; actin filaments

DNA is a polymer of __________, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a __________.

nucleotides; nitrogenous base

Which muscle acts in closing the eyelids?

orbicularis oculi

Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord?

oligodendrocytes

Acetylcholine causes an end-plate potential by triggering the ______________________.

opening of sodium channels

Nerves are __________ of the nervous system.

organs

A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed a(n) __________.

placebo

Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called __________.

polygenic inheritance

Nucleic acids are __________ of __________.

polymers of nucleotides

After translation, a protein may undergo structural changes called __________ modifications.

posttranslational

The sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to __________.

potassium

Any bony prominence is called a(n) ___________.

process

Although the transmission electron microscope (TEM) can magnify much more than a light microscope, even at identical magnifications the TEM has the advantage of __________.

producing higher resolution

The antebrachium contains the __________.

radius and ulna

The __________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the __________ belongs to the pectoral girdle.

sternum; clavicle

Graded potentials are produced within the _______________________ segment of a neuron.

receptive

Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called __________.

receptors

Facial wrinkles, such as glabellar or "frown" lines, appear with aging as a result of natural, repetitive muscle contractions. Botox® helps alleviate the appearance of these wrinkles by _________________.

relaxing the facial muscles that cause the wrinkles

The following information best describes the _____________ phase of an action potential. A membrane potential reading of +10 mV Inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels Open voltage-gated potassium channels

repolarization

The kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, aorta, and inferior vena cava are all __________.

retroperitoneal

You were able to radioactively tag and thereby trace an amino acid that is used to make insulin, a hormone that will be exported out of the cell. The pathway of the tagged amino acid would be __________.

rough ER → Golgi complex → Golgi vesicle → extracellular fluid

During contraction of a muscle, calcium ions bind to the __________.

troponin molecule

The glenoid cavity of the __________ articulates with the head of the __________.

scapula; humerus

The term _____________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others.

selectively permeable

The __________ houses the pituitary gland (hypophysis) and is found in the __________.

sella turcica; sphenoid bone

An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called __________ epithelium.

simple columnar

A brush border of microvilli is found in __________ epithelium, which can be found in the __________.

simple columnar; small intestine

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium.

simple squamous

All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called __________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells.

somatic cells; diploid (2n)

Which of these is the best imaging technique for routinely examining the anatomical development of a fetus?

sonography

Fontanelle are __________ in an infant.

spaces between the unfused cranial bones

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________.

specificity

The manubrium is part of what bone?

sternum

The __________ is absent from most epidermis.

stratum lucidum

Skeletal muscle is described as __________.

striated and voluntary

The right shoulder is __________ and __________ to the umbilical region.

superior; lateral

The __________ can be easily palpated between the clavicles.

suprasternal notch

Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from motor neurons and enters the _____

synaptic cleft

To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.

synaptic vesicles

Which term best describes the relationship of the deltoid and SITS muscles during shoulder abduction?

synergists

The least movable joints are _____________ joints.

synostosis

Anticodons, codons, and base triplets correspond to __________ respectively.

tRNA, mRNA, and DNA

The folding and coiling of a protein into a globular shape is the __________ structure of the protein.

tertiary

All of the following are organs except __________. a. teeth b. the skin c. nails d. the liver e. the digestive system

the digestive system

Which intervertebral disc is largest?

the one between L4 and L5

The __________ is described as two strands of actin molecules wrapped together.

thin filament

The __________ cavity is inferior to the _____________ cavity.

thoracic; cranial

A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.

tissue

Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are __________ stem cells.

totipotent

The ______ wraps around the stomach, small intestine, and parts of the large intestine.

visceral peritoneum

Minerals are found in all of the following except __________. a. bones and teeth b. vitamins c. thyroid hormone d. electrolytes

vitamins