Western Civilization

The main achievement of the Hortensian law in Roman constitutional history was its...

Ruling that all plebiscita passed by the plebeian assembly had the force of law and were binding even upon the patricians.

Penitentials of Irish monasticism:

set rigid guidelines as to how sins could be "paid for" through acts of penance

The successors to Muhammads leadership of the Muslims were the:

Caliphs

Until the twelfth century, Europe's greatest commercial center was:

Constantinople

The people to the north of Rome who apparently ruled Rome for a century and heavily influenced Roman urban culture were the

Etruscans

The Twelve Tables was/were:

It is the first formal collection of Roman law and customs

The so-called Struggle of the Orders in the first couple of centuries of the Republic was...

It was a peaceful struggle which resulted in political compromise.

During the period of the Roman Empire, the Arabian peninsula was dominated by the:

Muslims

Rome set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman Confederation by:

Offering the most favored "allied" peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion.

The Germanic tribe to most maintain Roman tradition and synthesize their culture with that of the Romans were the:

Ostrogoths

When Irish and Roman Christianity collided:

Roman orthodoxy was victorious and Irish Christianity was absorbed

What is the cardinal principle of the Islamic faith?

There is one god and Muhammad is his prophet

In their early struggles with the patricians, Roman plebeians employed what tactics?

They physical withdrew from the state, undercutting its military manpower and they formed a populous assembly to lobby for more political reforms

Pope Gregory I established the principle that:

the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the organization of the church