Anatomy & Physiology II Lecture (Connect: Heart) Cardiovascular System
cardiac cycle
A __________ ___________ is the time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next.
purkinje fibers
A component of the conduction system called __________ __________ are found within ventricular walls and their large diameter allow for rapid action potential propagation.
lower
A trained male athlete has a larger heart than a woman who does not exercise so we would expect his heart rate to be (higher or lower).
atrioventricular node
After initiation, the muscle impulse travels from the SA node to the _____________ ___________.
positive inotropic
An agent that causes an increase in stroke volume is known as a __________ __________ agent.
thicker
As we age, fat (adipose tissue) is deposited in the epicardium, and so this layer becomes (thicker or thinner).
atrium
Blood enters the right ventricle through the right ____________.
pulmonary
Blood vessels visible in the posterior view of the heart include the superior and inferior vena cava(e) and the ____________ veins.
stroke volume
Cardiac output is determined by __________ __________ and heart rate
c
Cardiac output is normally expressed as____. a.) Minutes per liter b.) Liters per heart contraction c.) Liters per minute
a
During ___________ contraction, __________ valves are open. a.) Atrial; AV b.) Atrial; semilunar c.) Ventricular; AV d.) Ventricular; semilunar
relaxed
During atrial contraction the atria are contracting and the ventricles are ___________.
closed
During isovolumetric contraction, the AV valves are forced closed and the semilunar valves remain (open or closed).
semilunar
During isovolumetric relaxation, the _____________ valves close to prevent blood backflow into the ventricles.
atrioventricular
During the cardiac cycle, blood only passes from the atria into the ventricles if the _____________ valves are open.
bicuspid, tricuspid
During the final stage of the cardiac cycle as the atria relax and blood returns to fill the ventricle the __________ and ___________ valves reopen.
atrioventricular
During ventricular diastole, blood is allowed to flow through the right ___________ valves into the right ventricle.
3
Each semilunar valve is composed of _______ (insert number) thin, half-moon shaped, pocket like semilunar cusps.
a
Factors that result in an increase in venous return include ___________ and a decreased heart rate. a.) Exercise b.) Sitting c.) Sleeping
diastole
For the last half of the cardiac cycle, all four chamber are in _________ together.
coronary sinus
Identify letter A in the image.
opening of coronary sinus
Identify letter A in the image.
right auricle
Identify letter A in the image.
simple squamous epithelium
Identify letter A in the image.
right atrioventricular valve
Identify letter B in the image
left ventricle
Identify letter B in the image.
right ventricle
Identify letter B in the image.
areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue
Identify letter B in the image. (There are 2 tissue types for letter B; list both types)
aorta
Identify letter C in the image
left auricle
Identify letter C in the image.
myocardium
Identify letter C in the image.
papillary muscle
Identify letter C in the image.
anterior interventricular artery
Identify letter D in the image.
aortic semilunar valve
Identify letter D in the image.
areolar connective tissue
Identify letter D in the image.
pulmonary arteries
Identify letter D in the image.
endothelium
Identify letter E in the image.
inferior vena cava
Identify letter E in the image.
left atrioventricular valve
Identify letter E in the image.
left ventricle
Identify letter E in the image.
atrioventricular node
In the cardiac conduction system, a muscle impulse is generated at the SA node. It spreads throughout the atria and to the _____________ __________.
filling
Late ventricular relaxation is an important time for ventricular __________.
pectinate
Like the right atrium, the left atrium also has _____________ muscles in its auricle.
decreases
Parasympathetic innervation (increases or decreases) the heart rate, but generally tends to have no effect on the force of contractions.
c
Prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium. a.) Right atrioventricular valve b.) Pulmonary semilunar valve c.) Left atrioventricular valve d.) Aortic semilunar valve
d
Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle. a.) Right atrioventricular valve b.) Pulmonary semilunar valve c.) Left atrioventricular valve d.) Aortic semilunar valve
a
Prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium. a.) Right atrioventricular valve b.) Pulmonary semilunar valve c.) Left atrioventricular valve d.) Aortic semilunar valve
b
Prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle. a.) Right atrioventricular valve b.) Pulmonary semilunar valve c.) Left atrioventricular valve d.) Aortic semilunar valve
a
Rheumatic heart disease can cause _________. a.) Valvular stenosis b.) Valvular insufficiency c.) Aortic dissection
d
Stroke volume (SV) in a healthy adult is approximately __________. a.) 130 mL b.) 60 mL c.) 90 mL d.) 70 mL
EDV, ESV
Stroke volume (SV) is equal to _______ minus ______. (use abbreviations for your answer)
right
The (right or left) atrioventricular valve is called the tricuspid valve.
b
The _______ is positioned between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. a.) Aortic semilunar valve b.) Pulmonary semilunar valve c.) Tricuspid valve d.) Bicuspid valve
circulatory
The _________ system is responsible for transport of blood in the body.
interatrial
The __________ septum forms a thin wall between the right and left atria.
pacemaker potential
The ___________ __________ is the ability to reach threshold without stimulation.
atrial
The ___________ reflex protects the heart from overfilling.
semilunar
The ____________ valves open when the ventricles contract and the blood forces its way into the arterial trunks.
stroke volume
The amount of blood that leaves the heart during the ventricular contraction is called the ___________ ___________.
atrioventricular sulcus
The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by a relatively deep coronary sulcus (or _____________ _________) that extends around the circumference of the heart.
baroreceptors
The atrial reflex is initiated when ______________ in the atrial walls are stimulated by an increase in venous return.
interventricular septum
The atrioventricular bundle extends from the AV node into and through the _____________ _________.
tricuspid
The chordae tendineae attach to the lower surface of cusps of the ____________ valve and prevent the valve from flipping into the atrium when the right ventricle is contracting.
papillary muscles
The cone shaped muscular projections of the right ventricular wall are called __________ ____________.
simple
The endocardium is composed of a _________ squamous epithelium, called an endothelium, and a layer of areolar connective tissue.
aorta
The entrance into the __________ is located at the superior aspect of the left ventricle.
atrioventricular
The first heart sound heard with a stethoscope is the result of the ____________ valves closing; producing a "lubb" sound.
foramen ovale
The fossa ovalis occupies the former location of the fetal _________ ________, which shunted blood from the right atrium to the left atrium during fetal life.
perfusion
The function of the cardiovascular system is to maintain adequate ____________ of all body tissues.
autonomic
The heart is innervated by the __________ nervous system.
mediastinum
The heart is located left of the body midline posterior to the sternum in the _____________.
pericardium
The heart is surrounded by a visceral and parietal ____________.
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The heart wall consists of three distinctive layers: ___________, ____________, and _____________.
sinoatrial node
The heartbeat is initiated by the specialized cardiac muscle cells of the __________ _________, which are located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to entrance of the superior vena cava.
purkinje fibers
The left and right bundles conduct the impulse from the AV bundle to conduction fibers called __________ _________.
2
The left atrioventricular valve has _______(insert number) cusps.
thickest
The myocardium is the (thickest or thinnest) of the three heart wall layers.
fibrous
The outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the ___________ pericardium.
base
The posterior-superior surface of the heart is called the __________.
lungs
The pulmonary circulation includes the movement of blood to and from the _________ for gas exchange.
b
The purpose for the delay in the conduction of the action potential from the AV node to the bundle branches of the ventricles is to allow ________. a.) The atria to complete their filling. b.) The atria to complete their contraction. c.) The pulmonary valves to close.
b
The purpose for the delay in the conduction of the action potential from the AV node to the bundle branches of the ventricles is to allow ________. a.) The pulmonary valves to close b.) The atria to complete their contraction c.) The atria to complete their filling
diastole
The relaxation phase of a heart chamber is termed ___________.
interventricular septum
The right and left ventricles are separated by the ___________ __________.
pulmonary trunk
The superior region of the right ventricle narrows before it leads into the ___________ __________.
left, right
The systemic circulation is movement of blood from the __________ side of the heart to the systemic cells of the body and back to the __________ side of the heart.
a
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the ________. a.) Epicardium b.) Myocardium c.) Endocardium
auricles
The wrinkled flap-like extensions visible in the anterior view of the heart are the _________.
atria
Toward the end of ventricular filling, the left and right __________ contract simultaneously.
true
True or False: Afterload is the pressure that the heart must work against to pump blood into the systemic circulation.
false
True or False: Conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy only affect elderly patients.
true
True or False: Cross bridge cycling in cardiac muscle cells involves thick and thin filaments just like in skeletal muscle cells.
true
True or False: The innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem does not initiate a heartbeat, but it can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat.
true
True or False: The nodal cells of the sinoatrial node are responsible for acting as the "pacemaker" of the heart.
increase
Venous return is the amount of blood that returns to the heart, and an increase in venous return would mean an (increase or decrease) in stroke volume.
increases
When heart rate and stroke volume increase, cardiac output (increases or decreases).
c
Which of the following does NOT occur during the atrial contraction and ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle? a.) The ventricles have reached their EDV. b.) Blood flow into the atria from the veins is restricted. c.) The ventricles have reached their ESV. d.) SA node initiates atrial contraction.
c
Which of the following is NOT a cause of an increase in venous return: a.) An increase in end diastolic volume b.) An increase in stroke volume c.) A decrease in cardiac output d.) An increase in preload
nodal cells
_________ ________ in the SA node are the pacemaker cells that initiate a heartbeat.
cardiac output
_________ _________ is a measure of how effective the cardiovascular system is in fufiling its function in transporting life supporting substances through the body.
