Anatomy & Physiology - Module 2 Exam - Tissues and Skin

Epithelial tissue function: protection

(skin) blocks out harmful substances - epithelial covering of skin protects from bacteria and chemicals

What are desmosomes?

(zipper, screw-like) anchoring junctions - anchored rivets with heads that fit together like a zipper. present in skin so it doesn't tear when bent or twisted. anchor cells together, but with flexibility. we want our skin to be strong, but bendable.

What are fibroblasts?

- immature (teenagers) - very active - very mitotic, divide a lot - secrete matrix (fibers and ground substance) - larger than fibrocytes (more branches, more organelles - ribosomes, ER, Golgi, and mitochondria - since they're more active, making the matrix)

What are fibrocytes?

- mature (older adults - can revert to more active "blast" state if necessary, like in the case of an injury) - less active - maintain health of matrix - smaller, thinner than fibroblasts (less organelles - because they don't make matrix)

What are the parts of a sweat gland?

1. "secretory part" - coiled part that secretes sweat - in dermis 2. duct - long straight tube the goes through the epidermis out onto the outside of the skin via a pore "simple coiled tube"

What are 2 factors that make everyone's skin a slightly different color?

1. amount of melanin made by the melanocytes - darker skin makes more AND size of melanosomes - special organelles in the melanocytes that make the melanin. because they're larger, so they make more melanin 2. shade of melanin made - darker skin - heavily pigmented, scattered singly throughout keratinocytes. lighter skin - distributed as clumps

What are the 4 diagnostic colors of skin?

1. erythema = red - inflammation - sun, chemical 2. pallor = white - blanching - low blood supply 3. jaundice = yellow - liver 4. hematomas = bluish - bruises - blood leaked out into skin that has dried

What are the 3 major steps of repair for damaged tissues?

1. inflammation 2. proliferation and organization 3. remodeling and permanent repair

What are the 3 concentric layers of keratinized cells that make up the hair?

1. medulla - center 2. cortex - middle core, hair color 3. cuticle - hardest part, spit ends when wears off at tip

What makes these hair colors: 1. brown and black 2. red 3. gray

1. melanin 2. iron 3. none

What 2 factors can sometimes help sebaceous glands cause acne?

1. oil glands get blocked - create whiteheads 2. oxidizes and dries - create blackheads During puberty, we secrete more sebum and glands can get blocked and infected. Acne is inflammation of oil glands. Pus is made of white blood cells and dead cells.

What are the 5 strata layers that keratinocytes traverse from the beginning of their life to the end of their life?

1. stratum basale (basal layer) 2. stratum spinosum (spiny layer) 3. stratum granulosum (grainy layer) 4. stratum lucidum (clear layer) 5. stratum corneum (horn layer) from out to in, use acronym CLGSB - Come, Let's Get Sun-Burned!

How much does skin weigh? How much area does it cover?

8-10 pounds, 22 square feet

Millions of organisms can live on the skin or in us in follicles. Skin cells that fall off has "hitchhiking" bacteria on it. What percent of the dust on our floors is made up of dead skin?

90%

How does simple epithelium follow the principle of complementarity?

Because it is thin (just one layer), things can pass through much easier than if it were multiple layers thick. This enables them to quickly absorb, filter, and secrete because the nutrients, sweat, hormones, etc. don't have to pass through multiple layers.

What makes bone's matrix around osteocytes so hard?

Calcium

What makes osseous connective tissue hard enough to be protective?

Calcium

What is the order for tissues?

ECM - epithelial, connective, muscle/nervous

Why does blood rushing to the injury site during inflammation help the situation?

In blood, there are: - white blood cells to fight invaders (bacteria that may have come in with the injury) - platelets to help clot blood - red blood cells bring oxygen - plasma brings glucose (O2 + C6H12O6 --> ATP + H2O + CO2) so tissue can use energy to start the repair process

Why are cleavage lines important to surgeons?

Incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily (because collagen tends to be thinner)

How does stratified epithelium follow the principle of complementarity?

It has many layers of cells, enabling it to function as a form of protection. It provides a great barrier for whatever it is protecting (skin, tongue, esophagus, rectum).

What is the purpose of melanin?

It protects DNA of skin cells from the UV rays of the sun by absorbing it.

What is the purpose of sweat glands secreting sweat?

It's made of mostly water. when it evaporates, it carries away water with heat away from the body, kills bacteria on skin - acid, antibodies, salt, and gets rid of waste - urea, ammonia

How are chondrocytes different than fibrocytes?

They have a white halo around them called a lacuna, which is a pit they sit in. fibrocytes do not.

What is hair surrounded by?

a follicle

What are tissues?

a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function

What are organs?

a group of tissues that are similar in structure and perform a common function

What is a membrane?

a multicellular layer composed of an epithelial tissue layer bound to an underlying connective tissue proper layer - EC

What is an organ system?

a structure composed of a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

What is dermabrasion?

a type of surgical skin treatment performed to remove the outer layers of skin. It is used to treat scars and wrinkles

Which of the specific epithelial tissue functions are most likely due to being a lining?

absorption, filtration, secretion

Where are keratinocytes located?

active at basal layer, rise to apical layer

What type of tissue is in the hypodermis?

adipose tissue (fat)

What are bacteria?

alive, microscopic, and everywhere. small enough to escape the attention of our nerve cells

Where are sweat glands located?

all over the body in the skin

What is skin?

an organ system that has 3 different types of tissues that work together to perform various functions

What are some other ingredients of sweat besides water and what do you think these ingredients are for?

antibodies, acid, and salt kill bacteria - urea and ammonia rid the body of waste

What sweat gland is only in the axillary and anogenital areas of the body?

apocrine secretes a fatty substance that makes odor when bacteria decomposes it, may be "scent" glands, only in axillary and anogenital areas

Where are sebaceous glands located?

around hair follicles

Where is smooth muscle located?

around organs - all other organs except for the heart - intestines, urinary tract, blood vessels

What is attached the the hair that raises the hair when cold or scared. It causes goosebumps.

arrector pili muscle

What squeezes the sebaceous gland and makes it secrete oil?

arrector pili muscle

Where are Merkel cells located?

at epidermal/dermal junction - sits right on a nerve

Where are skeletal muscles found?

attached to bones

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

avascular

What connective tissue is notorious for moving substances all over the entire body?

blood

What is the ground substance that never sets?

blood plasma - the ground substance of blood

Connective tissue function: transports

blood transports nutrients, hormones, and wastes

Connective tissue function: protects

bone protects many structures

Connective tissue function: stores

bones store calcium

Describe reticular fibers

branching THIN (FINE)

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (called intercalated discs), have gap junctions

Epithelial tissue function: absorption

brings something in - epithelium lining of intestine absorbs nutrients, epithelium lining of lungs absorbs oxygen

Which types of tissues have virtually no regenerative capacity?

cardiac muscle, nervous tissue

Which pigment in the skin is yellowish, found in all palms and soles, and in Asian races?

carotin

What do neurons do?

carry electrical messages - have cell bodies with nucleus, have cell processes or extensions

What do mucous membranes do?

catch bacteria that's trying to get into the body

What are the 10 contents of the dermis?

cells (fibroblasts and fibrocytes), fibers (collagen and elastic), ground substance (protogylcan mixture), blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, muscles

What are the required 3 ingredients all connective tissue must have?

cells - but they don't predominate fibers - many, extracellular ground substance - extracellular, like a cement

What is the main content of epithelial tissue?

cells - consists of a whole bunch of cells stacked on top of one another

What happens during inflammation?

cells in injured area release chemicals, causing blood vessels to dialate and become more permeable, so blood rushes to the area and it gets red, warm, and swollen

What is muscle tissue mostly made of?

cells that can contract or relax when stimulated by attached nerves

Connective tissue is kind of like a strong cement wall where the rocks represent the ___________ , the metal rods represent the ____________ , and the setting cement around the rocks and metal rods represents the __________ __________________ .

cells, fibers, ground substance

Epithelial tissue function: filtration

cleaning or separating good from bad - epithelium of kidney filters blood

What do serous membranes secrete?

clear, watery fluid

What are 2 differences between cleavage lines and flexure lines?

cleavage lines are topographical areas that run in the same direction as joints, flexure lines are near joints to allow for bending. they show as a crease in the skin

What is the purpose of clotting during inflammation?

clotting holds the area together, stops bleeding, isolates area by walling it in, when exposed to the air, it hardens to form a scab

Where is serous membrane located?

coat the outside of organs - visceral layer line inside of body cavities (not organs - CAVITIES) - parietal layer

The dermis has 2 types of protein fibers: collagen and elastin. Which type is made by fibroblasts and is a tough, insoluble protein that supports the epidermis and makes skin strong, and is the strongest and most abundant fiber in the body. We need it for strength.

collagen

What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?

collagen - thick, strong, abundant elastic - medium thickness, stretchy reticular - fine (thin), branching based on thickness and what they do

What are gap junctions?

communicate - gaps or channels with hollow cylinder proteins connecting adjacent cells. allows passage of small molecules and ions across cells so they can communicate. direct transfer of water and ions between cells. located in the heart (muscle) cells to coordinate their muscle contractions.

What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type?

connective

Epithelial tissue is supported by which type of tissue?

connective tissue

What tissue is usually wedged between the other types?

connective tissue

What type of tissue fibroses or scars?

connective tissue

What is granulation tissue? What type of tissue is it?

connective tissue that is trying to proliferate and reorganize, made up of: 1. many capillaries - to provide nutrients and materials 2. fibroblasts - to make collagen fibers 3. white blood cells called macrophages (macro = big, phage = eater) to clean up dead cells and destroy invaders

Connective tissue function: connects or binds

connects epithelial tissue to muscle

What is nervous tissue for?

control (of muscles, glands, or organs)

What does integument mean?

covering

What is epithelial tissue for?

covering or lining

Where is epithelial tissue located?

covers surfaces - skin, organs, lines cavities or tubes - digestive tract, blood vessels

What does the cutaneous membrane do?

covers the outer surface of the body

What are 2 prefixes for skin?

cutaneo, dermo

What are the 4 types of membranes?

cutaneous, mucous, serous, synovial

Where are melanocytes located?

deepest layer of epidermis - they stay in the basal layer

What are the 5 consistencies/classifications connective tissue can have?

dense connective, loose connective, cartilage, bone, blood

What is the hair papilla?

dermal connective tissue that protrudes up into the hair bulb. the basal epithelial cells on top of the hair papilla are called hair matrix cells. they are cells that make new keratinocytes which fill with keratin as the hair grows. The melanoctes around the hair matrix give hair its color. The purpose of the dermal hair papilla is to nourish the hair matrix.

What is a skin physician called?

dermatologist

What is the connective tissue under the epidermis called that contains cells (fibroblasts and fibrocytes), fibers (collagen ir elastic), and ground substance (protoglycan mixture of proteins and carbs), up to 4mm thick - thickest part of skin, makes up 90% of our skin (our "hide"), where most of our structures are - with blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, contains hair follicles, contains sweat and oil glands, and some muscles attached to the hairs - arrector pili muscle?

dermis

What cell junction holds the keratinocytes together?

desmosomes (zipper, anchoring junctions)

What are the Meissners and Pacinian corpuscles for?

detecting pressure Meissners corpuscles detect light pressure, Pacinian corpuscles detect deep pressure

What sweat gland's main purpose is to prevent overheating? In a microscope, you can see a simple cuboidal layer in a circle. Look kind of like donuts.

eccrine abundant, in most areas of our body, prevent overheating

Name 2 differences between the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

eccrine - everywhere/abundant, watery-type apocrine - only in armpit (axillary) and anogenital areas, fatty-type

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

What do synovial membranes secrete?

egg white liquid

The dermis has 2 types of protein fibers: collagen and elastin. Which type is the substance that allows the skin to spring back into place when stretched and keeps the skin flexible?

elastin

What are the 3 layers of skin?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

What 2 tissues do connective tissue connect?

epithelial and muscle

What type of tissue heals the fastest?

epithelial tissue

What kind of tissue is the hair follicle made of?

epithelial tissue - sheath around hair

What 2 tissue types does a membrane have?

epithelial, connective

What are the 4 main tissue types?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the main contents of the hypodermis?

fat, blood vessels

What are the two extracellular components of connective tissue?

fibers and ground substance - together are called the matrix - outside the cell - cells are embedded in a matrix

What are the 2 types of connective tissue cells?

fibroblasts - immature cells (blasts means forming) fibrocytes - mature cells

What step of tissue repair leaves scar tissue?

fibrosis - from step 3 - remodeling and permanent repair

What type of tissue is in the dermis?

fibrous connective tissue (collagen and elastic)

What are some problems people with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome have?

flexible skin, not very strong or supportive, bruise easily, abnormal scarring, lack of collagen in eyes can result in blurred vision, diplopia, myopia, etc.

Sebaceous glands empty oil into what?

follicles

Connective tissue function: supports

gives a support base for epithelial tissue

What are the main contents of the dermis?

glands, blood vessels, hairs - follicles and roots, nerves

What is the pink gooey connective tissue under scabs called? (delicate pink tissue)

granulation tissue

What are "fingerprints" for besides identification?

gripping - fingerprints create ridges, which increases surface area of skin so you can grip things

What allows all connective tissue to be able to store material?

ground substance

What is the bag that hold hair under the skin? It is an epithelial tissue sheath around hair, enlarges at bottom into a hair bulb, has nerve around it to sense touch, crawling, and tickling, has a hair matrix which makes hair cells in the hair root - medulla, cortex, cuticle - push upwards, keratinize, and die, inactive or dies producing baldness, which is genetic. Scalp hair grows 1 inch every 2 months.

hair follicle "folli" means bag

Where are the hair matrix cells located that make the keratinocytes and caroten and they all push up?

hair papilla

What is the consistency of blood?

has blood cells, fibers which are dissolved and only become visible when the blood clots, and a fluid ground substance called blood plasma. has blood cells in a liquid matrix

What is bone?

has cells called osteocytes, many collagen fibers, a hard ground substance with Calcium in it. has osteocytes in a hard matrix

What is cartilage?

has chondrocytes in pits called lacuna, collagen fibers and sometimes elastic fibers, a rubbery consistency of ground substance. different fiber types in a rubbery matrix. KEY TO IDENTIFYING CARTILAGE - CHONDROCYTES IN LACUNA PITS

What dense connective tissue?

has fibrocytes, collagen fibers, and ground substance. many tightly packed fibers in a firm ground substance. fibers dominate and are easy to see.

What is loose connective tissue?

has fibrocytes, fibers, a ground substance. has scattered fibers in a firm ground substance. all 3 ingredients are easy to see.

Where are gap junctions located?

heart (muscle) cells (to coordinate muscle contractions)

Which pigment in the skin is pinkish - reddish, in everyone's blood, oxygenated blood in capillaries, and shows through more in Caucasian races?

hemoglobin

What are tight junctions?

impermeable junction - interlocking (glued) junctional proteins the make an impermeable junction. leak-proof seals prevent passage of materials between cells. located in the intestines, brain, and testes. where the cells are "glued" together and make an impermeable junction where nothing can get between the cells.

Which tissue repair step is described as "red, swollen, and hot"?

inflammation

What are the thick stripes called that help the cardiac muscle tissue to contract all at once?

intercalated discs

Where are tight junctions located?

intestine, brain, testes

What is the disadvantage of epithelial tissue being avascular?

it doesn't have its own blood supply and has to get nutrients by diffusion from blood vessels in connective tissue

What is the advantage of epithelial tissue being highly regenerative?

it is able to reproduce itself rapidly by mitosis - this is necessary because cells die and fall off frequently (means they can reproduce themselves rapidly by mitosis - cell division)

What features allow connective tissue to be strong enough to support epithelial tissue?

it is made up of more than just cells. the matrix (fibers and ground substance) makes it strong.

How is the hair matrix like the basal cell layer - stratum basale - in the skin?

it makes things - hair cells - then pushes them upward for them to keratinize and die

Why does hair grow vertically instead of horizontally like the skin?

it needs to be higher than the skin to sense things like wind and insects. if it grew inside the skin, it would be pointless. it has to be pushed up out of the skin. The purpose of the hair follicle is to make the keratinocytes grow vertically into a hair instead of horizontally into the skin.

How does the papillary layer cause fingerprints?

it protrudes up into the epidermis with peglike projections called dermal papilla - papilla means protrusion. the papillary layer is where the dermis protrudes up into the epidermis like a bump.

As keratinocytes move from the basal layer to the apical layer, they make more and more ___________ ?

keratin

What is the main protein hair is mostly made of?

keratin

What is the main protein nails are made of?

keratin - harder, clear, scale-like

What are the main contents of the epidermis?

keratinized cells ,hair, pores

What type of tissue is in the epidermis?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

What are the 4 types of cells in the epidermis?

keratinocyte, melanocyte, langerhans cell, merkel cell

What are the most abundant cells of the epidermis?

keratinocytes

What color does connective tissue stain?

light pink (takes a little bit of purple and red stain)

Where are mucous membranes located?

line body tubes that open to the exterior - digestive tract - mouth, respiratory tract - nose, anus, urinary tract - urinary, reproductive tract

Where are synovial membranes located?

line joints

Tissue is called the ____________ _____________ and means __________.

living fabric, woven

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, obvious striations

Where are the basal cells?

lower, attached to connective tissue below it

What do synovial membranes do?

lubricate joints - so bone isn't hitting against bone

What do melanocytes do?

make melanin (brown pigment) to protect your skin cells from the UV rays of the sun. stay in basal layer

What do keratinocytes do?

make up a seal on top of skin. cells fill up with more and more keratin until they die - get new skin every 25-40 days

What is the word for the 2 extracellular components, fibers and ground substance?

matrix

Connective tissue classification is based on the consistency of the ____________ .

matrix (fibers and ground substance)

Which pigment in the skin is brownish, passes from melanocytes to keratinocytes, melanocytes stimulated by sunlight gives you a tan, darker races produce more of this, protects DNA from UV rays by absorbing it, freckles and moles?

melanin

______________ can be different colors, ranging from black to brown to reddish to yellow. It is present in both skin and hair. The amount of melanin produced is often what determines its color.

melanin

What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?

melanin (brown), carotin (yellow - in palms and soles), hemoglobin (pinkish - oxygenated blood)

What do melanocytes produce?

melanin - they synthesize a pigment called melanin

Moisturized, healthy skin reflects NOT from the stratum corneum, as does dry skin, but from the lower epidermis and blood vessels in dermis. This color is due to ___________ and __________________ .

melanin and hemoglobin

Melanocytes make _____________ granules in organelles called ________________. These are then distributed to the keratinocytes and position themselves over the nucleus to protect it from UV sunlight.

melanin, melanosomes

Where are langerhans cells located?

mostly in stratum spinosum

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

move bones of skeleton

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

move contents of hollow organs

What is muscle tissue for?

movement (of bones or substances like blood, food, urine)

What do mucous membranes secrete?

mucous

Nerves are usually intermingled with which other tissue?

muscle

What is below the hypodermis?

muscle

What tissue does connective tissue usually connect epithelial tissue to?

muscle

What part of the nail is like the basal cell layer of skin and the hair matrix cells of hair?

nail matrix - part of nail bed that makes new cells which push distally over nail bed

What type of tissue is the worst at regenerating?

nervous tissue

What are the small dark spots around neurons called?

neuroglia (means "nerve glue")

What are the conducting cells of nervous tissue?

neurons

What are the 2 kinds of cells in nervous tissue?

neurons (send messages) and neuroglia (supporting cells)

Do darker skins contain more melanocytes than lighter skins?

no, all people have about the same number of melanocytes

Do melanocytes rise from the basal layer of the epidermis to the apical layer like keratinocytes?

no, they do not rise, but they are located at the basal layer

What does the cutaneous membrane secrete

nothing - it is dry

A key in identifying cell shapes is the shape of the ___________ which conforms to the shape of the ________ .

nucleus, cells

What 2 criteria are used to classify epithelial tissue?

number of layers, shape of cells

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

oil - called sebum

Where is cardiac muscle located?

only within the heart

What is the Latin prefix for all diseased nail conditions?

onycho-

What does "epi" mean?

over, above, on top

What is the sublayer of the dermis called that is a thin and superficial layer, has areolar connective tissue, peglike projections up into the epidermis (dermal papilla), has capillary loops, free nerve endings, Meissners corpuscles (detect light pressure), and makes ridges in skin for gripping and fingerprints?

papillary layer

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

papillary layer (papilla = protrusion) and reticular layer (reticular = network)

What is fibrosis?

proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with tissue different than original - called scar tissue. can't be the exact same it was because of the arrangement of fibers and ground substance.

Which of the specific epithelial tissue functions are most likely due to being a covering?

protection

What are the main functions of hair in humans?

protection - keep debris out of nose and eyes, keep sunburn from head, detect insects crawling on skin in animals, hair is used for warmth, not so much in humans (possibly on scalp if you have a lot of hair)

What are specific epithelial tissue functions?

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

What are some functions of nails?

protection, fighting, digging

What does the serous membrane do?

protects organs, allows them to expand, prevents friction between them and other parts of your body when you move

What do keratinocytes produce?

protein called keratin

Ground substance is like a "cement" with the ____________ core acting as a glue and varying amounts of fluid allowing for the movement of nutrients and wastes by the process of _______________ .

protein, diffusion

What are the special proteins in ground substance called?

proteoglycans - protein core with carbohydrate attachments - like a glue. has varying amounts of fluid which allows for diffusion (movement of nutrients, ions, wastes)

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

pump blood through body

What color does epithelial tissue stain?

purple

What do Merkel cells look like?

purple sunrises

What color does muscle tissue stain?

red

Epithelial tissue function: secretion

releasing a substance into body - epithelium of pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, epithelium of sweat glands excrete sweat

What is regeneration?

replacement of destroyed epithelial tissue with new tissue the same as the original, due to mitosis - you can't tell that the epithelial tissue was ever damaged

What is the sublayer of the dermis called that is the deeper and thicker layer of dermis, made of dense irregular connective tissue, includes a network of blood vessels, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, nerves, hairs, glands, etc., gives skin strength and flexibility, gives cleavage and flexure lines in skin, contains Pacinian corpuscles that detect deep pressure, and makes up the bulk of the dermis?

reticular layer

Hair = pili, is hard keratin. It has 2 parts: the shaft and the root. The ___________ is the part under the skin in dermis. The ___________ is the part sticking out of the skin

root, shaft

What are the parts of sebaceous glands?

sack of cells - oil droplets and nucleus - attached to hair

What are skin mites?

sanitation workers who turn our biological waste into their food. they like large follicles and thrive on fat, dirt, and mascara. hairy, eight-legged creatures that eat all the skin that you shed - 50,000 dead skin cells every 3 seconds. they live on floors, mattresses, and cushions. harmless, common. blamed for allergies.

If the skin is dry, it __________ light instead of ___________ it evenly and looks dull. If dry skin or hair is wetted with water or oil, it looks glossier because it reflects light better.

scatters, reflecting

Which type of gland is branched, found around hair follicles, secretes sebum - oil, softens and lubricates hair and skin, bactericidal - oil can kill bacteria on skin, looks like sacs of cells, stimulated by hormones, if blocked causes whiteheads, if oxidizes and dries causes blackheads, when inflammed is acne - pimple is a pustule on skin full of staphylococcus (bacteria) and white blood cells and dead cells (pus)?

sebaceous glands

What do Merkel cells produce?

sensory signals

The shape of the ___________ determines what kind of hair you will have.

shaft flat - kinky, oval - wavy, round - straight

What happened to Lee Redmond?

she didn't cut her nails for 27 years. each nail was around 30 inches long. she got into a car accident in 2009 and some nails were broken off. she didn't die.

What are the two classifications for the number of layers an epithelial tissue can have?

simple - one layer stratified - stacked layers

What is the structural difference between simple epithelium and stratified epithelium?

simple has just one layer, stratified has stacked layers

What are 3 different types of simple epithelium you can have?

simple squamous - one layer of flat cells simple cuboidal - one layer of squarish cells simple columnar - one layer of rectangular cells

Which type of muscle tissue is sometimes called "voluntary muscle" because we can move them at will?

skeletal muscle

Which type of tissues have a weak regenerative capacity?

skeletal muscle, cartilage

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What is the largest organ and organ system of our body?

skin

Where are desmosomes located?

skin

Where are cutaneous membranes located?

skin - it IS the skin

What types of tissues the ability to regenerate extremely well?

skin epidermis, mucous membranes, fibrous connective, blood, bones

What does the integumentary system consist of?

skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands

Which type of muscle tissue does not have stripes?

smooth

Which type of tissues have a moderate regenerative capacity?

smooth muscle, tendons, ligaments

Why is it important that the neuroglia cells provide insulation for the neurons?

so the nerve messages can travel faster

What is the purpose of sebaceous glands secreting sebum - aka oil?

softens hair, kills bacteria on outside of skin, lubricates skin

What are Merkel cells?

special sensory receptors that sense touch and other things. transmits a signal to nerve that it sits on, signal goes to brain, tells what you are sensing - sensory receptors for touch

What do melanocytes look like?

spider shaped (gray blob in picture with arms sticking out)

Describe smooth muscle tissue

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets

What are the three classifications for the cell shape an epithelial tissue can have?

squamous - flat cuboidal - cubed or square-like columnar - tall and column-shaped

What do Langerhans cells look like?

star shaped (blue blob with long arms sticking out)

What are 3 different types of stratified epithelium you can have?

stratified squamous - many layers of flat cells stratified cuboidal - many layers of squarish cells stratified columnar - many layers of rectangular cells

What epidermal strata is very active in mitosis and is only one cell layer thick?

stratum basale

Which epidermal strata is the deepest layer, attached to the dermis, wavy border, one cell layer thick that are undergoing mitosis very quickly, and has all cell types?

stratum basale

Which epidermal strata is 20 to 30 cell layers thick, has continuous cells with hardened keratin - like in "horns", is very protective because it prevents water loss and protects from chemicals and physical and biological assaults, is very thick in thick skin areas like palms and soles, and stress areas which cause calluses, has cells that are dead, is responsible for flaking skin and dandruff, and is a dust mite smorgasborg?

stratum corneum

What epidermal strata makes up most of the dust on your flood?

stratum corneum - because it is the top layer

Which epidermal strata is thin - 3 to 5 cells thick, has keratinocytes that flatten and fill with keratin "granules", and has organelles that start deteriorating?

stratum granulosum

Which epidermal strata has some fat in it?

stratum lucidum

Which epidermal strata is a clear layer, only found in thick skin areas like palms of hands and soles of feet, in thin skin, it blends into granulosum layer, is dead thin cells with intermediate form of keratin and a fatty substance, and its funtions are water-proofing from outside, preventing dehydration from inside, and reduces friction?

stratum lucidum

Which epidermal strata "spins" and fills with keratin as they move up?

stratum spinosum

Which epidermal strata is spiny, several cell layers thick, its keratinocytes have prekeratin, cells are "spinning out" arising apically as they fill with keratin, and has the most Langerhans cells?

stratum spinosum

What 2 epidermal strata can be the thickest?

stratum spinosum or stratum corneum

Describe elastic fibers

stretchy MEDIUM THICKNESS

Describe collagen fibers

strong, abundant, makes up most of the connective tissue in your body, dominates connective tissue THICK

What does a histologist do?

study tissues

What are neuroglia?

supporting cells that surround the neuron give neurons nutrition, insulation (so nerve messages can travel faster), physical support (hold it in place), and protection (keep bacteria away)

What is connective tissue for?

supporting or connecting

What are the 2 different glands in the body?

sweat (sudoiferous) and sebaceous (oil)

What do sweat glands secrete?

sweat, which contains mostly water, also antibodies, acid, salt, urea, and ammonia

What makes fibers and ground substance?

the cells - called blasts - secrete the matrix (ground substance and fibers)

What is the "basement membrane"?

the junction of epithelial and connective tissue

How do melanocytes distribute their melanin?

the melanocyte at the basal layer of the epidermis branches out like a spider and distributes melanin - brown dots that it makes - and puts them over the nucleus of the keratinocytes, which carry it up to the top.

What are keratinocytes?

the most abundant cell in the epidermis, make the protein keratin, active at basal layer, rise to apical layer, get filled with more and more keratin as they rise, apical cells completely full of keratin and are dead, get new skin every 25-40 days because they flake off

In cartilage, what makes the ground substance harder?

the proteoglycans of the ground substance contain glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sidechains, and have a "bottle brush" structure. This makes the ground substane a little harder.

What is histology?

the study of tissues

Why is the bottom layer of the dermis called "the reticular layer"?

there is a large network of things in that area - nerves, fibers, blood vessels, etc.)

Why do we need both collagen and elastin fibers in our skin?

they have different functions. Collagen makes the skin strong, elastin makes the skin flexible.

Which layer of skin tissue is the thickest? Which is the thinnest? Which is in the middle?

thickest - dermis (lots of structures) thinnest - epidermis middle - hypodermis

What are the 3 different cell junction types?

tight, gap, desmosomes

What is the overall purpose of nervous tissue?

to send messages

Where are the apical cells?

upper, exposed to external or internal environment

Is muscle tissue vascular or avascular?

vascular (well-vascularized - good blood supply around and within them - stain red)

What are the 2 main functions of the stratum corneum?

very protective 1. prevents water loss 2. protects from chemical, physical, and biological assaults

How are the 3 types of muscle tissue classified?

where they are located (bones, heart, organs)

What are langerhans cells?

white blood cells called "phagocytes" that eat any bacteria that gets through keratin

What color does nervous tissue stain?

white, it can stain various colors

Garry Turner had Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS). Did he have too many elastic fibers or not enough collagen fibers in his skin?

you have enough elastic, but you do not have enough collagen