Anatomy and physiology test study questions

Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores?

Glucocorticoids (Example- Cortisol)

in the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes _______. a. increased tolerance for cold b. decreased basal metabolic rate c. decreased body fat. d. osteoporosis

B. decreased basal metabolic rate.

What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 2 diabetes?

Peripheral organs do not take in glucose because of resistance to insulin, pancreas senses the still elevated blood glucose so it secretes more insulin. But the body doesn't get insulin signal so sugar stays high in blood.

What should you avoid doing in the middle of your sleep cycle that would lower melatonin?

You should not turn your lights on.

what secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla? a. chromaffin cells b. neuroglia cells c. follicle cells d. oxyphil cells

A. Chromaffin cells

hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ______. a. development of T cells b. preparation of the body for childbirth c. regulation of appetite d. release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A. Development of T cells

the anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer? a. oral ectoderm b. neural ectoderm c. mesoderm d. endoderm

A. Oral Ectoderm

the function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ______ a. prepare the breasts for lactation b. nourish the placenta c. regulate the menstrual cycle d. all of the above

A. Prepare the breasts for lactation.

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by _______. a. abnormally low levels of cortisol b. abnormally high levels of cortisol c. abnormally low levels of aldosterone d. abnormally high levels of aldosterone

B Abnormally high levels of cortisol.

A small molecule bonds to a G protein, preventing its activation. what direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? A. The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor. B. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated. C. Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced. D. The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated.

B. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.

which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance a. adrenocorticotropic hormone b. antidiuretic hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. all of the above

B. Antidiuretic hormone

the walls of the atria produce which hormone? a. cholecystokinin b. atrial natriuretic peptide c. renin d. calcitriol

B. Atrial natriuretic peptide

the production of melatonin is inhibited by _____. a. declining levels of light b. exposure to bright light c. the secretion of serotonin d. the activity of pinealocytes

B. Exposure to bright light

which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism? a. increased bone deposition b. fractures c. convulsions d. all of the above

B. Fractures

which of the following statements about insulin is true? a. insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane. b. insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane. c. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. d. insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.

B. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________. A. Autocrine B. Paracrine C. Endocrine D. Neuron

B. Paracrine

what cells secrete melatonin? a. melanocytes b. pinealocytes c. suprachiasmatic nucleus cells d. retinal cells

B. Pinealocytes

the secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by _____. a. TSH from the hypothalamus b. TSH from the anterior pituitary c. thyroxine from the anterior pituitary d. thyroglobulin from the thyroid's parafollicular cells

B. TSH from the anterior pituitary.

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of _____. a. blood vessels b. nerve axons c. cartilage d. bone

B. nerve axons

how many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 6

C. 2

Iodine ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via _____ a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. osmosis

C. Active transport

athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their _____. a. blood calcium levels b. secretion of growth hormone c. blood oxygen levels d. muscle mass

C. Blood oxygen levels

the adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ? a. thyroid b. liver c. kidneys d. hypothalamus

C. Kidneys

Endocrine glands ________ A. Secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs. B. Release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. C. Secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream. D. Include sebaceous glands and sweat gland.

C. Secrete chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream.

the gonads produce what class of hormones? a. amine hormones b. peptide hormones c. steroid hormones d. catecholamines hormones

C. Steroid hormones

which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone? a. ADH b. oxytocin c. TSH d. cortisol

C. TSH

the development of a goiter indicates that _____. a. the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged b. there is hypertrophy of the thyroid's follicle cells c. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles d. the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive GH

C. There is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles.

What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

if an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected? a. somatostatin b. pancreatic polypeptide c. insulin d. glucagon

D. Glucagon

the end result of the RAAS is to _____. a. reduce blood volume b. increase blood glucose c. reduce blood pressure d. increase blood pressure

D. Increase blood pressure

the production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone? a. estrogens b. progesterone c. relaxin d. inhibin

D. Inhibin

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. what type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive? A. Humoral B. Hormonal C. Neural D. Positive feedback

D. Neural

which of the following responses is not part of the fight-or-flight response? a. pupil dilation b. increased oxygen supply to the lungs c. suppressed digestion d. reduced mental activity

D. Reduced mental activity

when blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ______. a. urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys b. a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines c. the activity of osteoblasts d. the activity of osteoclasts

D. The activity of osteoclasts.

which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true? a. it is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx b. the parathyroid glands are embedded within it c. it manufactures three hormones d. all of the above

D. all of the above

Describe several main differences in the communication methods used by the endocrine system and the nervous system

Signaling mechanism(s): Chemical (E) Chemical/electrical (N) Primary chemical signal: Hormones (E) Neurotransmitters (N) Distance traveled: Long or short (E) Always short (N) Response time: Fast or slow (E) Always fast (N) Environment targeted: Internal (E) Internal and external (N)

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of: A. Melatonin B. Thyroid hormone C. Growth hormone D. Insulin

Thyroid hormone

Which hormone is released by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)