Anatomy ch 21

Let's five sources of hydrogen ions in the body fluids and name and acid that originates from each source

1-aerobic respiration is glucose—carbonic acid (H2CO3) 2-anaerobic respiration of glucose—lactic acidosis 3-incomplete oxidation of fatty acids—acidic ketone bodies 4-oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur—sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 5-hydrolysis of phosphorproteins and nuclei acids—phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

Explain how chemical buffer system and the respiratory center in the kidneys keep the pH of body fluids relatively constant

A chemical buffer system are in all body fluids in are based on chemicals that combine with excess acids or bases buffers are substances that stabilize the pH of a solution despite the addition of an acid or a base they can combine with strong acids to convert them into weak acids these buffers can combine with strong bases to convert them to week basis such reactions help minimize heat changes in the body fluids the most important buffer systems in the body fluids are the bicarbonate buffer system the phosphate buffer system in the proteins buffer system Chemical buffer systems only Temperly solve the problem of acid base balance ultimately the body must eliminate excess acid or base psychological buffer systems that accomplish this involve the lungs in the kidneys

Distinguish between a chemical buffer system in a physiological buffer system

A chemical buffer system is one that uses only chemical reactions to convert acids or bases almost immediately. These are acid-base buffer systems. A physiological buffer system is one that causes a change in the excretion of acids and bases by influencing the cells of an organ. Two examples are the respiratory center and the kidneys.

What is the difference between respiratory Acid-base Disturbance in a metabolic disturbance

A respiratory disturbance occurs because the respiratory system is not eliminating the appropriate amount of carbon dioxide (either too much in a respiratory alkalosis, or too little in a respiratory acidosis). Any non-respiratory disturbance is termed a metabolic disturbance.

What is the difference between a strong acid or base in a weak acid or base

Acids that ionize more completely and release more hydrogen ion are strong acids, and those that ionize less completely are weak acids. Strong bases release more ions (such as OH-) that can combine with hydrogen ions than do weak bases.

Distinguish between strong acids and weak acids

Acids that ionized more completely and released more hydrogen ions are strong acids in those that ionize unless completely are weak acids strong bases release more ion such as OH- that can combine with hydrogen ions then do weak bases

How does aldosterone regulate the sodium and potassium ion concentrations

Aldosterone Increase is renal tubular reabsorption of sodium ions in renal tubular secretion of potassium ions

Describe how a proteins functions as a buffer system

Altered carboxyl groups can now accept hydrogen ions in an acidic environment, while the altered amino groups can release a hydrogen ion in a basic environment. In this way, a protein can act as a buffer system when necessary.

Which mechanism ordinary regulate electrolyte intake

Antique is usually sufficient through eating deficiency may result in salt craving some electrolytes result from metabolic reactions

How are fluid balance an electrolyte balance is the interdependent

Because electrolytes are dissolved in the water of body fluids anything that alters electrolyte concentration will alter water concentration and vice versa

Explain how water in balance an electrolyte balance are interdependent

Because electrolytes are dissolved in the water or body fluids anything that alters electrolyte concentration will alter water concentration ViceVersa

How does the sodium ion concentration in the body fluids affect the net movement of water between the compartments

Because of the sodium potassium pump, most of the sodium ion in the body is extracellular, and sodium ion is thus acting as an impermeant solute. Water follows the sodium by osmosis. Changes in the extracellular sodium concentration will cause osmotic shifts of water into and out of cells

List the major buffer systems of the body.

Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system The bicarbonate buffer system present in both intracellular and extracellular fluids the bicarbonate ion HCO3 acts as a weak base in carbonic acid H2 CO3 as a weak acid in the presence of excess hydrogen ions the bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions to form a carbonic acid minimizing any increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids The phosphate buffer system the phosphate buffer system is also present in both intracellular and extra cellular fluid however it is particularly important in the control of hydrogen ion concentration in the intracellular fluid and in the renal tubular fluid injuring this buffer system consists of two phosphate ions dihydrogen phosphate H2 PO4 In mono hydrogen phosphate HPO3 -2 A proteins buffer system consists of the plasma proteins such as albumins and certain proteins in the cells include in hemoglobin in red blood cells

Explain how the bicarbonate buffer system resist changes in pH

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) acts as a weak base and carbonic acid (H2CO3) acts as a weak acid. In the presence of excess hydrogen ions, bicarbonate combines with them to form carbonic acid minimizing any increase in hydrogen ion concentration. If conditions are basic/alkaline carbonic acid dissociates to release bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.

Describe how body fluids are distributed in compartments

Body fluids are not uniformly distributed instead the occupy regions or compartments of different volumes that contain fluid a very compositions regulation of the movement of water and electrolytes between these compartments is a major component of general homeostatic mechanism Average adult female is about 50% of water an average of a male is 63% of water by weight the intracellular fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes cell membranes in clothes in other words intracellular fluid is the fluid inside cells the extra cellular fluid compartment includes all the fluid outside cells and tissue spaces blood vessels plasma lymphatic vessels lymph Transcellular fluid includes cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system all of the body fluids are solutions of electrolytes in water they also include dissolved gases proteins and other substances to varying degrees extracellular fluid generally are similar to composition including high concentrations of sodium chloride calcium and bicarbonate ions and lesser concentration of potassium magnesium phosphate and sulfate ions intracellular fluid has high concentrations of potassium phosphate magnesium ions it also includes a greater concentration of Sulfate ions and Lesser concentrations of sodium chloride in a bicarbonate ions The movement of fluid between the compartments two major factors contribute to the movement of fluid from one compartment to another hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure and

How is calcium regulated

Calcium balance is largely regulated by parathyroid hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to changes in the plasma calcium ion concentration

Describe the role of ammonia in the transport of hydrogen ions to the outside of the body

Cells in the renal tubules are capable of deaminating certain amino acids, producing ammonia. Ammonia diffuses easily through the tubules into the urine. Because ammonia is a weak base, it accepts hydrogen ions to become ammonium ions, which are trapped in the urine because renal tubules are impermeable to them.

How do the rate at which chemical and physiological buffer system act differ

Chemical buffer system app almost immediately the respiratory mechanism may require a several minutes in the Renal mechanism ask over hours to days

How does a chemical buffer system help regulate pH of body fluids

Chemical buffer systems are based on chemicals that combine with excess acids or bases, or release acids or bases when they are in short supply. In doing so they stabilize the pH of the body fluids.

What stimulates fluid intake? And what inhibits it?

Concentration of the body fluids specifically an increase in osmotic pressure stimulates fluid intake via osmoreceptors In the hypothalamus a decrease in body fluid volume also stimulates fluid intake via volume receptors in parts of the cardiovascular system and through the renin angiotensin system

By what route does the body lose electrolytes

Electrolytes or lost her sweating feces and urine it is urinary lost that is under physiological control

Define acid and base

Electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions are called acids. Any substance that combines with hydrogen ions is called a base.

List the routes by which water enters and leaves the body

Enters: liquids and food, also produced by cellular metabolism. Exits: evaporative loss from lungs and skin; sweating, defecation, and urination.

Which electrolytes are in a higher concentrations in extracellular fluids? In intracellular fluid?

Extracellular- Sodium, Chloride, Calcium, and Bicarbonate Intracellular- Potassium, Phosphate, Magnesium

2. If the right ventricle of a patient's heart is failing, increasing the systemic venous pressure, what changes might occur in the patient's extracellular fluid compartments ?

Fluid would accumulate in the extracellular fluid compartments, resulting in edema, ascites ( the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling.) and increased venous pressure.

1. An older, semiconscious patient is tentatively diagnosed as having acidosis . What components of the arterial blood will be most valuable in determining if the acidosis is of respiratory origin ?

For an elderly having been diagnosed as having acidosis, the component valuable in determining if it is respiratory in origin would be the PCO2. For the metabolic part, the component to consider is HCO3. PaCO2 = measured the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. HCO3 = calculated concentration of bicarbonate in arterial blood

List the major sources of hydrogen ions in the body

Hydrogen ions are continuously discharge and find throughout various psychological processes within the human body for instance hydrogen ions can occur through aerobic and anaerobic respiration of glucose oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids in and complete oxidation of fatty acids

Describe how fluid movements between the compartments are controlled

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure regulate fluid movement. Fluid leaves plasma because of hydrostatic pressure and returns to plasma because of colloid osmotic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure drives fluid into lymph vessels. Osmotic pressure regulates fluid movement in and out of cells. Sodium ion concentration is very important to fluid movement regulation.

5. A student hyperventilates and is disoriented just before an exam. Is this student likely to be experiencing acidosis or alka- losis? How will the body compensate in an effort to maintain homeostasis ?

Hyperventilation results in a decrease in blood carbon dioxide concentration and an increase in blood pH. This is respiratory alkalosis. The kidney will respond by reabsorbing more hydrogen ions from the urine into the blood to decrease blood pH. The respiratory rate will also decrease so that carbon dioxide levels can buildup to decrease the pH as well.

How do body fluids differ in the concentrations of proteins

I plasma has a greater concentration of protein than interstitial fluid or lymph intracellular fluid has a greater concentration of proteins in plasma

3. Radiation therapy may damage the mucosa of the stomach and intestines. What effect might this have on the patient's electrolyte balance ?

If there is a damage on the mucosa of the stomach or intestines, this may create a metabolic imbalance in the acid-base. The mucosa of the stomach is related to the regulation and maintenance of the metabolic balance of the body.

Explain how fluid composition varies among compartments in how fluids move from one compartment to another

Intracellular fluid is the fluid that is inside the cells in the fluid outside the cells are extracellular fluid is outside the cells intracellular fluid is more than2/3 in extracellular fluid is 1/3 in volume Intracellular fluid contains set a saw sodium is low in potassium is high while extracellular fluid contains plasma proteins tissue fluid and transcellular fluid concentration of sodium is high in potassium is low

What are the major sources of hydrogen ions in the body

Most hydrogen ions in body fluids ordinate as byproducts of metabolic processes

Describe the normal distribution of water in the body

Most of the water (about 63%) is intracellular, the remainder (about 37%) is extracellular. Extracellular fluid includes interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and transcellular fluid.

Where is the thirst center

Multiple areas in the hypothalamus regulate water intake through thirst

Which mechanism regulates the concentrations of most negatively charged ions

Negatively charged ions (anions) generally follow the renal reabsorption of positively charged ions. Some anions, such as sulfate and phosphate are partly regulated by active renal mechanisms.

Explain how electrolyte intake is regulated

Normally responding to hunger and thirst provide sufficient electrolytes. A severe electrolyte deficiency may produce salt craving (the desire to eat salty foods).

Explain the balance concept

Oh what homeostasis water and electrolyte balance must be maintained that is the quantities entering the body must equal those leaving it in when either water or electrolyte concentration changes the other changes therefore the body requires mechanisms to replace lost water and electrolytes and excrete any excess water and electrolytes these mechanisms include eating drinking urinating in feces water can disassociate into the H plus in OH negative ions along with other various ions and they play a major role in acid base balance

Describe the role of hemoglobin as a buffer

Red blood cells contain an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase that speeds the reaction of carbon dioxide and water. This reaction produces carbonic acid, which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Hemoglobin can accept hydrogen ions into its molecular structure and thus, helps control pH levels.

Electrolytes and body fluids of importance to cellular functions include

Sodium and potassium and calcium

Explain how the adrenal cortex functions to regulate electrolyte balance

Sodium ions account for nearly ninety percent of the positively charged ions in extracellular fluids. As the concentration of sodium ions decreases, the adrenal cortex secretes the hormone aldosterone. The presence of this hormone causes the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts of the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of the sodium ions. Aldosterone also functions to regulate potassium. In fact, the most important stimulus for aldosterone secretion is a rise in potassium ion concentration. So, aldosterone functions to increase the secretion of potassium ions.

Describe the mechanisms by which the renal tubules regulate electrolyte balance

Some negatively charged ions such as phosphate and sulfate are partially regulated by active transport mechanisms that have limited transport capacities. For example, if the extracellular phosphate ion concentration is low, phosphate ions in the renal tubules are conserved. Also if renal plasma threshold is exceeded, excess phosphate will be excreted in urine.

Explain have a body compensates for acid-base imbalances

Step one acid-base imbalances are regulated by compensations of other regulatory mechanisms Step two regarding respiratory acidosis or alkalosis the metabolic component tends to increase accordingly after the Reno compensation to balance the disorder respiratory alkalosis represents the primary decrease in partial pressure of carbon dioxide with or without a coffin Satori decrease in HCO3 while the peach is elevated or almost normal the causes usually concern the increased frequency or depth of breathing hyperventilation respiratory acidosis is characterized by a primary increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide with or without a comp and Centauri increase a bicarbonates while the pH usually decreases the cause concern Hypoventilation Step three furthermore in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis the respiratory mechanisms will tend to compensate for metabolic function in as a consequence of compensation for example in metabolic acidosis the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will be reduced this is simple metabolic acidosis to pee just lowered the bi carbonate is lowered in after the respiratory compensation occurs the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will reduce

_________Dissociates to release hydrogen ions more completely an example is hydrochloric acid

Strong acids

Explain how the fluids in the compartments differ in composition

The 2 major fluid compartments in the body are intracellular and extracellular. Intracellular includes all the water and electrolytes that cell membranes enclose. It represents 63% by volume of total body water. Extracellular fluid compartment included all fluid outside cells. Transcellular fluid is cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous and vitreous humors of eyes, synovial fluids, serous fluids and secretions of exocrine glands. Extracellular fluids have high concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium and bicarbonate ions and lesser concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfate ions. The blood plasma fraction of extracellular fluid contains considerably more protein than interstitial fluid or lymph. Intracellular fluid has high concentrations of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium ions and lesser concentrations of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions. Intracellular fluid has a higher concentration it protein than plasma.

Alkalosis

The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids.pH above 7.45 Them two major types are respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis excessive loss of carbon dioxide and consequent loss of carbonic acid causes respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis is due to excessive loss of hydrogen ions or gain of bases respiratory alkalosis develops as a result of hyperventilation control breathing factors affecting breathing hyperventilation is accompanied by to great loss of carbon dioxide in consequent decreases in carbonic acid and hydrogen ion concentrations factors that may lead to this hyperventilation may happened in periods of anxiety hyperventilation may happen a fever or poisoning High altitudes hyperventilation may be in response to low oxygen partial pressure and each of the above cases rapid deep breathing deplete carbon dioxide in the peach the body fluid increases metabolic alkalosis results from loss of hydrogen ions or from the gain and bases The rise in the pH of the blood conditions result in gastric drainage vomiting in which also can lead to stomach constant is lost gastric juice is acidic so it is lost leaves the body fluids certain drugs ingestion of too much antacid Such as sodium by carbonate to relieve the symptoms of congestion the symptoms of alkalosis include lightheadedness agitation dizziness tingling sensation and severe causes of impulse may be triggered motor neurons in muscles me respond with contractions

Explain why the regulation of hydrogen ion concentration is so important

The concentration of hydrogen ions in the body fluids determined the pH of the internal environment. Protein function and cell survival could be adversely affected if pH is outside of the normal range, affecting the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions, distribution of ions other than hydrogen ions, and altering hormone actions.

Explain the regulation of the input and output of electrolytes

The electrolytes of the greatest importance to cellular functions release sodium potassium calcium magnesium and chlorite Sophie phosphate bicarbonate and hydrogen ions these electrolytes are primarily obtained from foods but they may also be found in drinking water and other beverages a person obtains sufficient electrolytes by responding to 100 and thirst however severe electrolyte deficiency may cause salt craving and such strong desire to eat salty foods electrolyte output The body loses some electrolytes by sweat Lost in feces the greatest electrolyte output occurs as a result of kidney function in urine production

List the routes by which electrolytes leave the body

The greatest amount of electrolyte output occurs with the actions of the kidneys and urine production. Some electrolytes are lost by perspiration, which varies with the amount of perspiration produced. Also, varying amounts are lost in feces.

How does the hypothalamus regulate water balance

The hypothalamus controls secretion of the hormone ADH from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney to retain water. If ADH secretion decreases, more water is lost in the urine.

Explain the importance of water balance an electrolyte balance

The levels of electrolytes in your body can become too low or too high this can happen when the amount of water in your body changes the amount of water that you take into an equal amount you lose if something upsets his balance you may have too little water dehydration or too much water overhydration

Which electrolytes are most important to cellular functions

The most important electrolytes are those that release sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, bicarbonate, or hydrogen ions.

Explain how the kidneys function in the regulation of acid base balance

The nephrons help regulate excess hydrogen ion concentration by excreting hydrogen ions. This is accomplished by the epithelial cells along certain segments of the renal tubules.

Identify how pH number describes the acidity and alkalinity of a body fluid

The pH is a scale from 0 to 14 used to determine the acidity in alkalinity of a substance a natural pH is seven which is the Saint Pete as water normally the blood has a peace between 7.35 and 7.45 a blood pH of less than 7.35 is considered acidic in a blood pH of more than 7.45 is considered alkaline

Describe the role of the parathyroid glands in regulating electrolyte balance

The parathyroid glands act in response to decreasing concentrations of calcium. When this occurs, the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which causes the concentrations of the phosphate ions in the extracellular fluids to increase.

4. Describe what might happen to the plasma pH of a patient, before compensation occurs, as a result of a . prolonged diarrhea b. suction of the gastric contents hyperventilation d. hypoventilation

The plasma pH of the patient before compensation will decrease in diarrhea, decreased in suctioning of gastric contents, decreased in hyperventilation and increased in hypoventilation.

Explain the regulation of water input and water output

The primary regulator of water intake is thirst the sensation of thirst derives from a change in either the volume or the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids in both neural and hormonal input to the brain 1 the body loses as little as 1% of water 2 An increase in the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid due to water loss simulator Osmo receptors in the hypothalamus 3 Activity in the hypothalamus causes a person to feel thirsty and seek water 4 Drinking in the resulting distention of the stomach by water simulates impulses that inhibit the thirst center 5 Water is absorbed through the walls of the stomach and small intestine 6 The osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid returns to normal Outtake Water normally interest the body only through the mouth but it can be lost by a variety of routes these include obvious losses in urine feces and sweat as well as evaporation of water from the skin and from the lungs during breathing 60% will be lost in year and 6% in feces 6% in sweat and about 28% will be lost in evaporation from skin and lungs

Explain how a water intake is regulated

The primary regulator of water intake is thirst. The intense feeling of thirst derives from the thirst center in the hypothalamus which seems to be sensitive to the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluids. As water is lost from the body, the osmotic pressure increases and the osmoreceptors of the thirst center are stimulated to produce a thirst sensation. This mechanism is triggered when one to two percent of the total body water is lost. The sensation ceases as a result of the stomach being distended. So, a person usually stops drinking long before the water is actually absorbed.

What is the primary regulator of water loss

The primary regulator of water loss is the control of urine production.

Explain why a protein has both acidic and basic properties

The protein buffer system consists of the plasma proteins such as albumin and various proteins within the cells (including the hemoglobin of red blood cells). Because some amino acids have freely exposed carboxyl groups (-COOH), under some conditions these groups can become ionized and a hydrogen ion is released. Other amino acids have a freely exposed amino group (-NH2), which can accept hydrogen ions. Thus, protein molecules can function as acids by releasing hydrogen ions, or as bases by accepting hydrogen ions. This property allows protein molecules to act as a self-controlling acid-base buffer system.

How do the kidneys respond to excess hydrogen ions

The renal tubules secrete excess hydrogen ions and they are excreted in the urine.

Explain how the respiratory system functions in the regulation of acid base balance

The respiratory center in the brain stem helps to control hydrogen ion concentration by controlling the rate and depth of breathing. If the body's cells increase their production of carbon dioxide, the production of carbonic acid increases. When carbonic acid breaks down, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases and the pH drops.

How does the respiratory system help regulate acid base balance

The respiratory system maintains the appropriate level of carbon dioxide in the blood stream. Bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions to ultimately generate CO2 and water. When the levels of bicarbonate ion and CO2 are maintained at correct levels, the resulting hydrogen ion concentration is at a pH in the normal range of 7.35-7.45

How do the symptoms of alkalosis compare with those of acidosis

The symptoms of alkalosis include light-headedness, agitation, dizziness, tingling sensations, and in more serious cases involuntary skeletal muscle contraction, which may be severe. Symptoms of acidosis result from depression of central nervous system function and include drowsiness, disorientation, stupor, and cyanosis.

Distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acid-base imbalances

The two major types of acidosis are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis. Factors that increase carbon dioxide levels, also increase the concentration of carbonic acid (the respiratory acid), cause respiratory acidosis. Metabolic acidosis is due to an abnormal accumulation of any other acids in the body fluids or to a loss of bases, including bicarbonate ions. Similarly, the two major types of alkalosis are respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis. Excessive loss of carbon dioxide and consequent loss of carbonic acid cause respiratory alkalosis. Metabolic alkalosis is due to excessive loss of hydrogen ions or gain of bases.

Define metabolic water

The volume of water gained each day varies. 60% from drinking water or beverages, 30% from moist food and other 10% is byproduct of oxidative metabolism of nutrients called water of metabolism

Explain how an acid base buffer system functions

There are three main acid-base buffer systems in the body. They are chemical substances that combine with acids or bases when either occurs in excess. The substances in these systems function by shedding or accepting hydrogen ions in the presence of strong bases or acids. This helps to neutralize substances that could alter the pH levels in the body.

Prepare a list of sources of normal water gain and loss to illustrate how the input of water equals the output of water

Thirst mechanism is primary regulator of water intake. Drinking and resulting stomach dissension inhibits thirst mechanism. Water lost in several ways. Excreted in urine, feces, and sweat. Insensible loss occurs through evaporation from skin and kings. Urine is the primary means of water out out. Last part of renal distal tubule and entire length of collecting ducts adjust water output. ADH stimulates water reabsorption in these segments. ADH can reduce normal output of 1500 ml to 500 ml a day.

By what route does the body lose water

Urine feces sweat sensible perspiration Evaporation of water from skin insensible perspiration And losses through the lungs during breathing

List the routes by which electrolytes enter and leave the body

Water and electrolytes enter the body through ingested food, beverages, and metabolism. They exit the body from urine, insensible water loss, perspiration, and feces.

What is water balance

Water balance occurs when water intake and production by metabolism are equal to water output

_________Disassociate to release Fewer hydroxide ions

Weak bases

What is compensation and how is it achieved

When an acid-base imbalance occurs because of dysfunction of one of the mechanisms that normally maintains balance, the remaining systems will counteract the imbalance, a process called compensation. For example, in renal disease leading to a metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system will compensate, along with the chemical buffers. In a respiratory disturbance, such as acidosis caused by lung disease, the kidneys and chemical buffers will compensate.

Explain how the kidneys regulate water output

When water volume is low, the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus signal for the hormone ADH to be released. ADH, in the kidneys, causes the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to become permeable to water, and the water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream. When the water volume is excessive, the osmoreceptors inhibit ADH secretion, and the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts remain impermeable to water. This prevents reabsorption, and the excess water is excreted in the urine.

Explain acid base balance

classified as either respiratory or metabolic depending on the disorder. Lungs regulate carbonic acid levels...respiratory acidosis or alkalosis. kidney's regulate bicarbonate and hydrogen ions... metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.

Which factors control the movement of water in electrolytes from one fluid compartment to another

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

The water and electrolytes enclosed by cell membranes constitute the

intracellular fluid

Acidosis

pH below 7.35 The two major types of acidosis or respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis factors that increased carbon dioxide levels which increase the concentration of carbonic acid the respiratory acid causes respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis is due to an abnormal accumulation of any other acids in the body fluids or to a loss of basis including bicarbonate ions in respiratory acidosis carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood evidence of upper respiratory insufficiency such as labored breathing and cyanosis may be evident injury to respiratory center of the brainstem that results in decreased rate and depth of breathing obstruction and air passages that interfere with air movement into an out the alveoli diseases that decrease gas exchange such as pneumonia or emphysema any of these conditions can increase the level of carbonic acid and hydrogen ions in body fluids lowering the pH metabolic acidosis is due to either accumulation of non-respiratory acid or loss of basis that can result in kidney disease reduces the ability of kidneys to excrete the acids produce in Metaball ism prolong diarrhea causes loss of alkaline intestinal secretions and diabetes some fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies The symptoms of acidosis results from depression of central nervous system function they include drowsiness do you disorientation stupid and cyanosis

What types of water loss are unavoidable

water loss during sweating as part of the body's temperature control mechanism, water loss in feces, and water loss by evaporation.